feat: add background for text contrast to debug window

Cargo.lock

@@ -252,6 +252,12 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "circular-buffer"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "23bdce1da528cadbac4654b5632bfcd8c6c63e25b1d42cea919a95958790b51d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "concurrent-queue"
 version = "2.5.0"
@@ -316,6 +322,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "diff"
+version = "0.1.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56254986775e3233ffa9c4d7d3faaf6d36a2c09d30b20687e9f88bc8bafc16c8"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "disqualified"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -528,6 +540,12 @@ version = "2.7.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32a282da65faaf38286cf3be983213fcf1d2e2a58700e808f83f4ea9a4804bc0"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "micromap"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "18c087666f377f857b49564f8791b481260c67825d6b337e1e38ddf54a985a88"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nonmax"
 version = "0.5.5"
@@ -553,6 +571,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-width"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "faede9396d7883a8c9c989e0b53c984bf770defb5cb8ed6c345b4c0566cf32b9"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
 version = "1.21.3"
@@ -572,13 +596,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "bevy_ecs",
  "bitflags 2.9.1",
+ "circular-buffer",
  "glam 0.30.5",
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
+ "micromap",
+ "num-width",
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot",
  "pathfinding",
  "phf",
+ "pretty_assertions",
  "rand",
  "sdl2",
  "serde",
@@ -588,6 +616,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "strum",
  "strum_macros",
  "thiserror",
+ "thousands",
  "tracing",
  "tracing-error",
  "tracing-subscriber",
@@ -701,6 +730,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "portable-atomic",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pretty_assertions"
+version = "1.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3ae130e2f271fbc2ac3a40fb1d07180839cdbbe443c7a27e1e3c13c5cac0116d"
+dependencies = [
+ "diff",
+ "yansi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
 version = "1.0.95"
@@ -992,6 +1031,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "thousands"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3bf63baf9f5039dadc247375c29eb13706706cfde997d0330d05aa63a77d8820"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "thread_local"
 version = "1.1.7"
@@ -1415,3 +1460,9 @@ checksum = "6f42320e61fe2cfd34354ecb597f86f413484a798ba44a8ca1165c58d42da6c1"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.9.1",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yansi"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cfe53a6657fd280eaa890a3bc59152892ffa3e30101319d168b781ed6529b049"

Cargo.toml

@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ phf = { version = "0.12.1", features = ["macros"] }
 bevy_ecs = "0.16.1"
 bitflags = "2.9.1"
 parking_lot = "0.12.3"
+micromap = "0.1.0"
+thousands = "0.2.0"
+pretty_assertions = "1.4.1"
+num-width = "0.1.0"
+circular-buffer = "1.1.0"
 
 [profile.release]
 lto = true

src/app.rs

@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ use sdl2::render::TextureCreator;
 use sdl2::ttf::Sdl2TtfContext;
 use sdl2::video::WindowContext;
 use sdl2::{AudioSubsystem, EventPump, Sdl, VideoSubsystem};
-use tracing::{field, info, warn};
 
 use crate::error::{GameError, GameResult};
 
 use crate::constants::{CANVAS_SIZE, LOOP_TIME, SCALE};
 use crate::game::Game;
 use crate::platform::get_platform;
-use crate::systems::profiling::SystemTimings;
 
 pub struct App {
     pub game: Game,
@@ -110,17 +108,6 @@ impl App {
                 return false;
             }
 
-            // Show timings if the loop took more than 25% of the loop time
-            let show_timings = start.elapsed() > (LOOP_TIME / 4);
-            if show_timings || true {
-                if let Some(timings) = self.game.world.get_resource::<SystemTimings>() {
-                    let mut timings = timings.timings.lock();
-                    let total = timings.values().sum::<Duration>();
-                    info!("Total: {:?}, Timings: {:?}", total, field::debug(&timings));
-                    timings.clear();
-                }
-            }
-
             // Sleep if we still have time left
             if start.elapsed() < LOOP_TIME {
                 let time = LOOP_TIME.saturating_sub(start.elapsed());

src/entity/graph.rs

@@ -223,6 +223,19 @@ impl Graph {
         self.nodes.len()
     }
 
+    /// Returns an iterator over all nodes in the graph.
+    pub fn nodes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Node> {
+        self.nodes.iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over all edges in the graph.
+    pub fn edges(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (NodeId, Edge)> + '_ {
+        self.adjacency_list
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .flat_map(|(node_id, intersection)| intersection.edges().map(move |edge| (node_id, edge)))
+    }
+
     /// Finds a specific edge from a source node to a target node.
     pub fn find_edge(&self, from: NodeId, to: NodeId) -> Option<Edge> {
         self.adjacency_list.get(from)?.edges().find(|edge| edge.target == to)

src/game/mod.rs

@@ -14,17 +14,25 @@ use crate::systems::{
     collision::collision_system,
     components::{
         Collider, CollisionLayer, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, EntityType, GlobalState, ItemBundle, ItemCollider,
-        PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled, Renderable, Score, ScoreResource,
+        PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled, RenderDirty, Renderable, Score, ScoreResource,
     },
     control::player_system,
+    debug::{debug_render_system, DebugState, DebugTextureResource},
     input::input_system,
     movement::movement_system,
     profiling::{profile, SystemTimings},
-    render::{directional_render_system, render_system, BackbufferResource, MapTextureResource},
+    render::{directional_render_system, dirty_render_system, render_system, BackbufferResource, MapTextureResource},
 };
 use crate::texture::animated::AnimatedTexture;
 use bevy_ecs::schedule::IntoScheduleConfigs;
-use bevy_ecs::{event::EventRegistry, observer::Trigger, schedule::Schedule, system::ResMut, world::World};
+use bevy_ecs::system::NonSendMut;
+use bevy_ecs::{
+    event::EventRegistry,
+    observer::Trigger,
+    schedule::Schedule,
+    system::{Res, ResMut},
+    world::World,
+};
 use sdl2::image::LoadTexture;
 use sdl2::render::{Canvas, ScaleMode, TextureCreator};
 use sdl2::video::{Window, WindowContext};
@@ -72,6 +80,13 @@ impl Game {
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
         map_texture.set_scale_mode(ScaleMode::Nearest);
 
+        // Create debug texture at output resolution for crisp debug rendering
+        let output_size = canvas.output_size().unwrap();
+        let mut debug_texture = texture_creator
+            .create_texture_target(None, output_size.0, output_size.1)
+            .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+        debug_texture.set_scale_mode(ScaleMode::Nearest);
+
         // Load atlas and create map texture
         let atlas_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Atlas)?;
         let atlas_texture = texture_creator.load_texture_bytes(&atlas_bytes).map_err(|e| {
@@ -100,7 +115,7 @@ impl Game {
         // Render map to texture
         canvas
             .with_texture_canvas(&mut map_texture, |map_canvas| {
-                MapRenderer::render_map(map_canvas, &mut atlas, &mut map_tiles);
+                MapRenderer::render_map(map_canvas, &mut atlas, &map_tiles);
             })
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
 
@@ -157,7 +172,7 @@ impl Game {
             },
             entity_type: EntityType::Player,
             collider: Collider {
-                size: constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 1.25,
+                size: constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 1.375,
                 layer: CollisionLayer::PACMAN,
             },
             pacman_collider: PacmanCollider,
@@ -168,6 +183,7 @@ impl Game {
         world.insert_non_send_resource(canvas);
         world.insert_non_send_resource(BackbufferResource(backbuffer));
         world.insert_non_send_resource(MapTextureResource(map_texture));
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(DebugTextureResource(debug_texture));
 
         world.insert_resource(map);
         world.insert_resource(GlobalState { exit: false });
@@ -175,6 +191,8 @@ impl Game {
         world.insert_resource(SystemTimings::default());
         world.insert_resource(Bindings::default());
         world.insert_resource(DeltaTime(0f32));
+        world.insert_resource(RenderDirty::default());
+        world.insert_resource(DebugState::default());
 
         world.add_observer(
             |event: Trigger<GameEvent>, mut state: ResMut<GlobalState>, _score: ResMut<ScoreResource>| match *event {
@@ -187,7 +205,6 @@ impl Game {
                 GameEvent::Collision(_a, _b) => {}
             },
         );
-
         schedule.add_systems(
             (
                 profile("input", input_system),
@@ -196,11 +213,29 @@ impl Game {
                 profile("collision", collision_system),
                 profile("blinking", blinking_system),
                 profile("directional_render", directional_render_system),
+                profile("dirty_render", dirty_render_system),
                 profile("render", render_system),
+                profile("debug_render", debug_render_system),
+                profile(
+                    "present",
+                    |mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
+                     backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
+                     debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
+                     mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>| {
+                        if dirty.0 || *debug_state != DebugState::Off {
+                            // Only copy backbuffer to main canvas if debug rendering is off
+                            // (debug rendering draws directly to main canvas)
+                            if *debug_state == DebugState::Off {
+                                canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
+                            }
+                            dirty.0 = false;
+                            canvas.present();
+                        }
+                    },
+                ),
             )
                 .chain(),
         );
-
         // Spawn player
         world.spawn(player);
 
@@ -214,12 +249,12 @@ impl Game {
 
         for (node_id, tile) in nodes {
             let (item_type, score, sprite, size) = match tile {
-                crate::constants::MapTile::Pellet => (EntityType::Pellet, 10, pellet_sprite, constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.2),
+                crate::constants::MapTile::Pellet => (EntityType::Pellet, 10, pellet_sprite, constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.4),
                 crate::constants::MapTile::PowerPellet => (
                     EntityType::PowerPellet,
                     50,
                     energizer_sprite,
-                    constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.9,
+                    constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.95,
                 ),
                 _ => continue,
             };

src/map/render.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ impl MapRenderer {
     ///
     /// This function draws the static map texture to the screen at the correct
     /// position and scale.
-    pub fn render_map<T: RenderTarget>(canvas: &mut Canvas<T>, atlas: &mut SpriteAtlas, map_tiles: &mut [AtlasTile]) {
+    pub fn render_map<T: RenderTarget>(canvas: &mut Canvas<T>, atlas: &mut SpriteAtlas, map_tiles: &[AtlasTile]) {
         for (y, row) in TILE_MAP.iter().enumerate() {
             for (x, &tile_index) in row.iter().enumerate() {
                 let mut tile = map_tiles[tile_index];

src/systems/components.rs

@@ -109,3 +109,6 @@ pub struct ScoreResource(pub u32);
 
 #[derive(Resource)]
 pub struct DeltaTime(pub f32);
+
+#[derive(Resource, Default)]
+pub struct RenderDirty(pub bool);

src/systems/control.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::GameError,
     events::{GameCommand, GameEvent},
     systems::components::{GlobalState, PlayerControlled},
+    systems::debug::DebugState,
     systems::movement::Movable,
 };
 
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
 pub fn player_system(
     mut events: EventReader<GameEvent>,
     mut state: ResMut<GlobalState>,
+    mut debug_state: ResMut<DebugState>,
     mut players: Query<&mut Movable, With<PlayerControlled>>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
@@ -38,6 +40,9 @@ pub fn player_system(
                 GameCommand::Exit => {
                     state.exit = true;
                 }
+                GameCommand::ToggleDebug => {
+                    *debug_state = debug_state.next();
+                }
                 _ => {}
             }
         }

src/systems/debug.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+//! Debug rendering system
+use crate::constants::BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET;
+use crate::map::builder::Map;
+use crate::systems::components::Collider;
+use crate::systems::movement::Position;
+use crate::systems::profiling::SystemTimings;
+use crate::systems::render::BackbufferResource;
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use sdl2::pixels::Color;
+use sdl2::rect::Rect;
+use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture, TextureCreator};
+use sdl2::video::{Window, WindowContext};
+
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum DebugState {
+    #[default]
+    Off,
+    Graph,
+    Collision,
+}
+
+impl DebugState {
+    pub fn next(&self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            DebugState::Off => DebugState::Graph,
+            DebugState::Graph => DebugState::Collision,
+            DebugState::Collision => DebugState::Off,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resource to hold the debug texture for persistent rendering
+pub struct DebugTextureResource(pub Texture<'static>);
+
+/// Transforms a position from logical canvas coordinates to output canvas coordinates
+fn transform_position(pos: (f32, f32), output_size: (u32, u32), logical_size: (u32, u32)) -> (i32, i32) {
+    let scale_x = output_size.0 as f32 / logical_size.0 as f32;
+    let scale_y = output_size.1 as f32 / logical_size.1 as f32;
+    let scale = scale_x.min(scale_y); // Use the smaller scale to maintain aspect ratio
+
+    let x = (pos.0 * scale) as i32;
+    let y = (pos.1 * scale) as i32;
+    (x, y)
+}
+
+/// Transforms a position from logical canvas coordinates to output canvas coordinates (with board offset)
+fn transform_position_with_offset(pos: (f32, f32), output_size: (u32, u32), logical_size: (u32, u32)) -> (i32, i32) {
+    let scale_x = output_size.0 as f32 / logical_size.0 as f32;
+    let scale_y = output_size.1 as f32 / logical_size.1 as f32;
+    let scale = scale_x.min(scale_y); // Use the smaller scale to maintain aspect ratio
+
+    let x = ((pos.0 + BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET.x as f32) * scale) as i32;
+    let y = ((pos.1 + BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET.y as f32) * scale) as i32;
+    (x, y)
+}
+
+/// Transforms a size from logical canvas coordinates to output canvas coordinates
+fn transform_size(size: f32, output_size: (u32, u32), logical_size: (u32, u32)) -> u32 {
+    let scale_x = output_size.0 as f32 / logical_size.0 as f32;
+    let scale_y = output_size.1 as f32 / logical_size.1 as f32;
+    let scale = scale_x.min(scale_y); // Use the smaller scale to maintain aspect ratio
+
+    (size * scale) as u32
+}
+
+/// Renders timing information in the top-left corner of the screen
+fn render_timing_display(
+    canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
+    texture_creator: &mut TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
+    timings: &SystemTimings,
+) {
+    // Get TTF context
+    let ttf_context = sdl2::ttf::init().unwrap();
+
+    // Load font
+    let font = ttf_context.load_font("assets/site/TerminalVector.ttf", 12).unwrap();
+
+    // Format timing information using the formatting module
+    let timing_text = timings.format_timing_display();
+
+    // Split text by newlines and render each line separately
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = timing_text.lines().collect();
+    if lines.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let line_height = 14; // Approximate line height for 12pt font
+    let padding = 10;
+
+    // Calculate background dimensions
+    let max_width = lines
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|&&l| !l.is_empty()) // Don't consider empty lines for width
+        .map(|line| font.size_of(line).unwrap().0)
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(0);
+
+    // Only draw background if there is text to display
+    if max_width > 0 {
+        let total_height = (lines.len() as u32) * line_height as u32;
+        let bg_padding = 5;
+
+        // Draw background
+        let bg_rect = Rect::new(
+            padding - bg_padding,
+            padding - bg_padding,
+            max_width + (bg_padding * 2) as u32,
+            total_height + bg_padding as u32,
+        );
+        canvas.set_blend_mode(sdl2::render::BlendMode::Blend);
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(40, 40, 40, 180));
+        canvas.fill_rect(bg_rect).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
+        if line.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Render each line
+        let surface = font.render(line).blended(Color::RGBA(255, 255, 255, 200)).unwrap();
+        let texture = texture_creator.create_texture_from_surface(&surface).unwrap();
+
+        // Position each line below the previous one
+        let y_pos = padding + (i * line_height) as i32;
+        let dest = Rect::new(padding, y_pos, texture.query().width, texture.query().height);
+        canvas.copy(&texture, None, dest).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn debug_render_system(
+    mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
+    backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
+    mut debug_texture: NonSendMut<DebugTextureResource>,
+    debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
+    timings: Res<SystemTimings>,
+    map: Res<Map>,
+    colliders: Query<(&Collider, &Position)>,
+) {
+    if *debug_state == DebugState::Off {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Get canvas sizes for coordinate transformation
+    let output_size = canvas.output_size().unwrap();
+    let logical_size = canvas.logical_size();
+
+    // Copy the current backbuffer to the debug texture
+    canvas
+        .with_texture_canvas(&mut debug_texture.0, |debug_canvas| {
+            // Clear the debug canvas
+            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::BLACK);
+            debug_canvas.clear();
+
+            // Copy the backbuffer to the debug canvas
+            debug_canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // Get texture creator before entering the closure to avoid borrowing conflicts
+    let mut texture_creator = canvas.texture_creator();
+
+    // Draw debug info on the high-resolution debug texture
+    canvas
+        .with_texture_canvas(&mut debug_texture.0, |debug_canvas| {
+            match *debug_state {
+                DebugState::Graph => {
+                    debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RED);
+                    for (start_node, end_node) in map.graph.edges() {
+                        let start_node = map.graph.get_node(start_node).unwrap().position;
+                        let end_node = map.graph.get_node(end_node.target).unwrap().position;
+
+                        // Transform positions using common method
+                        let (start_x, start_y) =
+                            transform_position_with_offset((start_node.x, start_node.y), output_size, logical_size);
+                        let (end_x, end_y) = transform_position_with_offset((end_node.x, end_node.y), output_size, logical_size);
+
+                        debug_canvas.draw_line((start_x, start_y), (end_x, end_y)).unwrap();
+                    }
+
+                    debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::BLUE);
+                    for node in map.graph.nodes() {
+                        let pos = node.position;
+
+                        // Transform position using common method
+                        let (x, y) = transform_position_with_offset((pos.x, pos.y), output_size, logical_size);
+                        let size = transform_size(4.0, output_size, logical_size);
+
+                        debug_canvas
+                            .fill_rect(Rect::new(x - (size as i32 / 2), y - (size as i32 / 2), size, size))
+                            .unwrap();
+                    }
+                }
+                DebugState::Collision => {
+                    debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::GREEN);
+                    for (collider, position) in colliders.iter() {
+                        let pos = position.get_pixel_pos(&map.graph).unwrap();
+
+                        // Transform position and size using common methods
+                        let (x, y) = transform_position((pos.x, pos.y), output_size, logical_size);
+                        let size = transform_size(collider.size, output_size, logical_size);
+
+                        // Center the collision box on the entity
+                        let rect = Rect::new(x - (size as i32 / 2), y - (size as i32 / 2), size, size);
+                        debug_canvas.draw_rect(rect).unwrap();
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+
+            // Render timing information in the top-left corner
+            render_timing_display(debug_canvas, &mut texture_creator, &timings);
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // Draw the debug texture directly onto the main canvas at full resolution
+    canvas.copy(&debug_texture.0, None, None).unwrap();
+}

src/systems/formatting.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+use num_width::NumberWidth;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+/// Formats timing data into a vector of strings with proper alignment
+pub fn format_timing_display(timing_data: Vec<(String, Duration, Duration)>) -> String {
+    if timing_data.is_empty() {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+
+    // Helper to split a duration into a integer, decimal, and unit
+    fn get_value(duration: &Duration) -> (u64, u32, &'static str) {
+        let (int, decimal, unit) = match duration {
+            // if greater than 1 second, return as seconds
+            n if n >= &Duration::from_secs(1) => {
+                let secs = n.as_secs();
+                let decimal = n.as_millis() as u64 % 1000;
+                (secs, decimal as u32, "s")
+            }
+            // if greater than 1 millisecond, return as milliseconds
+            n if n >= &Duration::from_millis(1) => {
+                let ms = n.as_millis() as u64;
+                let decimal = n.as_micros() as u64 % 1000;
+                (ms, decimal as u32, "ms")
+            }
+            // if greater than 1 microsecond, return as microseconds
+            n if n >= &Duration::from_micros(1) => {
+                let us = n.as_micros() as u64;
+                let decimal = n.as_nanos() as u64 % 1000;
+                (us, decimal as u32, "µs")
+            }
+            // otherwise, return as nanoseconds
+            n => {
+                let ns = n.as_nanos() as u64;
+                (ns, 0, "ns")
+            }
+        };
+
+        (int, decimal, unit)
+    }
+
+    struct Entry {
+        name: String,
+        avg_int: u64,
+        avg_decimal: u32,
+        avg_unit: &'static str,
+        std_int: u64,
+        std_decimal: u32,
+        std_unit: &'static str,
+    }
+
+    let entries = timing_data
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, avg, std_dev)| {
+            let (avg_int, avg_decimal, avg_unit) = get_value(&avg);
+            let (std_int, std_decimal, std_unit) = get_value(&std_dev);
+
+            Entry {
+                name: name.clone(),
+                avg_int,
+                avg_decimal,
+                avg_unit,
+                std_int,
+                std_decimal,
+                std_unit,
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let max_name_width = entries.iter().map(|e| e.name.len() as usize).max().unwrap_or(0);
+    let max_avg_int_width = entries.iter().map(|e| e.avg_int.width() as usize).max().unwrap_or(0);
+    let max_avg_decimal_width = entries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|e| e.avg_decimal.width() as usize)
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+        .max(3);
+    let max_std_int_width = entries.iter().map(|e| e.std_int.width() as usize).max().unwrap_or(0);
+    let max_std_decimal_width = entries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|e| e.std_decimal.width() as usize)
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+        .max(3);
+
+    let mut output_lines = Vec::new();
+
+    // Format each line using the calculated max widths for alignment
+    for Entry {
+        name,
+        avg_int,
+        avg_decimal,
+        avg_unit,
+        std_int,
+        std_decimal,
+        std_unit,
+    } in entries.iter()
+    {
+        output_lines.push(format!(
+            "{name:max_name_width$} : {avg_int:max_avg_int_width$}.{avg_decimal:<max_avg_decimal_width$}{avg_unit} ± {std_int:max_std_int_width$}.{std_decimal:<max_std_decimal_width$}{std_unit}"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    output_lines.join("\n")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_timing_display() {
+        let timing_data = vec![
+            ("total".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(1234), Duration::from_micros(570)),
+            ("input".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(120), Duration::from_micros(45)),
+            ("player".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(456), Duration::from_micros(123)),
+            ("movement".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(789), Duration::from_micros(234)),
+            ("render".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(12), Duration::from_micros(3)),
+            ("debug".to_string(), Duration::from_nanos(460), Duration::from_nanos(557)),
+        ];
+
+        let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+        let lines: Vec<&str> = result.lines().collect();
+
+        // Verify we have the expected number of lines
+        assert_eq!(lines.len(), 6);
+
+        let expected = r#"
+total    :   1.234ms ± 570.0  µs
+input    : 120.0  µs ±  45.0  µs
+player   : 456.0  µs ± 123.0  µs
+movement : 789.0  µs ± 234.0  µs
+render   :  12.0  µs ±   3.0  µs
+debug    : 460.0  ns ± 557.0  ns
+"#
+        .trim();
+
+        for (line, expected_line) in lines.iter().zip(expected.lines()) {
+            assert_eq!(*line, expected_line);
+        }
+
+        // Print the result for manual inspection
+        println!("Formatted output:");
+        println!("{}", result);
+    }
+}

src/systems/input.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ pub fn input_system(bindings: Res<Bindings>, mut writer: EventWriter<GameEvent>,
             Event::KeyDown { keycode: Some(key), .. } => {
                 let command = bindings.key_bindings.get(&key).copied();
                 if let Some(command) = command {
-                    tracing::info!("triggering command: {:?}", command);
                     writer.write(GameEvent::Command(command));
                 }
             }

src/systems/mod.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ pub mod blinking;
 pub mod collision;
 pub mod components;
 pub mod control;
+pub mod debug;
+pub mod formatting;
 pub mod input;
 pub mod movement;
 pub mod profiling;

src/systems/profiling.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,130 @@
 use bevy_ecs::prelude::Resource;
 use bevy_ecs::system::{IntoSystem, System};
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use circular_buffer::CircularBuffer;
+use micromap::Map;
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::time::Duration;
+use thousands::Separable;
+
+const TIMING_WINDOW_SIZE: usize = 30;
 
 #[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
 pub struct SystemTimings {
-    pub timings: Mutex<HashMap<&'static str, Duration>>,
+    /// Map of system names to a queue of durations, using a circular buffer.
+    ///
+    /// Uses a RwLock to allow multiple readers for the HashMap, and a Mutex on the circular buffer for exclusive access.
+    /// This is probably overkill, but it's fun to play with.
+    ///
+    /// Also, we use a micromap::Map as the number of systems is generally quite small.
+    /// Just make sure to set the capacity appropriately, or it will panic.
+    pub timings: RwLock<Map<&'static str, Mutex<CircularBuffer<TIMING_WINDOW_SIZE, Duration>>, 10>>,
+}
+
+impl SystemTimings {
+    pub fn add_timing(&self, name: &'static str, duration: Duration) {
+        // acquire a upgradable read lock
+        let mut timings = self.timings.upgradable_read();
+
+        // happy path, the name is already in the map (no need to mutate the hashmap)
+        if timings.contains_key(name) {
+            let queue = timings
+                .get(name)
+                .expect("System name not found in map after contains_key check");
+            let mut queue = queue.lock();
+
+            queue.push_back(duration);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // otherwise, acquire a write lock and insert a new queue
+        timings.with_upgraded(|timings| {
+            let queue = timings.entry(name).or_insert_with(|| Mutex::new(CircularBuffer::new()));
+            queue.lock().push_back(duration);
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> Map<&'static str, (Duration, Duration), 10> {
+        let timings = self.timings.read();
+        let mut stats = Map::new();
+
+        for (name, queue) in timings.iter() {
+            if queue.lock().is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let durations: Vec<f64> = queue.lock().iter().map(|d| d.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0).collect();
+            let count = durations.len() as f64;
+
+            let sum: f64 = durations.iter().sum();
+            let mean = sum / count;
+
+            let variance = durations.iter().map(|x| (x - mean).powi(2)).sum::<f64>() / count;
+            let std_dev = variance.sqrt();
+
+            stats.insert(
+                *name,
+                (
+                    Duration::from_secs_f64(mean / 1000.0),
+                    Duration::from_secs_f64(std_dev / 1000.0),
+                ),
+            );
+        }
+
+        stats
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_total_stats(&self) -> (Duration, Duration) {
+        let timings = self.timings.read();
+        let mut all_durations = Vec::new();
+
+        for queue in timings.values() {
+            all_durations.extend(queue.lock().iter().map(|d| d.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0));
+        }
+
+        if all_durations.is_empty() {
+            return (Duration::ZERO, Duration::ZERO);
+        }
+
+        let count = all_durations.len() as f64;
+        let sum: f64 = all_durations.iter().sum();
+        let mean = sum / count;
+
+        let variance = all_durations.iter().map(|x| (x - mean).powi(2)).sum::<f64>() / count;
+        let std_dev = variance.sqrt();
+
+        (
+            Duration::from_secs_f64(mean / 1000.0),
+            Duration::from_secs_f64(std_dev / 1000.0),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_timing_display(&self) -> String {
+        let stats = self.get_stats();
+        let (total_avg, total_std) = self.get_total_stats();
+
+        let effective_fps = match 1.0 / total_avg.as_secs_f64() {
+            f if f > 100.0 => (f as u32).separate_with_commas(),
+            f if f < 10.0 => format!("{:.1} FPS", f),
+            f => format!("{:.0} FPS", f),
+        };
+
+        // Collect timing data for formatting
+        let mut timing_data = Vec::new();
+
+        // Add total stats
+        timing_data.push((effective_fps, total_avg, total_std));
+
+        // Add top 5 most expensive systems
+        let mut sorted_stats: Vec<_> = stats.iter().collect();
+        sorted_stats.sort_by(|a, b| b.1 .0.cmp(&a.1 .0));
+
+        for (name, (avg, std_dev)) in sorted_stats.iter().take(5) {
+            timing_data.push((name.to_string(), *avg, *std_dev));
+        }
+
+        // Use the formatting module to format the data
+        crate::systems::formatting::format_timing_display(timing_data)
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn profile<S, M>(name: &'static str, system: S) -> impl FnMut(&mut bevy_ecs::world::World)
@@ -25,8 +143,8 @@ where
         system.run((), world);
         let duration = start.elapsed();
 
-        if let Some(mut timings) = world.get_resource_mut::<SystemTimings>() {
-            timings.timings.lock().insert(name, duration);
+        if let Some(timings) = world.get_resource::<SystemTimings>() {
+            timings.add_timing(name, duration);
         }
     }
 }

src/systems/render.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,25 @@
 use crate::error::{GameError, TextureError};
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
-use crate::systems::components::{DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, Renderable};
+use crate::systems::components::{DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, RenderDirty, Renderable};
 use crate::systems::movement::{Movable, MovementState, Position};
 use crate::texture::sprite::SpriteAtlas;
 use bevy_ecs::entity::Entity;
 use bevy_ecs::event::EventWriter;
-use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Query, Res};
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::{Changed, Or, RemovedComponents};
+use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Query, Res, ResMut};
 use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture};
 use sdl2::video::Window;
 
+pub fn dirty_render_system(
+    mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>,
+    changed_renderables: Query<(), Or<(Changed<Renderable>, Changed<Position>)>>,
+    removed_renderables: RemovedComponents<Renderable>,
+) {
+    if !changed_renderables.is_empty() || !removed_renderables.is_empty() {
+        dirty.0 = true;
+    }
+}
+
 /// Updates the directional animated texture of an entity.
 ///
 /// This runs before the render system so it can update the sprite based on the current direction of travel, as well as whether the entity is moving.
@@ -31,7 +42,10 @@ pub fn directional_render_system(
             if !stopped {
                 texture.tick(dt.0);
             }
-            renderable.sprite = *texture.current_tile();
+            let new_tile = *texture.current_tile();
+            if renderable.sprite != new_tile {
+                renderable.sprite = new_tile;
+            }
         } else {
             errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Entity has no texture")).into());
             continue;
@@ -51,13 +65,13 @@ pub fn render_system(
     mut backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
     mut atlas: NonSendMut<SpriteAtlas>,
     map: Res<Map>,
-    renderables: Query<(Entity, &mut Renderable, &Position)>,
+    dirty: Res<RenderDirty>,
+    renderables: Query<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position)>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
-    // Clear the main canvas first
-    canvas.set_draw_color(sdl2::pixels::Color::BLACK);
-    canvas.clear();
-
+    if !dirty.0 {
+        return;
+    }
     // Render to backbuffer
     canvas
         .with_texture_canvas(&mut backbuffer.0, |backbuffer_canvas| {
@@ -66,17 +80,16 @@ pub fn render_system(
             backbuffer_canvas.clear();
 
             // Copy the pre-rendered map texture to the backbuffer
-            backbuffer_canvas
-                .copy(&map_texture.0, None, None)
-                .err()
-                .map(|e| errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into()));
+            if let Err(e) = backbuffer_canvas.copy(&map_texture.0, None, None) {
+                errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into());
+            }
 
             // Render all entities to the backbuffer
-            for (_, mut renderable, position) in renderables
-            // .iter_mut()
-            // .sort_by_key::<&mut Renderable, _, _>(|(renderable, renderable, renderable)| renderable.layer)
-            // .collect()
-            {
+            for (_, renderable, position) in renderables.iter() {
+                if !renderable.visible {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 let pos = position.get_pixel_pos(&map.graph);
                 match pos {
                     Ok(pos) => {
@@ -99,12 +112,4 @@ pub fn render_system(
         })
         .err()
         .map(|e| errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into()));
-
-    // Copy backbuffer to main canvas and present
-    canvas
-        .copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None)
-        .err()
-        .map(|e| errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into()));
-
-    canvas.present();
 }

src/texture/sprite.rs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub struct MapperFrame {
     pub height: u16,
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct AtlasTile {
     pub pos: U16Vec2,
     pub size: U16Vec2,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub struct AtlasTile {
 
 impl AtlasTile {
     pub fn render<C: RenderTarget>(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         canvas: &mut Canvas<C>,
         atlas: &mut SpriteAtlas,
         dest: Rect,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl AtlasTile {
     }
 
     pub fn render_with_color<C: RenderTarget>(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         canvas: &mut Canvas<C>,
         atlas: &mut SpriteAtlas,
         dest: Rect,

src/texture/text.rs

@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ impl TextTexture {
         &self.char_map
     }
 
-    pub fn get_tile(&mut self, c: char, atlas: &mut SpriteAtlas) -> Result<Option<&mut AtlasTile>> {
+    pub fn get_tile(&mut self, c: char, atlas: &mut SpriteAtlas) -> Result<Option<&AtlasTile>> {
         if self.char_map.contains_key(&c) {
-            return Ok(self.char_map.get_mut(&c));
+            return Ok(self.char_map.get(&c));
         }
 
         if let Some(tile_name) = char_to_tile_name(c) {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl TextTexture {
                 .get_tile(&tile_name)
                 .ok_or(GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(tile_name)))?;
             self.char_map.insert(c, tile);
-            Ok(self.char_map.get_mut(&c))
+            Ok(self.char_map.get(&c))
         } else {
             Ok(None)
         }

tests/formatting.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+use pacman::systems::formatting::format_timing_display;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic_formatting() {
+    let timing_data = vec![
+        ("60 FPS".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(1234), Duration::from_micros(567)),
+        ("input".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(123), Duration::from_micros(45)),
+        ("player".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(456), Duration::from_micros(123)),
+        ("movement".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(789), Duration::from_micros(234)),
+        ("render".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(12), Duration::from_micros(3)),
+        ("debug".to_string(), Duration::from_nanos(1000000), Duration::from_nanos(1000)),
+    ];
+
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    println!("Basic formatting test:");
+    println!("{}", result);
+    println!();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_desired_format() {
+    // This test represents the exact format you want to achieve
+    let timing_data = vec![
+        ("total".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(1230), Duration::from_micros(570)),
+        ("input".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(120), Duration::from_micros(50)),
+        ("player".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(460), Duration::from_micros(120)),
+        ("movement".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(790), Duration::from_micros(230)),
+        ("render".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(10), Duration::from_micros(3)),
+        ("debug".to_string(), Duration::from_nanos(1000000), Duration::from_nanos(1000)),
+    ];
+
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    println!("Desired format test:");
+    println!("{}", result);
+    println!();
+
+    // Expected output should look like:
+    // total    :    1.23 ms ±    0.57 ms
+    // input    :    0.12 ms ±    0.05 ms
+    // player   :    0.46 ms ±    0.12 ms
+    // movement :    0.79 ms ±    0.23 ms
+    // render   :    0.01 ms ±    0.003ms
+    // debug    :    0.001ms ±    0.000ms
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mixed_units() {
+    let timing_data = vec![
+        ("60 FPS".to_string(), Duration::from_millis(16), Duration::from_micros(500)),
+        (
+            "fast_system".to_string(),
+            Duration::from_nanos(500000),
+            Duration::from_nanos(100000),
+        ),
+        (
+            "medium_system".to_string(),
+            Duration::from_micros(2500),
+            Duration::from_micros(500),
+        ),
+        ("slow_system".to_string(), Duration::from_millis(5), Duration::from_millis(1)),
+    ];
+
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    println!("Mixed units test:");
+    println!("{}", result);
+    println!();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_trailing_zeros() {
+    let timing_data = vec![
+        ("60 FPS".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(1000), Duration::from_micros(500)),
+        ("exact_ms".to_string(), Duration::from_millis(1), Duration::from_micros(100)),
+        ("exact_us".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(1), Duration::from_nanos(100000)),
+        ("exact_ns".to_string(), Duration::from_nanos(1000), Duration::from_nanos(100)),
+    ];
+
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    println!("Trailing zeros test:");
+    println!("{}", result);
+    println!();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_edge_cases() {
+    let timing_data = vec![
+        ("60 FPS".to_string(), Duration::from_nanos(1), Duration::from_nanos(1)),
+        ("very_small".to_string(), Duration::from_nanos(100), Duration::from_nanos(50)),
+        ("very_large".to_string(), Duration::from_secs(1), Duration::from_millis(100)),
+        ("zero_time".to_string(), Duration::ZERO, Duration::ZERO),
+    ];
+
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    println!("Edge cases test:");
+    println!("{}", result);
+    println!();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_variable_name_lengths() {
+    let timing_data = vec![
+        ("60 FPS".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(1234), Duration::from_micros(567)),
+        ("a".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(123), Duration::from_micros(45)),
+        (
+            "very_long_system_name".to_string(),
+            Duration::from_micros(456),
+            Duration::from_micros(123),
+        ),
+        ("medium".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(789), Duration::from_micros(234)),
+    ];
+
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    println!("Variable name lengths test:");
+    println!("{}", result);
+    println!();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_empty_input() {
+    let timing_data = vec![];
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    assert_eq!(result, "");
+    println!("Empty input test: PASS");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_entry() {
+    let timing_data = vec![("60 FPS".to_string(), Duration::from_micros(1234), Duration::from_micros(567))];
+
+    let result = format_timing_display(timing_data);
+    println!("Single entry test:");
+    println!("{}", result);
+    println!();
+}

tests/profiling.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use pacman::systems::profiling::SystemTimings;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_timing_statistics() {
+    let timings = SystemTimings::default();
+
+    // Add some test data
+    timings.add_timing("test_system", Duration::from_millis(10));
+    timings.add_timing("test_system", Duration::from_millis(12));
+    timings.add_timing("test_system", Duration::from_millis(8));
+
+    let stats = timings.get_stats();
+    let (avg, std_dev) = stats.get("test_system").unwrap();
+
+    // Average should be 10ms, standard deviation should be small
+    assert!((avg.as_millis() as f64 - 10.0).abs() < 1.0);
+    assert!(std_dev.as_millis() > 0);
+
+    let (total_avg, total_std) = timings.get_total_stats();
+    assert!((total_avg.as_millis() as f64 - 10.0).abs() < 1.0);
+    assert!(total_std.as_millis() > 0);
+}
+
+// #[test]
+// fn test_window_size_limit() {
+//     let timings = SystemTimings::default();
+
+//     // Add more than 90 timings to test window size limit
+//     for i in 0..100 {
+//         timings.add_timing("test_system", Duration::from_millis(i));
+//     }
+
+//     let stats = timings.get_stats();
+//     let (avg, _) = stats.get("test_system").unwrap();
+
+//     // Should only keep the last 90 values, so average should be around 55ms
+//     // (average of 10-99)
+//     assert!((avg.as_millis() as f64 - 55.0).abs() < 5.0);
+// }