feat: improved emscripten-compatible asset loading api

Cargo.lock

@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.18.0"
+version = "1.21.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd8b5dd2ae5ed71462c540258bedcb51965123ad7e7ccf4b9a8cafaa4a63576d"
+checksum = "42f5e15c9953c5e4ccceeb2e7382a716482c34515315f7b03532b8b4e8393d2d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "overload"
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
+ "once_cell",
  "pathfinding",
  "rand",
  "sdl2",

Cargo.toml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ sdl2 = { version = "0.38.0", features = ["image", "ttf"] }
 spin_sleep = "1.3.2"
 rand = "0.9.2"
 pathfinding = "4.14"
+once_cell = "1.21.3"
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies.winapi]
 version = "0.3"

src/animation.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::direction::Direction;
 /// Trait for drawable atlas-based textures
 pub trait FrameDrawn {
     fn render(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
         position: (i32, i32),
         direction: Direction,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl<'a> AtlasTexture<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> FrameDrawn for AtlasTexture<'a> {
     fn render(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
         position: (i32, i32),
         direction: Direction,
@@ -158,18 +158,13 @@ impl<'a> AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> FrameDrawn for AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a> {
     fn render(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
         position: (i32, i32),
         direction: Direction,
         frame: Option<u32>,
     ) {
-        self.atlas.render(
+        let frame = frame.unwrap_or_else(|| self.current_frame());
-            canvas,
+        self.atlas.render(canvas, position, direction, Some(frame));
-            position,
-            direction,
-            frame.or(Some(self.current_frame())),
-        );
-        self.tick();
     }
 }

src/asset.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//! Cross-platform asset loading abstraction.
+//! On desktop, assets are embedded using include_bytes!; on Emscripten, assets are loaded from the filesystem.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::io;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum AssetError {
+    Io(io::Error),
+}
+
+impl From<io::Error> for AssetError {
+    fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
+        AssetError::Io(e)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum Asset {
+    Wav1,
+    Wav2,
+    Wav3,
+    Wav4,
+    Pacman,
+    Pellet,
+    Energizer,
+    Map,
+    FontKonami,
+    GhostBody,
+    GhostEyes,
+    // Add more as needed
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+mod imp {
+    use super::*;
+    macro_rules! asset_bytes_enum {
+        ( $asset:expr ) => {
+            match $asset {
+                Asset::Wav1 => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/wav/1.ogg")),
+                Asset::Wav2 => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/wav/2.ogg")),
+                Asset::Wav3 => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/wav/3.ogg")),
+                Asset::Wav4 => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/wav/4.ogg")),
+                Asset::Pacman => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/32/pacman.png")),
+                Asset::Pellet => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/24/pellet.png")),
+                Asset::Energizer => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/24/energizer.png")),
+                Asset::Map => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/map.png")),
+                Asset::FontKonami => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/font/konami.ttf")),
+                Asset::GhostBody => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/32/ghost_body.png")),
+                Asset::GhostEyes => Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../assets/32/ghost_eyes.png")),
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    pub fn get_asset_bytes(asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError> {
+        Ok(asset_bytes_enum!(asset))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+mod imp {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::fs;
+    use std::path::Path;
+    pub fn get_asset_bytes(asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError> {
+        let path = Path::new("assets").join(asset.path());
+        let bytes = fs::read(&path)?;
+        Ok(Cow::Owned(bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+pub use imp::get_asset_bytes;

src/audio.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
 //! This module handles the audio playback for the game.
+use crate::asset::{get_asset_bytes, Asset};
 use sdl2::{
     mixer::{self, Chunk, InitFlag, LoaderRWops, DEFAULT_FORMAT},
     rwops::RWops,
 };
 
-const SOUND_1_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/wav/1.ogg");
+const SOUND_ASSETS: [Asset; 4] = [Asset::Wav1, Asset::Wav2, Asset::Wav3, Asset::Wav4];
-const SOUND_2_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/wav/2.ogg");
-const SOUND_3_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/wav/3.ogg");
-const SOUND_4_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/wav/4.ogg");
-
-/// An array of all the sound effect data.
-const SOUND_DATA: [&[u8]; 4] = [SOUND_1_DATA, SOUND_2_DATA, SOUND_3_DATA, SOUND_4_DATA];
 
 /// The audio system for the game.
 ///
@@ -34,21 +29,21 @@ impl Audio {
 
         // set channel volume
         for i in 0..channels {
-            mixer::Channel(i as i32).set_volume(32);
+            mixer::Channel(i).set_volume(32);
         }
 
         let mixer_context = mixer::init(InitFlag::OGG).expect("Failed to initialize SDL2_mixer");
 
-        let sounds: Vec<Chunk> = SOUND_DATA
+        let sounds: Vec<Chunk> = SOUND_ASSETS
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, data)| {
+            .map(|(i, asset)| {
-                let rwops = RWops::from_bytes(data)
+                let data = get_asset_bytes(*asset).expect("Failed to load sound asset");
-                    .expect(&format!("Failed to create RWops for sound {}", i + 1));
+                let rwops = RWops::from_bytes(&data)
-                rwops.load_wav().expect(&format!(
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Failed to create RWops for sound {}", i + 1));
-                    "Failed to load sound {} from embedded data",
+                rwops
-                    i + 1
+                    .load_wav()
-                ))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Failed to load sound {} from asset API", i + 1))
             })
             .collect();
 

src/constants.rs

@@ -36,6 +36,58 @@ pub enum MapTile {
     Tunnel,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum FruitType {
+    Cherry,
+    Strawberry,
+    Orange,
+    Apple,
+    Melon,
+    Galaxian,
+    Bell,
+    Key,
+}
+
+impl FruitType {
+    pub const ALL: [FruitType; 8] = [
+        FruitType::Cherry,
+        FruitType::Strawberry,
+        FruitType::Orange,
+        FruitType::Apple,
+        FruitType::Melon,
+        FruitType::Galaxian,
+        FruitType::Bell,
+        FruitType::Key,
+    ];
+
+    pub fn score(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            FruitType::Cherry => 100,
+            FruitType::Strawberry => 300,
+            FruitType::Orange => 500,
+            FruitType::Apple => 700,
+            FruitType::Melon => 1000,
+            FruitType::Galaxian => 2000,
+            FruitType::Bell => 3000,
+            FruitType::Key => 5000,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn index(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            FruitType::Cherry => 0,
+            FruitType::Strawberry => 1,
+            FruitType::Orange => 2,
+            FruitType::Apple => 3,
+            FruitType::Melon => 4,
+            FruitType::Galaxian => 5,
+            FruitType::Bell => 6,
+            FruitType::Key => 7,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// The raw layout of the game board, as a 2D array of characters.
 pub const RAW_BOARD: [&str; BOARD_HEIGHT as usize] = [
     "############################",

src/debug.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! Debug rendering utilities for Pac-Man.
+use crate::{
+    constants::{MapTile, BOARD_HEIGHT, BOARD_WIDTH},
+    ghosts::blinky::Blinky,
+    map::Map,
+};
+use sdl2::{pixels::Color, render::Canvas, video::Window};
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum DebugMode {
+    None,
+    Grid,
+    Pathfinding,
+    ValidPositions,
+}
+
+pub struct DebugRenderer;
+
+impl DebugRenderer {
+    pub fn draw_cell(canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, _map: &Map, cell: (u32, u32), color: Color) {
+        let position = Map::cell_to_pixel(cell);
+        canvas.set_draw_color(color);
+        canvas
+            .draw_rect(sdl2::rect::Rect::new(position.0, position.1, 24, 24))
+            .expect("Could not draw rectangle");
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_debug_grid(canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, map: &Map, pacman_cell: (u32, u32)) {
+        for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH {
+            for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT {
+                let tile = map.get_tile((x as i32, y as i32)).unwrap_or(MapTile::Empty);
+                let mut color = None;
+                if (x, y) == pacman_cell {
+                    Self::draw_cell(canvas, map, (x, y), Color::CYAN);
+                } else {
+                    color = match tile {
+                        MapTile::Empty => None,
+                        MapTile::Wall => Some(Color::BLUE),
+                        MapTile::Pellet => Some(Color::RED),
+                        MapTile::PowerPellet => Some(Color::MAGENTA),
+                        MapTile::StartingPosition(_) => Some(Color::GREEN),
+                        MapTile::Tunnel => Some(Color::CYAN),
+                    };
+                }
+                if let Some(color) = color {
+                    Self::draw_cell(canvas, map, (x, y), color);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_next_cell(canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, map: &Map, next_cell: (u32, u32)) {
+        Self::draw_cell(canvas, map, next_cell, Color::YELLOW);
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_valid_positions(canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, map: &mut Map) {
+        let valid_positions_vec = map.get_valid_playable_positions().clone();
+        for &pos in &valid_positions_vec {
+            Self::draw_cell(canvas, map, (pos.x, pos.y), Color::RGB(255, 140, 0));
+            // ORANGE
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_pathfinding(canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, blinky: &Blinky, map: &Map) {
+        if let Some((path, _)) = blinky.get_path_to_target({
+            let (tx, ty) = blinky.get_target_tile();
+            (tx as u32, ty as u32)
+        }) {
+            for &(x, y) in &path {
+                Self::draw_cell(canvas, map, (x, y), Color::YELLOW);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/edible.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//! Edible entity for Pac-Man: pellets, power pellets, and fruits.
+use crate::animation::{AtlasTexture, FrameDrawn};
+use crate::constants::{FruitType, MapTile, BOARD_HEIGHT, BOARD_WIDTH};
+use crate::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::{Entity, Renderable, StaticEntity};
+use crate::map::Map;
+use sdl2::{render::Canvas, video::Window};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum EdibleKind {
+    Pellet,
+    PowerPellet,
+    Fruit(FruitType),
+}
+
+pub struct Edible<'a> {
+    pub base: StaticEntity,
+    pub kind: EdibleKind,
+    pub sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Edible<'a> {
+    pub fn new(kind: EdibleKind, cell_position: (u32, u32), sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>) -> Self {
+        let pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel(cell_position);
+        Edible {
+            base: StaticEntity::new(pixel_position, cell_position),
+            kind,
+            sprite,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks collision with Pac-Man (or any entity)
+    pub fn collide(&self, pacman: &dyn Entity) -> bool {
+        self.base.is_colliding(pacman)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Entity for Edible<'a> {
+    fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
+        &self.base
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Renderable for Edible<'a> {
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
+        self.sprite
+            .render(canvas, self.base.pixel_position, Direction::Right, Some(0));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reconstruct all edibles from the original map layout
+pub fn reconstruct_edibles<'a>(
+    map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
+    pellet_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    power_pellet_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    _fruit_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+) -> Vec<Edible<'a>> {
+    let mut edibles = Vec::new();
+    for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH {
+        for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT {
+            let tile = map.borrow().get_tile((x as i32, y as i32));
+            let cell = (x, y);
+            match tile {
+                Some(MapTile::Pellet) => {
+                    edibles.push(Edible::new(
+                        EdibleKind::Pellet,
+                        cell,
+                        Rc::clone(&pellet_sprite),
+                    ));
+                }
+                Some(MapTile::PowerPellet) => {
+                    edibles.push(Edible::new(
+                        EdibleKind::PowerPellet,
+                        cell,
+                        Rc::clone(&power_pellet_sprite),
+                    ));
+                }
+                // Fruits can be added here if you have fruit positions
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    edibles
+}

src/entity.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 
 /// A trait for game objects that can be moved and rendered.
 pub trait Entity {
-    /// Returns a reference to the base MovableEntity.
+    /// Returns a reference to the base entity (position, etc).
-    fn base(&self) -> &MovableEntity;
+    fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity;
 
     /// Returns true if the entity is colliding with the other entity.
     fn is_colliding(&self, other: &dyn Entity) -> bool {
@@ -18,31 +18,45 @@ pub trait Entity {
         let (other_x, other_y) = other.base().pixel_position;
         x == other_x && y == other_y
     }
+}
 
-    /// Ticks the entity, which updates its state and position.
+/// A trait for entities that can move and interact with the map.
-    fn tick(&mut self);
+pub trait Moving {
+    fn move_forward(&mut self);
+    fn update_cell_position(&mut self);
+    fn next_cell(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> (i32, i32);
+    fn is_wall_ahead(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> bool;
+    fn handle_tunnel(&mut self) -> bool;
+    fn is_grid_aligned(&self) -> bool;
+    fn set_direction_if_valid(&mut self, new_direction: Direction) -> bool;
+}
+
+/// A struct for static (non-moving) entities with position only.
+pub struct StaticEntity {
+    pub pixel_position: (i32, i32),
+    pub cell_position: (u32, u32),
+}
+
+impl StaticEntity {
+    pub fn new(pixel_position: (i32, i32), cell_position: (u32, u32)) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pixel_position,
+            cell_position,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// A struct for movable game entities with position, direction, speed, and modulation.
 pub struct MovableEntity {
-    /// The absolute position of the entity on the board, in pixels.
+    pub base: StaticEntity,
-    pub pixel_position: (i32, i32),
-    /// The position of the entity on the board, in grid coordinates.
-    pub cell_position: (u32, u32),
-    /// The current direction of the entity.
     pub direction: Direction,
-    /// Movement speed (pixels per tick).
     pub speed: u32,
-    /// Movement modulator for controlling speed.
     pub modulation: SimpleTickModulator,
-    /// Whether the entity is currently in a tunnel.
     pub in_tunnel: bool,
-    /// Reference to the game map.
     pub map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
 }
 
 impl MovableEntity {
-    /// Creates a new MovableEntity.
     pub fn new(
         pixel_position: (i32, i32),
         cell_position: (u32, u32),
@@ -52,8 +66,7 @@ impl MovableEntity {
         map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            pixel_position,
+            base: StaticEntity::new(pixel_position, cell_position),
-            cell_position,
             direction,
             speed,
             modulation,
@@ -65,89 +78,79 @@ impl MovableEntity {
     /// Returns the position within the current cell, in pixels.
     pub fn internal_position(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
         (
-            self.pixel_position.0 as u32 % CELL_SIZE,
+            self.base.pixel_position.0 as u32 % CELL_SIZE,
-            self.pixel_position.1 as u32 % CELL_SIZE,
+            self.base.pixel_position.1 as u32 % CELL_SIZE,
         )
     }
+}
 
-    /// Move the entity in its current direction by its speed.
+impl Entity for MovableEntity {
-    pub fn move_forward(&mut self) {
+    fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
+        &self.base
+    }
+}
+
+impl Moving for MovableEntity {
+    fn move_forward(&mut self) {
         let speed = self.speed as i32;
         match self.direction {
-            Direction::Right => self.pixel_position.0 += speed,
+            Direction::Right => self.base.pixel_position.0 += speed,
-            Direction::Left => self.pixel_position.0 -= speed,
+            Direction::Left => self.base.pixel_position.0 -= speed,
-            Direction::Up => self.pixel_position.1 -= speed,
+            Direction::Up => self.base.pixel_position.1 -= speed,
-            Direction::Down => self.pixel_position.1 += speed,
+            Direction::Down => self.base.pixel_position.1 += speed,
         }
     }
-
+    fn update_cell_position(&mut self) {
-    /// Updates the cell position based on the current pixel position.
+        self.base.cell_position = (
-    pub fn update_cell_position(&mut self) {
+            (self.base.pixel_position.0 as u32 / CELL_SIZE) - BOARD_OFFSET.0,
-        self.cell_position = (
+            (self.base.pixel_position.1 as u32 / CELL_SIZE) - BOARD_OFFSET.1,
-            (self.pixel_position.0 as u32 / CELL_SIZE) - BOARD_OFFSET.0,
-            (self.pixel_position.1 as u32 / CELL_SIZE) - BOARD_OFFSET.1,
         );
     }
-
+    fn next_cell(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> (i32, i32) {
-    /// Calculates the next cell in the given direction.
-    pub fn next_cell(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> (i32, i32) {
         let (x, y) = direction.unwrap_or(self.direction).offset();
         (
-            self.cell_position.0 as i32 + x,
+            self.base.cell_position.0 as i32 + x,
-            self.cell_position.1 as i32 + y,
+            self.base.cell_position.1 as i32 + y,
         )
     }
-
+    fn is_wall_ahead(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> bool {
-    /// Returns true if the next cell in the given direction is a wall.
-    pub fn is_wall_ahead(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> bool {
         let next_cell = self.next_cell(direction);
         matches!(self.map.borrow().get_tile(next_cell), Some(MapTile::Wall))
     }
-
+    fn handle_tunnel(&mut self) -> bool {
-    /// Handles tunnel movement and wrapping.
-    /// Returns true if the entity is in a tunnel and was handled.
-    pub fn handle_tunnel(&mut self) -> bool {
         if !self.in_tunnel {
-            let current_tile = self
+            let current_tile = self.map.borrow().get_tile((
-                .map
+                self.base.cell_position.0 as i32,
-                .borrow()
+                self.base.cell_position.1 as i32,
-                .get_tile((self.cell_position.0 as i32, self.cell_position.1 as i32));
+            ));
             if matches!(current_tile, Some(MapTile::Tunnel)) {
                 self.in_tunnel = true;
             }
         }
-
         if self.in_tunnel {
-            // If out of bounds, teleport to the opposite side and exit tunnel
+            if self.base.cell_position.0 == 0 {
-            if self.cell_position.0 == 0 {
+                self.base.cell_position.0 = BOARD_WIDTH - 2;
-                self.cell_position.0 = BOARD_WIDTH - 2;
+                self.base.pixel_position =
-                self.pixel_position =
+                    Map::cell_to_pixel((self.base.cell_position.0, self.base.cell_position.1));
-                    Map::cell_to_pixel((self.cell_position.0, self.cell_position.1));
                 self.in_tunnel = false;
                 true
-            } else if self.cell_position.0 == BOARD_WIDTH - 1 {
+            } else if self.base.cell_position.0 == BOARD_WIDTH - 1 {
-                self.cell_position.0 = 1;
+                self.base.cell_position.0 = 1;
-                self.pixel_position =
+                self.base.pixel_position =
-                    Map::cell_to_pixel((self.cell_position.0, self.cell_position.1));
+                    Map::cell_to_pixel((self.base.cell_position.0, self.base.cell_position.1));
                 self.in_tunnel = false;
                 true
             } else {
-                // Still in tunnel, keep moving
                 true
             }
         } else {
             false
         }
     }
-
+    fn is_grid_aligned(&self) -> bool {
-    /// Returns true if the entity is aligned with the grid.
-    pub fn is_grid_aligned(&self) -> bool {
         self.internal_position() == (0, 0)
     }
-
+    fn set_direction_if_valid(&mut self, new_direction: Direction) -> bool {
-    /// Attempts to set the direction if the next cell is not a wall.
-    /// Returns true if the direction was changed.
-    pub fn set_direction_if_valid(&mut self, new_direction: Direction) -> bool {
         if new_direction == self.direction {
             return false;
         }
@@ -159,8 +162,13 @@ impl MovableEntity {
     }
 }
 
+impl Entity for StaticEntity {
+    fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// A trait for entities that can be rendered to the screen.
 pub trait Renderable {
-    /// Renders the entity to the canvas.
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut sdl2::render::Canvas<sdl2::video::Window>);
-    fn render(&mut self, canvas: &mut sdl2::render::Canvas<sdl2::video::Window>);
 }

src/game.rs

@@ -10,58 +10,39 @@ use sdl2::rwops::RWops;
 use sdl2::ttf::Font;
 use sdl2::video::WindowContext;
 use sdl2::{pixels::Color, render::Canvas, video::Window};
-use tracing::event;
 
+use crate::animation::AtlasTexture;
+use crate::asset::{get_asset_bytes, Asset};
 use crate::audio::Audio;
-use crate::{
+use crate::constants::RAW_BOARD;
-    animation::{AtlasTexture, FrameDrawn},
+use crate::debug::{DebugMode, DebugRenderer};
-    constants::{MapTile, BOARD_HEIGHT, BOARD_WIDTH, RAW_BOARD},
+use crate::direction::Direction;
-    direction::Direction,
+use crate::edible::{reconstruct_edibles, Edible, EdibleKind};
-    entity::{Entity, Renderable},
+use crate::entity::Renderable;
-    ghosts::blinky::Blinky,
+use crate::ghosts::blinky::Blinky;
-    map::Map,
+use crate::map::Map;
-    pacman::Pacman,
+use crate::pacman::Pacman;
-};
-
-// Embed texture data directly into the executable
-static PACMAN_TEXTURE_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/32/pacman.png");
-static PELLET_TEXTURE_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/24/pellet.png");
-static POWER_PELLET_TEXTURE_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/24/energizer.png");
-static MAP_TEXTURE_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/map.png");
-static FONT_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/font/konami.ttf");
-
-// Add ghost texture data
-static GHOST_BODY_TEXTURE_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/32/ghost_body.png");
-static GHOST_EYES_TEXTURE_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../assets/32/ghost_eyes.png");
 
 /// The main game state.
 ///
 /// This struct contains all the information necessary to run the game, including
 /// the canvas, textures, fonts, game objects, and the current score.
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum DebugMode {
-    None,
-    Grid,
-    Pathfinding,
-    ValidPositions,
-}
-
 pub struct Game<'a> {
     canvas: &'a mut Canvas<Window>,
     map_texture: Texture<'a>,
-    pellet_texture: AtlasTexture<'a>,
+    pellet_texture: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
-    power_pellet_texture: AtlasTexture<'a>,
+    power_pellet_texture: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
     font: Font<'a, 'static>,
     pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
-    map: Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Map>>,
+    map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
     debug_mode: DebugMode,
     score: u32,
-    audio: crate::audio::Audio,
+    audio: Audio,
-    // Add ghost
     blinky: Blinky<'a>,
+    edibles: Vec<Edible<'a>>,
 }
 
-impl Game<'_> {
+impl<'a> Game<'a> {
     /// Creates a new `Game` instance.
     ///
     /// # Arguments
@@ -70,31 +51,34 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     /// * `texture_creator` - The SDL texture creator.
     /// * `ttf_context` - The SDL TTF context.
     /// * `_audio_subsystem` - The SDL audio subsystem (currently unused).
-    pub fn new<'a>(
+    pub fn new(
         canvas: &'a mut Canvas<Window>,
         texture_creator: &'a TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
         ttf_context: &'a sdl2::ttf::Sdl2TtfContext,
         _audio_subsystem: &'a sdl2::AudioSubsystem,
     ) -> Game<'a> {
-        let map = Rc::new(std::cell::RefCell::new(Map::new(RAW_BOARD)));
+        let map = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Map::new(RAW_BOARD)));
 
-        // Load Pacman texture from embedded data
+        // Load Pacman texture from asset API
+        let pacman_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Pacman).expect("Failed to load asset");
         let pacman_atlas = texture_creator
-            .load_texture_bytes(PACMAN_TEXTURE_DATA)
+            .load_texture_bytes(&pacman_bytes)
-            .expect("Could not load pacman texture from embedded data");
+            .expect("Could not load pacman texture from asset API");
-        let pacman = Rc::new(std::cell::RefCell::new(Pacman::new(
+        let pacman = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Pacman::new(
             (1, 1),
             pacman_atlas,
             Rc::clone(&map),
         )));
 
         // Load ghost textures
+        let ghost_body_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::GhostBody).expect("Failed to load asset");
         let ghost_body = texture_creator
-            .load_texture_bytes(GHOST_BODY_TEXTURE_DATA)
+            .load_texture_bytes(&ghost_body_bytes)
-            .expect("Could not load ghost body texture from embedded data");
+            .expect("Could not load ghost body texture from asset API");
+        let ghost_eyes_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::GhostEyes).expect("Failed to load asset");
         let ghost_eyes = texture_creator
-            .load_texture_bytes(GHOST_EYES_TEXTURE_DATA)
+            .load_texture_bytes(&ghost_eyes_bytes)
-            .expect("Could not load ghost eyes texture from embedded data");
+            .expect("Could not load ghost eyes texture from asset API");
 
         // Create Blinky
         let blinky = Blinky::new(
@@ -105,40 +89,57 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             Rc::clone(&pacman),
         );
 
-        // Load pellet texture from embedded data
+        // Load pellet texture from asset API
-        let pellet_texture = AtlasTexture::new(
+        let pellet_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Pellet).expect("Failed to load asset");
+        let pellet_texture = Rc::new(AtlasTexture::new(
             texture_creator
-                .load_texture_bytes(PELLET_TEXTURE_DATA)
+                .load_texture_bytes(&pellet_bytes)
-                .expect("Could not load pellet texture from embedded data"),
+                .expect("Could not load pellet texture from asset API"),
             1,
             24,
             24,
             None,
-        );
+        ));
-        let power_pellet_texture = AtlasTexture::new(
+        let power_pellet_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Energizer).expect("Failed to load asset");
+        let power_pellet_texture = Rc::new(AtlasTexture::new(
             texture_creator
-                .load_texture_bytes(POWER_PELLET_TEXTURE_DATA)
+                .load_texture_bytes(&power_pellet_bytes)
-                .expect("Could not load power pellet texture from embedded data"),
+                .expect("Could not load power pellet texture from asset API"),
             1,
             24,
             24,
             None,
-        );
+        ));
 
-        // Load font from embedded data
+        // Load font from asset API
-        let font_rwops = RWops::from_bytes(FONT_DATA).expect("Failed to create RWops for font");
+        let font = {
-        let font = ttf_context
+            let font_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::FontKonami)
-            .load_font_from_rwops(font_rwops, 24)
+                .expect("Failed to load asset")
-            .expect("Could not load font from embedded data");
+                .into_owned();
+            let font_bytes_static: &'static [u8] = Box::leak(font_bytes.into_boxed_slice());
+            let font_rwops =
+                RWops::from_bytes(font_bytes_static).expect("Failed to create RWops for font");
+            ttf_context
+                .load_font_from_rwops(font_rwops, 24)
+                .expect("Could not load font from asset API")
+        };
 
         let audio = Audio::new();
 
-        // Load map texture from embedded data
+        // Load map texture from asset API
+        let map_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Map).expect("Failed to load asset");
         let mut map_texture = texture_creator
-            .load_texture_bytes(MAP_TEXTURE_DATA)
+            .load_texture_bytes(&map_bytes)
-            .expect("Could not load map texture from embedded data");
+            .expect("Could not load map texture from asset API");
         map_texture.set_color_mod(0, 0, 255);
 
+        let edibles = reconstruct_edibles(
+            Rc::clone(&map),
+            Rc::clone(&pellet_texture),
+            Rc::clone(&power_pellet_texture),
+            Rc::clone(&pellet_texture), // placeholder for fruit sprite
+        );
+
         Game {
             canvas,
             pacman,
@@ -151,6 +152,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             score: 0,
             audio,
             blinky,
+            edibles,
         }
     }
 
@@ -162,7 +164,10 @@ impl Game<'_> {
     pub fn keyboard_event(&mut self, keycode: Keycode) {
         // Change direction
         let direction = Direction::from_keycode(keycode);
-        self.pacman.borrow_mut().next_direction = direction;
+        if direction.is_some() {
+            self.pacman.borrow_mut().next_direction = direction;
+            return;
+        }
 
         // Toggle debug mode
         if keycode == Keycode::Space {
@@ -172,6 +177,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
                 DebugMode::Pathfinding => DebugMode::ValidPositions,
                 DebugMode::ValidPositions => DebugMode::None,
             };
+            return;
         }
 
         // Reset game
@@ -200,72 +206,76 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         // Reset the score
         self.score = 0;
 
-        // Get valid positions from the cached flood fill
+        // Get valid positions from the cached flood fill and randomize positions in a single block
-        let mut map = self.map.borrow_mut();
+        {
-        let valid_positions = map.get_valid_playable_positions();
+            let mut map = self.map.borrow_mut();
-        let mut rng = rand::rng();
+            let valid_positions = map.get_valid_playable_positions();
+            let mut rng = rand::rng();
 
-        // Randomize Pac-Man position
+            // Randomize Pac-Man position
-        if let Some(pos) = valid_positions.iter().choose(&mut rng) {
+            if let Some(pos) = valid_positions.iter().choose(&mut rng) {
-            let mut pacman = self.pacman.borrow_mut();
+                let mut pacman = self.pacman.borrow_mut();
-            pacman.base.pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel((pos.x, pos.y));
+                pacman.base.base.pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel((pos.x, pos.y));
-            pacman.base.cell_position = (pos.x, pos.y);
+                pacman.base.base.cell_position = (pos.x, pos.y);
-            pacman.base.in_tunnel = false;
+                pacman.base.in_tunnel = false;
-            pacman.base.direction = Direction::Right;
+                pacman.base.direction = Direction::Right;
-            pacman.next_direction = None;
+                pacman.next_direction = None;
-            pacman.stopped = false;
+                pacman.stopped = false;
+            }
+
+            // Randomize ghost position
+            if let Some(pos) = valid_positions.iter().choose(&mut rng) {
+                self.blinky.base.base.pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel((pos.x, pos.y));
+                self.blinky.base.base.cell_position = (pos.x, pos.y);
+                self.blinky.base.in_tunnel = false;
+                self.blinky.base.direction = Direction::Left;
+                self.blinky.mode = crate::ghost::GhostMode::Chase;
+            }
         }
 
-        // Randomize ghost position
+        self.edibles = reconstruct_edibles(
-        if let Some(pos) = valid_positions.iter().choose(&mut rng) {
+            Rc::clone(&self.map),
-            self.blinky.base.pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel((pos.x, pos.y));
+            Rc::clone(&self.pellet_texture),
-            self.blinky.base.cell_position = (pos.x, pos.y);
+            Rc::clone(&self.power_pellet_texture),
-            self.blinky.base.in_tunnel = false;
+            Rc::clone(&self.pellet_texture), // placeholder for fruit sprite
-            self.blinky.base.direction = Direction::Left;
+        );
-            self.blinky.mode = crate::ghost::GhostMode::Chase;
-        }
     }
 
     /// Advances the game by one tick.
     pub fn tick(&mut self) {
-        self.check_pellet_eating();
+        // Advance animation frames for Pacman and Blinky
-        self.pacman.borrow_mut().tick();
+        self.pacman.borrow_mut().sprite.tick();
-        self.blinky.tick();
+        self.blinky.body_sprite.tick();
-    }
+        self.blinky.eyes_sprite.tick();
 
-    /// Checks if Pac-Man is currently eating a pellet and updates the game state
+        let pacman = self.pacman.borrow();
-    /// accordingly.
+        let mut eaten_indices = vec![];
-    fn check_pellet_eating(&mut self) {
+        for (i, edible) in self.edibles.iter().enumerate() {
-        let cell_pos = self.pacman.borrow().base.cell_position;
+            if edible.collide(&*pacman) {
-
+                eaten_indices.push(i);
-        // Check if there's a pellet at the current position
-        let tile = {
-            let map = self.map.borrow();
-            map.get_tile((cell_pos.0 as i32, cell_pos.1 as i32))
-        };
-
-        if let Some(tile) = tile {
-            let pellet_value = match tile {
-                MapTile::Pellet => Some(10),
-                MapTile::PowerPellet => Some(50),
-                _ => None,
-            };
-
-            if let Some(value) = pellet_value {
-                {
-                    let mut map = self.map.borrow_mut();
-                    map.set_tile((cell_pos.0 as i32, cell_pos.1 as i32), MapTile::Empty);
-                }
-                self.add_score(value);
-                self.audio.eat();
-                event!(
-                    tracing::Level::DEBUG,
-                    "Pellet eaten at ({}, {})",
-                    cell_pos.0,
-                    cell_pos.1
-                );
             }
         }
+        drop(pacman); // Release immutable borrow before mutably borrowing self
+        for &i in eaten_indices.iter().rev() {
+            let edible = &self.edibles[i];
+            match edible.kind {
+                EdibleKind::Pellet => {
+                    self.add_score(10);
+                    self.audio.eat();
+                }
+                EdibleKind::PowerPellet => {
+                    self.add_score(50);
+                    self.audio.eat();
+                }
+                EdibleKind::Fruit(_fruit) => {
+                    self.add_score(100);
+                    self.audio.eat();
+                }
+            }
+            self.edibles.remove(i);
+        }
+        self.pacman.borrow_mut().tick();
+        self.blinky.tick();
     }
 
     /// Draws the entire game to the canvas.
@@ -279,41 +289,13 @@ impl Game<'_> {
             .copy(&self.map_texture, None, None)
             .expect("Could not render texture on canvas");
 
-        // Render pellets
+        // Render all edibles
-        for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH {
+        for edible in &self.edibles {
-            for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT {
+            edible.render(self.canvas);
-                let tile = self
-                    .map
-                    .borrow()
-                    .get_tile((x as i32, y as i32))
-                    .unwrap_or(MapTile::Empty);
-
-                match tile {
-                    MapTile::Pellet => {
-                        let position = Map::cell_to_pixel((x, y));
-                        self.pellet_texture.render(
-                            self.canvas,
-                            position,
-                            Direction::Right,
-                            Some(0),
-                        );
-                    }
-                    MapTile::PowerPellet => {
-                        let position = Map::cell_to_pixel((x, y));
-                        self.power_pellet_texture.render(
-                            self.canvas,
-                            position,
-                            Direction::Right,
-                            Some(0),
-                        );
-                    }
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-            }
         }
 
         // Render Pac-Man
-        self.pacman.borrow_mut().render(self.canvas);
+        self.pacman.borrow().render(self.canvas);
 
         // Render ghost
         self.blinky.render(self.canvas);
@@ -322,88 +304,34 @@ impl Game<'_> {
         self.render_ui();
 
         // Draw the debug grid
-        if self.debug_mode == DebugMode::Grid {
+        match self.debug_mode {
-            for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH {
+            DebugMode::Grid => {
-                for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT {
+                DebugRenderer::draw_debug_grid(
-                    let tile = self
+                    self.canvas,
-                        .map
+                    &self.map.borrow(),
-                        .borrow()
+                    self.pacman.borrow().base.base.cell_position,
-                        .get_tile((x as i32, y as i32))
+                );
-                        .unwrap_or(MapTile::Empty);
+                let next_cell =
-                    let mut color = None;
+                    <Pacman as crate::entity::Moving>::next_cell(&*self.pacman.borrow(), None);
-
+                DebugRenderer::draw_next_cell(
-                    if (x, y) == self.pacman.borrow().base.cell_position {
+                    self.canvas,
-                        self.draw_cell((x, y), Color::CYAN);
+                    &self.map.borrow(),
-                    } else {
+                    (next_cell.0 as u32, next_cell.1 as u32),
-                        color = match tile {
+                );
-                            MapTile::Empty => None,
-                            MapTile::Wall => Some(Color::BLUE),
-                            MapTile::Pellet => Some(Color::RED),
-                            MapTile::PowerPellet => Some(Color::MAGENTA),
-                            MapTile::StartingPosition(_) => Some(Color::GREEN),
-                            MapTile::Tunnel => Some(Color::CYAN),
-                        };
-                    }
-
-                    if let Some(color) = color {
-                        self.draw_cell((x, y), color);
-                    }
-                }
             }
-
+            DebugMode::ValidPositions => {
-            // Draw the next cell
+                DebugRenderer::draw_valid_positions(self.canvas, &mut self.map.borrow_mut());
-            let next_cell = self.pacman.borrow().base.next_cell(None);
-            self.draw_cell((next_cell.0 as u32, next_cell.1 as u32), Color::YELLOW);
-        }
-
-        // Show valid playable positions
-        if self.debug_mode == DebugMode::ValidPositions {
-            let valid_positions_vec = {
-                let mut map = self.map.borrow_mut();
-                map.get_valid_playable_positions().clone()
-            };
-            for &pos in &valid_positions_vec {
-                self.draw_cell((pos.x, pos.y), Color::RGB(255, 140, 0)); // ORANGE
             }
-        }
+            DebugMode::Pathfinding => {
-
+                DebugRenderer::draw_pathfinding(self.canvas, &self.blinky, &self.map.borrow());
-        // Pathfinding debug mode
-        if self.debug_mode == DebugMode::Pathfinding {
-            // Show the current path for Blinky
-            if let Some((path, _)) = self.blinky.get_path_to_target({
-                let (tx, ty) = self.blinky.get_target_tile();
-                (tx as u32, ty as u32)
-            }) {
-                for &(x, y) in &path {
-                    self.draw_cell((x, y), Color::YELLOW);
-                }
             }
+            DebugMode::None => {}
         }
 
         // Present the canvas
         self.canvas.present();
     }
 
-    /// Draws a single cell to the canvas with the given color.
-    ///
-    /// # Arguments
-    ///
-    /// * `cell` - The cell to draw, in grid coordinates.
-    /// * `color` - The color to draw the cell with.
-    fn draw_cell(&mut self, cell: (u32, u32), color: Color) {
-        let position = Map::cell_to_pixel(cell);
-
-        self.canvas.set_draw_color(color);
-        self.canvas
-            .draw_rect(sdl2::rect::Rect::new(
-                position.0 as i32,
-                position.1 as i32,
-                24,
-                24,
-            ))
-            .expect("Could not draw rectangle");
-    }
-
     /// Renders the user interface, including the score and lives.
     fn render_ui(&mut self) {
         let lives = 3;
@@ -417,7 +345,7 @@ impl Game<'_> {
 
         // Render the score and high score
         self.render_text(
-            &format!("{}UP   HIGH SCORE   ", lives),
+            &format!("{lives}UP   HIGH SCORE   "),
             (24 * lives_offset + x_offset, y_offset),
             Color::WHITE,
         );

src/ghost.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 use pathfinding::prelude::dijkstra;
 use rand::Rng;
 
-use crate::{
+use crate::animation::{AnimatedAtlasTexture, FrameDrawn};
-    animation::{AnimatedAtlasTexture, FrameDrawn},
+use crate::constants::{MapTile, BOARD_WIDTH};
-    constants::{MapTile, BOARD_WIDTH},
+use crate::direction::Direction;
-    direction::Direction,
+use crate::entity::{Entity, MovableEntity, Moving, Renderable};
-    entity::{Entity, MovableEntity, Renderable},
+use crate::map::Map;
-    map::Map,
+use crate::modulation::{SimpleTickModulator, TickModulator};
-    modulation::{SimpleTickModulator, TickModulator},
+use crate::pacman::Pacman;
-    pacman::Pacman,
+use sdl2::pixels::Color;
-};
+use sdl2::render::Texture;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 /// The different modes a ghost can be in
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
@@ -37,12 +39,12 @@ pub enum GhostType {
 
 impl GhostType {
     /// Returns the color of the ghost.
-    pub fn color(&self) -> sdl2::pixels::Color {
+    pub fn color(&self) -> Color {
         match self {
-            GhostType::Blinky => sdl2::pixels::Color::RGB(255, 0, 0),
+            GhostType::Blinky => Color::RGB(255, 0, 0),
-            GhostType::Pinky => sdl2::pixels::Color::RGB(255, 184, 255),
+            GhostType::Pinky => Color::RGB(255, 184, 255),
-            GhostType::Inky => sdl2::pixels::Color::RGB(0, 255, 255),
+            GhostType::Inky => Color::RGB(0, 255, 255),
-            GhostType::Clyde => sdl2::pixels::Color::RGB(255, 184, 82),
+            GhostType::Clyde => Color::RGB(255, 184, 82),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -56,11 +58,9 @@ pub struct Ghost<'a> {
     /// The type/personality of this ghost
     pub ghost_type: GhostType,
     /// Reference to Pac-Man for targeting
-    pub pacman: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
+    pub pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
-    /// Ghost body sprite
+    pub body_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
-    body_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
+    pub eyes_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
-    /// Ghost eyes sprite
-    eyes_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
 }
 
 impl Ghost<'_> {
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ impl Ghost<'_> {
     pub fn new<'a>(
         ghost_type: GhostType,
         starting_position: (u32, u32),
-        body_texture: sdl2::render::Texture<'a>,
+        body_texture: Texture<'a>,
-        eyes_texture: sdl2::render::Texture<'a>,
+        eyes_texture: Texture<'a>,
-        map: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Map>>,
+        map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
-        pacman: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
+        pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
     ) -> Ghost<'a> {
         let color = ghost_type.color();
         let mut body_sprite = AnimatedAtlasTexture::new(body_texture, 8, 2, 32, 32, Some((-4, -4)));
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ impl Ghost<'_> {
 
     /// Gets this ghost's chase mode target (to be implemented by each ghost type)
     fn get_chase_target(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
-        // Default implementation just targets Pac-Man directly
         let pacman = self.pacman.borrow();
         let cell = pacman.base().cell_position;
         (cell.0 as i32, cell.1 as i32)
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ impl Ghost<'_> {
 
     /// Calculates the path to the target tile using the A* algorithm.
     pub fn get_path_to_target(&self, target: (u32, u32)) -> Option<(Vec<(u32, u32)>, u32)> {
-        let start = self.base.cell_position;
+        let start = self.base.base.cell_position;
         let map = self.base.map.borrow();
 
         dijkstra(
@@ -229,14 +228,8 @@ impl Ghost<'_> {
                 .set_direction_if_valid(self.base.direction.opposite());
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl Entity for Ghost<'_> {
+    pub fn tick(&mut self) {
-    fn base(&self) -> &MovableEntity {
-        &self.base
-    }
-
-    fn tick(&mut self) {
         if self.mode == GhostMode::House {
             // For now, do nothing in the house
             return;
@@ -253,7 +246,7 @@ impl Entity for Ghost<'_> {
                 {
                     if path.len() > 1 {
                         let next_move = path[1];
-                        let (x, y) = self.base.cell_position;
+                        let (x, y) = self.base.base.cell_position;
                         let dx = next_move.0 as i32 - x as i32;
                         let dy = next_move.1 as i32 - y as i32;
                         let new_direction = if dx > 0 {
@@ -286,23 +279,35 @@ impl Entity for Ghost<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Renderable for Ghost<'_> {
+impl<'a> Moving for Ghost<'a> {
-    fn render(&mut self, canvas: &mut sdl2::render::Canvas<sdl2::video::Window>) {
+    fn move_forward(&mut self) {
-        // Render body
+        self.base.move_forward();
-        if self.mode != GhostMode::Eyes {
+    }
-            let color = if self.mode == GhostMode::Frightened {
+    fn update_cell_position(&mut self) {
-                sdl2::pixels::Color::RGB(0, 0, 255)
+        self.base.update_cell_position();
-            } else {
+    }
-                self.ghost_type.color()
+    fn next_cell(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> (i32, i32) {
-            };
+        self.base.next_cell(direction)
+    }
+    fn is_wall_ahead(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> bool {
+        self.base.is_wall_ahead(direction)
+    }
+    fn handle_tunnel(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.base.handle_tunnel()
+    }
+    fn is_grid_aligned(&self) -> bool {
+        self.base.is_grid_aligned()
+    }
+    fn set_direction_if_valid(&mut self, new_direction: Direction) -> bool {
+        self.base.set_direction_if_valid(new_direction)
+    }
+}
 
-            self.body_sprite
+impl<'a> Renderable for Ghost<'a> {
-                .set_color_modulation(color.r, color.g, color.b);
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut sdl2::render::Canvas<sdl2::video::Window>) {
-            self.body_sprite
+        let pos = self.base.base.pixel_position;
-                .render(canvas, self.base.pixel_position, Direction::Right, None);
+        self.body_sprite.render(canvas, pos, Direction::Right, None);
-        }
+        // Inline the eye_frame logic here
-
-        // Always render eyes on top
         let eye_frame = if self.mode == GhostMode::Frightened {
             4 // Frightened frame
         } else {
@@ -313,12 +318,7 @@ impl Renderable for Ghost<'_> {
                 Direction::Down => 3,
             }
         };
-
+        self.eyes_sprite
-        self.eyes_sprite.render(
+            .render(canvas, pos, Direction::Right, Some(eye_frame));
-            canvas,
-            self.base.pixel_position,
-            Direction::Right,
-            Some(eye_frame),
-        );
     }
 }

src/ghosts/blinky.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture};
 use sdl2::video::Window;
 
-use crate::{
+use crate::direction::Direction;
-    entity::{Entity, MovableEntity, Renderable},
+use crate::entity::{Entity, Moving, Renderable, StaticEntity};
-    ghost::{Ghost, GhostMode, GhostType},
+use crate::ghost::{Ghost, GhostMode, GhostType};
-    map::Map,
+use crate::map::Map;
-    pacman::Pacman,
+use crate::pacman::Pacman;
-};
 
 pub struct Blinky<'a> {
     ghost: Ghost<'a>,
@@ -46,22 +45,44 @@ impl<'a> Blinky<'a> {
         self.ghost.set_mode(mode);
     }
 
-    pub fn render(&mut self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
+    pub fn tick(&mut self) {
-        Renderable::render(&mut self.ghost, canvas);
+        self.ghost.tick();
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Entity for Blinky<'a> {
-    fn base(&self) -> &MovableEntity {
+    fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
-        self.ghost.base()
+        self.ghost.base.base()
     }
+}
 
-    fn is_colliding(&self, other: &dyn Entity) -> bool {
+impl<'a> Renderable for Blinky<'a> {
-        self.ghost.is_colliding(other)
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
+        self.ghost.render(canvas);
     }
+}
 
-    fn tick(&mut self) {
+impl<'a> Moving for Blinky<'a> {
-        self.ghost.tick()
+    fn move_forward(&mut self) {
+        self.ghost.move_forward();
+    }
+    fn update_cell_position(&mut self) {
+        self.ghost.update_cell_position();
+    }
+    fn next_cell(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> (i32, i32) {
+        self.ghost.next_cell(direction)
+    }
+    fn is_wall_ahead(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> bool {
+        self.ghost.is_wall_ahead(direction)
+    }
+    fn handle_tunnel(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.ghost.handle_tunnel()
+    }
+    fn is_grid_aligned(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ghost.is_grid_aligned()
+    }
+    fn set_direction_if_valid(&mut self, new_direction: Direction) -> bool {
+        self.ghost.set_direction_if_valid(new_direction)
     }
 }
 

src/helper.rs

@@ -13,16 +13,11 @@
 pub fn is_adjacent(a: (u32, u32), b: (u32, u32), diagonal: bool) -> bool {
     let (ax, ay) = a;
     let (bx, by) = b;
-
+    let dx = ax.abs_diff(bx);
-    // Calculate absolute differences between coordinates
+    let dy = ay.abs_diff(by);
-    let dx = if ax > bx { ax - bx } else { bx - ax };
-    let dy = if ay > by { ay - by } else { by - ay };
-
     if diagonal {
-        // For diagonal adjacency: both differences must be ≤ 1 and at least one > 0
+        dx <= 1 && dy <= 1 && (dx != 0 || dy != 0)
-        dx <= 1 && dy <= 1 && (dx + dy) > 0
     } else {
-        // For orthogonal adjacency: exactly one difference must be 1, the other 0
         (dx == 1 && dy == 0) || (dx == 0 && dy == 1)
     }
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use tracing_subscriber::layer::SubscriberExt;
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
 use winapi::{
-    shared::{ntdef::NULL, windef::HWND},
+    shared::ntdef::NULL,
     um::{
         fileapi::{CreateFileA, OPEN_EXISTING},
         handleapi::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ use winapi::{
 /// terminal, this function does nothing.
 #[cfg(windows)]
 unsafe fn attach_console() {
-    if GetConsoleWindow() != std::ptr::null_mut() as HWND {
+    if !std::ptr::eq(GetConsoleWindow(), std::ptr::null_mut()) {
         return;
     }
 
     if AttachConsole(winapi::um::wincon::ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS) != 0 {
         let handle = CreateFileA(
-            "CONOUT$\0".as_ptr() as *const i8,
+            c"CONOUT$".as_ptr(),
             GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
             FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
             std::ptr::null_mut(),
@@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ unsafe fn attach_console() {
 mod animation;
 mod audio;
 mod constants;
+mod debug;
 mod direction;
+mod edible;
 mod entity;
 mod game;
 mod ghost;
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ mod helper;
 mod map;
 mod modulation;
 mod pacman;
+mod asset;
 
 /// The main entry point of the application.
 ///

src/map.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use rand::seq::IteratorRandom;
 
 use crate::constants::{MapTile, BOARD_OFFSET, CELL_SIZE};
 use crate::constants::{BOARD_HEIGHT, BOARD_WIDTH};
+use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 use std::collections::{HashSet, VecDeque};
 use std::ops::Add;
 
@@ -28,6 +29,12 @@ impl Add<SignedPosition> for Position {
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialEq<(u32, u32)> for Position {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &(u32, u32)) -> bool {
+        self.x == other.0 && self.y == other.1
+    }
+}
+
 impl Position {
     pub fn as_i32(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
         (self.x as i32, self.y as i32)
@@ -60,20 +67,8 @@ impl Map {
     pub fn new(raw_board: [&str; BOARD_HEIGHT as usize]) -> Map {
         let mut map = [[MapTile::Empty; BOARD_HEIGHT as usize]; BOARD_WIDTH as usize];
 
-        for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT as usize {
+        for (y, line) in raw_board.iter().enumerate().take(BOARD_HEIGHT as usize) {
-            let line = raw_board[y];
+            for (x, character) in line.chars().enumerate().take(BOARD_WIDTH as usize) {
-
-            for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH as usize {
-                if x >= line.len() {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                let i = (y * (BOARD_WIDTH as usize) + x) as usize;
-                let character = line
-                    .chars()
-                    .nth(x as usize)
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Could not get character at {} = ({}, {})", i, x, y));
-
                 let tile = match character {
                     '#' => MapTile::Wall,
                     '.' => MapTile::Pellet,
@@ -84,25 +79,29 @@ impl Map {
                         MapTile::StartingPosition(c.to_digit(10).unwrap() as u8)
                     }
                     '=' => MapTile::Empty,
-                    _ => panic!("Unknown character in board: {}", character),
+                    _ => panic!("Unknown character in board: {character}"),
                 };
-
+                map[x][y] = tile;
-                map[x as usize][y as usize] = tile;
             }
         }
 
         Map {
             current: map,
-            default: map.clone(),
+            default: map,
         }
     }
 
     /// Resets the map to its original state.
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
         // Restore the map to its original state
-        for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH as usize {
+        for (x, col) in self
-            for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT as usize {
+            .current
-                self.current[x][y] = self.default[x][y];
+            .iter_mut()
+            .enumerate()
+            .take(BOARD_WIDTH as usize)
+        {
+            for (y, cell) in col.iter_mut().enumerate().take(BOARD_HEIGHT as usize) {
+                *cell = self.default[x][y];
             }
         }
     }
@@ -157,19 +156,19 @@ impl Map {
     /// This is computed once using a flood fill from a random pellet, and then cached.
     pub fn get_valid_playable_positions(&mut self) -> &Vec<Position> {
         use MapTile::*;
-        static mut CACHE: Option<Vec<Position>> = None;
+        static CACHE: OnceCell<Vec<Position>> = OnceCell::new();
-        // SAFETY: This is only mutated once, and only in this function.
+        if let Some(cached) = CACHE.get() {
-        unsafe {
+            return cached;
-            if let Some(ref cached) = CACHE {
-                return cached;
-            }
         }
         // Find a random starting pellet
         let mut pellet_positions = vec![];
-        for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH as u32 {
+        for (x, col) in self.current.iter().enumerate().take(BOARD_WIDTH as usize) {
-            for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT as u32 {
+            for (y, &cell) in col.iter().enumerate().take(BOARD_HEIGHT as usize) {
-                match self.current[x as usize][y as usize] {
+                match cell {
-                    Pellet | PowerPellet => pellet_positions.push(Position { x, y }),
+                    Pellet | PowerPellet => pellet_positions.push(Position {
+                        x: x as u32,
+                        y: y as u32,
+                    }),
                     _ => {}
                 }
             }
@@ -185,15 +184,12 @@ impl Map {
 
         queue.push_back(start);
         while let Some(pos) = queue.pop_front() {
-            // Mark visited, skip if already visited
             if !visited.insert(pos) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            // Check if the current tile is valid
             match self.current[pos.x as usize][pos.y as usize] {
                 Empty | Pellet | PowerPellet => {
-                    // Valid, continue flood
                     for offset in [
                         SignedPosition { x: -1, y: 0 },
                         SignedPosition { x: 1, y: 0 },
@@ -201,7 +197,7 @@ impl Map {
                         SignedPosition { x: 0, y: 1 },
                     ] {
                         let neighbor = pos + offset;
-                        if neighbor.x < BOARD_WIDTH as u32 && neighbor.y < BOARD_HEIGHT as u32 {
+                        if neighbor.x < BOARD_WIDTH && neighbor.y < BOARD_HEIGHT {
                             let neighbor_tile =
                                 self.current[neighbor.x as usize][neighbor.y as usize];
                             if matches!(neighbor_tile, Empty | Pellet | PowerPellet) {
@@ -210,16 +206,11 @@ impl Map {
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                StartingPosition(_) | Wall | Tunnel => {
+                StartingPosition(_) | Wall | Tunnel => {}
-                    // Not valid, do not continue
-                }
             }
         }
         let mut result: Vec<Position> = visited.into_iter().collect();
         result.sort_unstable();
-        unsafe {
+        CACHE.get_or_init(|| result)
-            CACHE = Some(result);
-            CACHE.as_ref().unwrap()
-        }
     }
 }

src/pacman.rs

@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ use sdl2::{
     render::{Canvas, Texture},
     video::Window,
 };
-use tracing::event;
 
 use crate::{
     animation::{AnimatedAtlasTexture, FrameDrawn},
     direction::Direction,
-    entity::{Entity, MovableEntity, Renderable},
+    entity::{Entity, MovableEntity, Moving, Renderable, StaticEntity},
     map::Map,
     modulation::{SimpleTickModulator, TickModulator},
 };
@@ -24,7 +23,37 @@ pub struct Pacman<'a> {
     pub next_direction: Option<Direction>,
     /// Whether Pac-Man is currently stopped.
     pub stopped: bool,
-    sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
+    pub sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Entity for Pacman<'a> {
+    fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
+        &self.base.base
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Moving for Pacman<'a> {
+    fn move_forward(&mut self) {
+        self.base.move_forward();
+    }
+    fn update_cell_position(&mut self) {
+        self.base.update_cell_position();
+    }
+    fn next_cell(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> (i32, i32) {
+        self.base.next_cell(direction)
+    }
+    fn is_wall_ahead(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> bool {
+        self.base.is_wall_ahead(direction)
+    }
+    fn handle_tunnel(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.base.handle_tunnel()
+    }
+    fn is_grid_aligned(&self) -> bool {
+        self.base.is_grid_aligned()
+    }
+    fn set_direction_if_valid(&mut self, new_direction: Direction) -> bool {
+        self.base.set_direction_if_valid(new_direction)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Pacman<'_> {
@@ -55,7 +84,7 @@ impl Pacman<'_> {
         match self.next_direction {
             None => return false,
             Some(next_direction) => {
-                if self.base.set_direction_if_valid(next_direction) {
+                if <Pacman as Moving>::set_direction_if_valid(self, next_direction) {
                     self.next_direction = None;
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -69,53 +98,37 @@ impl Pacman<'_> {
         let (x, y) = self.base.internal_position();
         ((x / 2u32) * 2u32, (y / 2u32) * 2u32)
     }
-}
 
-impl Entity for Pacman<'_> {
+    pub fn tick(&mut self) {
-    fn base(&self) -> &MovableEntity {
-        &self.base
-    }
-
-    fn tick(&mut self) {
         let can_change = self.internal_position_even() == (0, 0);
-
         if can_change {
-            self.base.update_cell_position();
+            <Pacman as Moving>::update_cell_position(self);
-
+            if !<Pacman as Moving>::handle_tunnel(self) {
-            if !self.base.handle_tunnel() {
-                // Handle direction change as normal if not in tunnel
                 self.handle_direction_change();
-
+                if !self.stopped && <Pacman as Moving>::is_wall_ahead(self, None) {
-                // Check if the next tile in the current direction is a wall
-                if !self.stopped && self.base.is_wall_ahead(None) {
                     self.stopped = true;
-                } else if self.stopped && !self.base.is_wall_ahead(None) {
+                } else if self.stopped && !<Pacman as Moving>::is_wall_ahead(self, None) {
                     self.stopped = false;
                 }
             }
         }
-
         if !self.stopped && self.base.modulation.next() {
-            self.base.move_forward();
+            <Pacman as Moving>::move_forward(self);
             if self.internal_position_even() == (0, 0) {
-                self.base.update_cell_position();
+                <Pacman as Moving>::update_cell_position(self);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Renderable for Pacman<'_> {
-    fn render(&mut self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
+        let pos = self.base.base.pixel_position;
+        let dir = self.base.direction;
         if self.stopped {
-            self.sprite.render(
+            self.sprite.render(canvas, pos, dir, Some(2));
-                canvas,
-                self.base.pixel_position,
-                self.base.direction,
-                Some(2),
-            );
         } else {
-            self.sprite
+            self.sprite.render(canvas, pos, dir, None);
-                .render(canvas, self.base.pixel_position, self.base.direction, None);
         }
     }
 }