commit 1e8c2a24eb4dd9842107badeecb6c3b269cc78f8
Author: Ryan Walters <ryan@walters.to>
Date:   Fri Oct 31 01:10:53 2025 -0500

    Update source files

diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b08f96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[build]
+rustc-wrapper = "sccache"
+
+[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
+rustflags = [
+    '--cfg',
+    'getrandom_backend="wasm_js"',
+    '--cfg=web_sys_unstable_apis',
+]
+
+# for Linux
+[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu]
+linker = "clang"
+rustflags = ["-C", "link-arg=-fuse-ld=lld"]
+
+# for Windows
+[target.x86_64-pc-windows-msvc]
+linker = "rust-lld.exe"
diff --git a/.cargo/mutants.toml b/.cargo/mutants.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c19eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cargo/mutants.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Copy VCS directories (.git, etc.) to build directories
+copy_vcs = true
+
+# Examine only files matching these glob patterns
+# examine_globs = ["src/**/*.rs", "examples/**/*.rs"]
+
+# Exclude files matching these glob patterns
+# exclude_globs = ["src/test_*.rs", "src/**/test.rs", "tests/**/*.rs"]
+
+# Use built-in defaults for skip_calls (includes "with_capacity")
+skip_calls_defaults = true
+
+# Run tests from these specific packages for all mutants
+test_package = ["borders-core"]
+
+# Cargo profile to use for builds
+profile = "mutant"
diff --git a/.cargo/nextest.toml b/.cargo/nextest.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18ee230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cargo/nextest.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[profile.default]
+fail-fast = false
diff --git a/.github/workflows/builds.yml b/.github/workflows/builds.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1986317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/builds.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+name: Builds
+on:
+  - push
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+  RUST_VERSION: "stable"
+jobs:
+  desktop:
+    name: Desktop (${{ matrix.target.os }} / ${{ matrix.target.arch }})
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.target.runner }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        target:
+          - os: linux
+            arch: x86_64
+            runner: ubuntu-22.04
+            rust_target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: macos
+            arch: x86_64
+            runner: macos-15-intel
+            rust_target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+          - os: macos
+            arch: aarch64
+            runner: macos-latest
+            rust_target: aarch64-apple-darwin
+          - os: windows
+            arch: x86_64
+            runner: windows-latest
+            rust_target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+          - os: windows
+            arch: aarch64
+            runner: windows-latest
+            rust_target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Setup Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          components: rustfmt, clippy
+          targets: ${{ matrix.target.rust_target }}
+      - name: Rust cache
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
+      - name: Setup Node
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
+      - name: Install frontend dependencies
+        run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile --prefer-offline
+        working-directory: frontend
+      - name: Cache Tauri CLI (macOS only)
+        if: matrix.target.os == 'macos'
+        id: cache-tauri-cli
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-tauri
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-tauri-cli-2
+      - name: Install cargo-binstall
+        if: matrix.target.os != 'macos'
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-binstall
+      - name: Install Tauri CLI (via binstall)
+        if: matrix.target.os != 'macos'
+        run: cargo binstall tauri-cli --version '^2' --no-confirm
+      - name: Install Tauri CLI (from source on macOS)
+        if: matrix.target.os == 'macos' && steps.cache-tauri-cli.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install tauri-cli --version '^2' --locked
+        env:
+          CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_LTO: false
+      - name: Cache apt packages
+        if: matrix.target.os == 'linux'
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
+          key: ${{ matrix.target.runner }}-apt-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ matrix.target.runner }}-apt-
+      - name: Install Linux dependencies
+        if: matrix.target.os == 'linux'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -qq && sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+            build-essential \
+            libglib2.0-dev \
+            libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev \
+            libayatana-appindicator3-dev \
+            librsvg2-dev \
+            patchelf
+      - name: Build desktop app
+        run: cargo tauri build --target ${{ matrix.target.rust_target }}
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: iron-borders-${{ matrix.target.os }}-${{ matrix.target.arch }}
+          path: |
+            target/${{ matrix.target.rust_target }}/release/*.exe
+            target/${{ matrix.target.rust_target }}/release/bundle/appimage/*.AppImage
+            target/${{ matrix.target.rust_target }}/release/bundle/deb/*.deb
+            target/${{ matrix.target.rust_target }}/release/bundle/rpm/*.rpm
+            target/${{ matrix.target.rust_target }}/release/bundle/dmg/*.dmg
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+  browser:
+    name: Browser (WASM)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          targets: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, wasm32-unknown-unknown
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
+      - name: Setup Node
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
+      - name: Install frontend dependencies
+        run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile --prefer-offline
+        working-directory: frontend
+      - name: Install wasm-bindgen-cli
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: wasm-bindgen-cli@0.2.104
+      - name: Install wasm-opt
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: wasm-opt@0.116.1
+      - name: Build WASM release
+        run: |
+          cargo build -p borders-wasm --profile wasm-release --target wasm32-unknown-unknown
+          wasm-bindgen --out-dir pkg --out-name borders --target web target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/wasm-release/borders_wasm.wasm
+          wasm-opt -Oz --enable-bulk-memory --enable-threads --all-features pkg/borders_bg.wasm -o pkg/borders_bg.wasm
+          mkdir -p frontend/pkg
+          cp -r pkg/* frontend/pkg/
+      - name: Build frontend (root-based)
+        run: pnpm run build:browser
+        working-directory: frontend
+      - name: Upload browser artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: iron-borders-browser
+          path: frontend/dist/browser/client/**/*
+          if-no-files-found: error
+  deploy-cloudflare:
+    name: Deploy to Cloudflare Pages
+    needs: browser
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'push'
+    steps:
+      - name: Download browser artifact
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: iron-borders-browser
+          path: dist
+      - name: Deploy to Cloudflare Pages
+        id: deploy
+        uses: cloudflare/wrangler-action@v3
+        with:
+          apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
+          accountId: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID }}
+          command: pages deploy dist --project-name=borders
+      - name: Print deployment URL
+        env:
+          DEPLOYMENT_URL: ${{ steps.deploy.outputs.deployment-url }}
+        run: echo "Deployed to $DEPLOYMENT_URL"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverage.yml b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0526b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverage.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+name: Coverage
+on:
+  - push
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+  RUST_VERSION: "nightly"
+jobs:
+  coverage:
+    name: Code Coverage
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          targets: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          components: llvm-tools-preview
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Cache apt packages
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
+          key: ubuntu-latest-apt-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ubuntu-latest-apt-
+      - name: Install Linux dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -qq && sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+            build-essential \
+            libglib2.0-dev \
+            libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev \
+            libayatana-appindicator3-dev \
+            librsvg2-dev \
+            patchelf
+      - name: Install cargo-llvm-cov
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-llvm-cov
+      - name: Install nextest
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
+      - name: Run tests with coverage
+        run: cargo llvm-cov nextest --workspace --no-fail-fast
+      - name: Generate coverage reports
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p coverage
+          cargo llvm-cov report --html --output-dir coverage/html
+          cargo llvm-cov report --json --output-path coverage/coverage.json
+          cargo llvm-cov report --lcov --output-path coverage/lcov.info
+      - name: Upload HTML coverage report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: coverage-html
+          path: coverage/html
+          retention-days: 7
+      - name: Upload JSON coverage report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: coverage-json
+          path: coverage/coverage.json
+          retention-days: 7
+      - name: Upload LCOV coverage report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: coverage-lcov
+          path: coverage/lcov.info
+          retention-days: 7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/quality.yml b/.github/workflows/quality.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a98da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/quality.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+name: Quality
+on:
+  - push
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+  RUST_VERSION: "stable"
+jobs:
+  rust-quality:
+    name: Rust Quality
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          targets: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, wasm32-unknown-unknown
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Cache apt packages
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
+          key: ubuntu-latest-apt-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ubuntu-latest-apt-
+      - name: Install Linux dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -qq && sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+            build-essential \
+            libglib2.0-dev \
+            libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev \
+            libayatana-appindicator3-dev \
+            librsvg2-dev \
+            patchelf
+      - name: Install just
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@just
+      - name: Install cargo-machete
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-machete
+      - name: Run Rust checks
+        run: just --shell bash --shell-arg -c check
+      - name: Install cargo-audit
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-audit
+      - name: Run security audit
+        run: cargo audit
+  frontend-quality:
+    name: Frontend Quality
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
+      - name: Setup Node
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          targets: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, wasm32-unknown-unknown
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Install wasm-bindgen-cli
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: wasm-bindgen-cli@0.2.104
+      - name: Install frontend dependencies
+        run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
+        working-directory: frontend
+      - name: Install just
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@just
+      - name: Build WASM for frontend checks
+        run: |
+          cargo build -p borders-wasm --profile wasm-dev --target wasm32-unknown-unknown
+          wasm-bindgen --out-dir pkg --out-name borders --target web target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/wasm-dev/borders_wasm.wasm
+          mkdir -p frontend/pkg
+          cp -r pkg/* frontend/pkg/
+      - name: Run frontend TypeScript checks
+        run: pnpm run build:browser
+        working-directory: frontend
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f0254d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: Tests
+on:
+  - push
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+  RUST_VERSION: "stable"
+jobs:
+  test:
+    name: Test Suite
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          targets: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Cache apt packages
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
+          key: ubuntu-latest-apt-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ubuntu-latest-apt-
+      - name: Install Linux dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -qq && sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+            build-essential \
+            libglib2.0-dev \
+            libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev \
+            libayatana-appindicator3-dev \
+            librsvg2-dev \
+            patchelf
+      - name: Install nextest
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: cargo nextest run --workspace --no-fail-fast --hide-progress-bar --failure-output final
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fd1b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+target/
+pkg/
+*.pem
+/*.io/
+releases/
+mutants.out*/
+coverage/
+
+# Logs
+logs
+*.log
+npm-debug.log*
+yarn-debug.log*
+yarn-error.log*
+pnpm-debug.log*
+lerna-debug.log*
+
+node_modules
+dist
+dist-ssr
+*.local
+
+# Editor directories and files
+.vscode/*
+!.vscode/extensions.json
+.idea
+.DS_Store
+*.suo
+*.ntvs*
+*.njsproj
+*.sln
+*.sw?
diff --git a/.source-commit b/.source-commit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7313b04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.source-commit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+4f842e4ad8b999d408857d532230bf326dd1a434
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91bcbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,8022 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "adler2"
+version = "2.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "320119579fcad9c21884f5c4861d16174d0e06250625266f50fe6898340abefa"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "aho-corasick"
+version = "1.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8e60d3430d3a69478ad0993f19238d2df97c507009a52b3c10addcd7f6bcb916"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "aligned-vec"
+version = "0.6.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc890384c8602f339876ded803c97ad529f3842aba97f6392b3dba0dd171769b"
+dependencies = [
+ "equator",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "alloc-no-stdlib"
+version = "2.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cc7bb162ec39d46ab1ca8c77bf72e890535becd1751bb45f64c597edb4c8c6b3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "alloc-stdlib"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "94fb8275041c72129eb51b7d0322c29b8387a0386127718b096429201a5d6ece"
+dependencies = [
+ "alloc-no-stdlib",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "android_system_properties"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "819e7219dbd41043ac279b19830f2efc897156490d7fd6ea916720117ee66311"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle"
+version = "1.0.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5192cca8006f1fd4f7237516f40fa183bb07f8fbdfedaa0036de5ea9b0b45e78"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anyhow"
+version = "1.0.100"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a23eb6b1614318a8071c9b2521f36b424b2c83db5eb3a0fead4a6c0809af6e61"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arbitrary"
+version = "1.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c3d036a3c4ab069c7b410a2ce876bd74808d2d0888a82667669f8e783a898bf1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arg_enum_proc_macro"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0ae92a5119aa49cdbcf6b9f893fe4e1d98b04ccbf82ee0584ad948a44a734dea"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.108",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arrayvec"
+version = "0.7.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "assert2"
+version = "0.3.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0d6c710e60d14b07d8f42d0e702b16120865eea39edb751e75cd6bf401d18f14"
+dependencies = [
+ "assert2-macros",
+ "diff",
+ "yansi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "assert2-macros"
+version = "0.3.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9008cbbba9e1d655538870b91fd93814bd82e6968f27788fc734375120ac6f57"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "rustc_version",
+ "syn 2.0.108",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "assert_type_match"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f548ad2c4031f2902e3edc1f29c29e835829437de49562d8eb5dc5584d3a1043"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.108",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "async-broadcast"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "435a87a52755b8f27fcf321ac4f04b2802e337c8c4872923137471ec39c37532"
+dependencies = [
+ "event-listener",
+ "event-listener-strategy",
+ "futures-core",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "async-channel"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "924ed96dd52d1b75e9c1a3e6275715fd320f5f9439fb5a4a11fa51f4221158d2"
+dependencies = [
+ "concurrent-queue",
+ "event-listener-strategy",
+ "futures-core",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "async-compression"
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diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7457c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+[workspace]
+members = [
+    "crates/borders-core",
+    "crates/borders-desktop",
+    "crates/borders-wasm",
+    "crates/borders-server",
+]
+resolver = "2"
+
+[workspace.package]
+authors = ["Xevion"]
+edition = "2024"
+version = "0.6.1"
+
+
+# Enable a small amount of optimization in the dev profile.
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = 1
+codegen-units = 256
+
+# Enable a large amount of optimization in the dev profile for dependencies.
+[profile.dev.package."*"]
+opt-level = 3
+
+[profile.dev.package.borders-desktop]
+opt-level = 1
+
+[profile.dev.package.borders-wasm]
+opt-level = 1
+
+[profile.dev.package.borders-server]
+opt-level = 1
+
+[profile.dev.package.borders-core]
+opt-level = 1
+
+# Optimized profile for mutant testing - prioritizes compile speed over runtime performance
+[profile.mutant]
+inherits = "dev"
+opt-level = 1
+debug = 0           # No debug info for faster builds
+codegen-units = 256 # Maximum parallelism
+incremental = false # Faster for many clean builds (mutant testing)
+
+# Keep dependency optimizations from dev profile
+[profile.mutant.package."*"]
+opt-level = 3
+
+[profile.mutant.package.borders-desktop]
+opt-level = 1
+
+[profile.mutant.package.borders-wasm]
+opt-level = 1
+
+[profile.mutant.package.borders-server]
+opt-level = 1
+
+[profile.mutant.package.borders-core]
+opt-level = 1
+
+# Enable more optimization in the release profile at the cost of compile time.
+[profile.release]
+# Compile the entire crate as one unit.
+# Slows compile times, marginal improvements.
+codegen-units = 1
+# Do a second optimization pass over the entire program, including dependencies.
+# Slows compile times, marginal improvements.
+lto = "thin"
+
+
+# Development profile for WASM builds (faster compile times)
+[profile.wasm-dev]
+inherits = "dev"
+opt-level = 1
+panic = "abort"
+
+# Size optimization profile for WASM builds
+[profile.wasm-release]
+inherits = "release"
+incremental = false
+debug = false
+opt-level = "s"      # Optimize for size
+lto = true           # Link-time optimization
+codegen-units = 1    # Single codegen unit for better optimization
+panic = "abort"      # Smaller panic implementation
+strip = true         # Remove debug symbols
+
+# Performance profiling profile for WASM builds (fast with debug symbols)
+[profile.wasm-debug]
+inherits = "release"
+incremental = false
+debug = true         # Preserve debug symbols for profiling
+opt-level = 3        # Full optimization for performance
+lto = "thin"         # Link-time optimization without aggressive stripping
+codegen-units = 1    # Single codegen unit for better optimization
+panic = "abort"      # Smaller panic implementation
+strip = "none"       # Keep all debug symbols
diff --git a/Justfile b/Justfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a2ad46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Justfile
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+set shell := ["powershell"]
+
+default:
+    just --list
+
+format:
+    @cargo fmt --all
+
+# Run benchmarks with optional arguments
+# Examples:
+#   just bench                    # Run all benchmarks
+#   just bench border_updates     # Run specific benchmark
+#   just bench -- --save-baseline my_baseline  # Save baseline
+bench *args:
+    @cargo bench -p borders-core {{ args }}
+
+# Run tests with custom nextest arguments
+# Examples:
+#   just test                          # Run all tests
+#   just test -p borders-core          # Run tests in specific package
+#   just test --test spawn_tests       # Run specific test binary
+#   just test -- test_name_pattern     # Filter by test name
+#   just test -- --skip pattern        # Skip tests matching pattern
+test *args:
+    @cargo nextest run --no-fail-fast --workspace --hide-progress-bar --failure-output final {{ args }}
+
+# Run tests matching a pattern (filters by test name)
+# Add -p <package> to run in specific package, or --workspace for all packages
+test-filter pattern *args:
+    @cargo nextest run --no-fail-fast --hide-progress-bar --failure-output final {{ args }} -- {{ pattern }}
+
+# Skip tests matching a pattern
+# Add -p <package> to run in specific package, or --workspace for all packages
+test-skip pattern *args:
+    @cargo nextest run --no-fail-fast --hide-progress-bar --failure-output final {{ args }} -- --skip {{ pattern }}
+
+# Generate coverage reports (HTML, JSON, LCOV)
+# Examples:
+#   just coverage                 # Generate all formats in coverage/ directory
+#   just coverage --open          # Generate and open HTML report in browser
+coverage *args:
+    @cargo llvm-cov nextest -p borders-core --no-fail-fast {{ args }}
+    @if (-not (Test-Path coverage)) { New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path coverage | Out-Null }
+    @cargo llvm-cov report --html --output-dir coverage/html
+    @cargo llvm-cov report --json --output-path coverage/coverage.json
+    @cargo llvm-cov report --lcov --output-path coverage/lcov.info
+    @echo "Coverage reports generated in coverage/ directory:"
+    @echo "  - HTML: coverage/html/index.html"
+    @echo "  - JSON: coverage/coverage.json"
+    @echo "  - LCOV: coverage/lcov.info"
+
+# Open coverage HTML report in browser
+coverage-open:
+    @if (Test-Path coverage/html/index.html) { \
+        Invoke-Item coverage/html/index.html; \
+    } else { \
+        echo "Coverage report not found. Run 'just coverage' first."; \
+        exit 1; \
+    }
+
+mutants *args:
+    cargo mutants -p borders-core --gitignore true --caught --unviable {{ args }}
+
+mutants-next *args:
+    cargo mutants -p borders-core --gitignore true --iterate --caught --unviable {{ args }}
+
+check:
+    @echo "Running clippy (native)..."
+    @cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features --workspace -- -D warnings
+    @echo "Running cargo check (native)..."
+    @cargo check --all-targets --all-features --workspace
+    @echo "Running clippy (wasm32-unknown-unknown)..."
+    @cargo clippy --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --all-features -p borders-wasm -- -D warnings
+    @echo "Running cargo check (wasm32-unknown-unknown)..."
+    @cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --all-features -p borders-wasm
+    @echo "Running cargo machete..."
+    @cargo machete --with-metadata
+    @echo "All checks passed"
+
+check-ts:
+    @just _wasm-build wasm-dev
+    @echo "Running frontend checks..."
+    @pnpm run -C frontend check
+
+fix:
+    @echo "Running cargo fix..."
+    cargo fix --all-targets --all-features --workspace --allow-dirty
+
+wasm-dev: wasm-dev-build
+    pnpm -C frontend dev:browser --port 1421
+
+# Build WASM with the specified profile (wasm-dev or wasm-release)
+_wasm-build profile:
+    @$profile = "{{ profile }}"; \
+    $wasmFile = "target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/$profile/borders_wasm.wasm"; \
+    $pkgJs = "pkg/borders.js"; \
+    $pkgWasm = "pkg/borders_bg.wasm"; \
+    $frontendPkgJs = "frontend/pkg/borders.js"; \
+    $frontendPkgWasm = "frontend/pkg/borders_bg.wasm"; \
+    $beforeTime = if (Test-Path $wasmFile) { (Get-Item $wasmFile).LastWriteTime } else { $null }; \
+    cargo build -p borders-wasm --profile $profile --target wasm32-unknown-unknown; \
+    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }; \
+    $afterTime = if (Test-Path $wasmFile) { (Get-Item $wasmFile).LastWriteTime } else { $null }; \
+    $wasRebuilt = ($beforeTime -eq $null) -or ($afterTime -ne $beforeTime); \
+    $pkgExists = (Test-Path $pkgJs) -and (Test-Path $pkgWasm); \
+    $frontendPkgExists = (Test-Path $frontendPkgJs) -and (Test-Path $frontendPkgWasm); \
+    $isRelease = $profile -eq "wasm-release"; \
+    $isDebug = $profile -eq "wasm-debug"; \
+    $needsFrontendBuild = $isRelease -or $isDebug; \
+    if ($wasRebuilt -or -not $pkgExists -or ($needsFrontendBuild -and -not $frontendPkgExists)) { \
+        Write-Host "Running wasm-bindgen..."; \
+        wasm-bindgen --out-dir pkg --out-name borders --target web $wasmFile; \
+        if ($isRelease) { \
+            Write-Host "Running wasm-opt -Oz..."; \
+            wasm-opt -Oz --enable-bulk-memory --enable-threads --all-features pkg/borders_bg.wasm -o pkg/borders_bg.wasm; \
+        } elseif ($isDebug) { \
+            Write-Host "Running wasm-opt -O3 with debug info..."; \
+            wasm-opt -O3 --debuginfo --enable-bulk-memory --enable-threads --all-features pkg/borders_bg.wasm -o pkg/borders_bg.wasm; \
+        }; \
+    } else { \
+        Write-Host "WASM not rebuilt, skipping wasm-bindgen"; \
+    } \
+    New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path 'frontend/pkg' | Out-Null; \
+    Copy-Item -Recurse -Force 'pkg/*' 'frontend/pkg/'; \
+    if ($needsFrontendBuild) { \
+        Write-Host "Running frontend build..."; \
+        if ($isDebug) { \
+            $env:VITE_DEBUG_BUILD = "true"; \
+        }; \
+        pnpm -C frontend build:browser; \
+        if ($isDebug) { \
+            Remove-Item env:VITE_DEBUG_BUILD; \
+        }; \
+    }; \
+
+# Development WASM build, unoptimized
+wasm-dev-build:
+    @just _wasm-build wasm-dev
+
+# Release WASM build, optimized
+wasm-release-build:
+    @just _wasm-build wasm-release
+
+wasm-release: wasm-release-build
+    @echo "Visit http://localhost:8080 to play"
+    caddy file-server --listen :8080 --root frontend/dist/browser/client --browse
+
+# Debug WASM build, optimized with debug symbols
+wasm-debug-build:
+    @just _wasm-build wasm-debug
+
+wasm-debug: wasm-debug-build
+    @echo "Visit http://localhost:8080 to play"
+    caddy file-server --listen :8080 --root frontend/dist/browser/client --browse
+
+desktop-release:
+    cargo tauri build
+    target/release/borders-desktop.exe
+
+desktop-dev:
+    cargo tauri build --debug
+    target/debug/borders-desktop.exe
+
+dev *args:
+    cargo tauri dev {{ args }}
+
+# Run release manager CLI (handles setup specially)
+release *args:
+    @$firstArg = "{{ args }}".Split()[0]; \
+    if ($firstArg -eq "setup") { \
+        Write-Host "Installing release manager dependencies..."; \
+        pnpm install -C scripts/release-manager; \
+    } else { \
+        pnpm --silent -C scripts/release-manager exec tsx cli.ts {{ args }}; \
+    }
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f948eca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Copyright © 2025 Ryan Walters. All Rights Reserved.
+
+This software and associated documentation files (the "Software") are proprietary
+and confidential. Unauthorized copying, modification, distribution, or use of this
+Software, via any medium, is strictly prohibited without the express written
+permission of the copyright holder.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/Cargo.toml b/crates/borders-core/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16e8c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+[package]
+name = "borders-core"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[package.metadata.cargo-machete]
+ignored = ["serde_bytes", "chrono"]
+
+[features]
+default = ["bevy_debug"]
+bevy_debug = ["bevy_ecs/detailed_trace"]
+
+[dependencies]
+bevy_ecs = { version = "0.17", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+flume = "0.11"
+futures = "0.3"
+futures-lite = "2.6.1"
+glam = { version = "0.30", features = ["serde", "rkyv"] }
+rkyv = { version = "0.8", features = ["hashbrown-0_15"] }
+hex = "0.4"
+hmac = "0.12"
+image = "0.25"
+once_cell = "1.20"
+quanta = "0.12"
+rand = "0.9"
+serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive", "rc"] }
+slotmap = "1.0"
+serde_bytes = "0.11"
+serde_json = "1.0"
+sha2 = "0.10"
+tracing = "0.1"
+web-transport = "0.9"
+extension-traits = "2.0"
+
+# Target-specific dependencies to keep WASM builds compatible
+[target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
+tokio = { version = "1", features = [
+    "rt-multi-thread",
+    "macros",
+    "time",
+    "io-util",
+    "sync",
+] }
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = [
+    "json",
+    "rustls-tls",
+    "brotli",
+    "gzip",
+    "deflate",
+    "zstd",
+] }
+hickory-resolver = { version = "0.25", features = [
+    "tls-ring",
+    "https-ring",
+    "quic-ring",
+    "h3-ring",
+    "webpki-roots",
+] }
+uuid = { version = "1.11", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
+machineid-rs = "1.2"
+directories = "6.0"
+ring = "0.17.14"
+pem = "3.0.6"
+sysinfo = "0.37"
+
+[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
+winreg = "0.55"
+
+[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt", "macros", "time", "io-util"] }
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = ["json"] }
+uuid = { version = "1.11", features = ["v4", "serde", "js"] }
+js-sys = "0.3"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
+wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
+gloo-timers = { version = "0.3", features = ["futures"] }
+web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [
+    "BroadcastChannel",
+    "MessageEvent",
+    "Navigator",
+    "Window",
+] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+assert2 = "0.3"
+criterion = { version = "0.7", features = ["html_reports"] }
+rstest = "0.23"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "game_benchmarks"
+harness = false
+
+[build-dependencies]
+chrono = "0.4"
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/assets/maps/World.json b/crates/borders-core/assets/maps/World.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4ff1ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/assets/maps/World.json
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+{
+  "tiles": [
+    {
+      "color": "#000000",
+      "name": "Water",
+      "colorBase": "water",
+      "colorVariant": 4,
+      "conquerable": false,
+      "navigable": true
+    },
+    {
+      "color": "#222222",
+      "name": "Water",
+      "colorBase": "water",
+      "colorVariant": 6,
+      "conquerable": false,
+      "navigable": true
+    },
+    {
+      "color": "#555555",
+      "name": "Water",
+      "colorBase": "water",
+      "colorVariant": 12,
+      "conquerable": false,
+      "navigable": true
+    },
+    {
+      "color": "#777777",
+      "name": "Water",
+      "colorBase": "water",
+      "colorVariant": 14,
+      "conquerable": false,
+      "navigable": true
+    },
+    {
+      "color": "#999999",
+      "name": "Land",
+      "colorBase": "mountain",
+      "colorVariant": 5,
+      "conquerable": true,
+      "navigable": false,
+      "expansionCost": 80,
+      "expansionTime": 80
+    },
+    {
+      "color": "#BBBBBB",
+      "name": "Land",
+      "colorBase": "mountain",
+      "colorVariant": 9,
+      "conquerable": true,
+      "navigable": false,
+      "expansionCost": 70,
+      "expansionTime": 70
+    },
+    {
+      "color": "#DDDDDD",
+      "name": "Land",
+      "colorBase": "grass",
+      "colorVariant": 9,
+      "conquerable": true,
+      "navigable": false,
+      "expansionCost": 60,
+      "expansionTime": 60
+    },
+    {
+      "color": "#FFFFFF",
+      "name": "Land",
+      "colorBase": "grass",
+      "colorVariant": 6,
+      "conquerable": true,
+      "navigable": false,
+      "expansionCost": 50,
+      "expansionTime": 50
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/assets/maps/World.png b/crates/borders-core/assets/maps/World.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbaa74c
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/borders-core/assets/maps/World.png differ
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/benches/game_benchmarks.rs b/crates/borders-core/benches/game_benchmarks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03d4a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/benches/game_benchmarks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use std::hint::black_box;
+
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+/// Setup a game world with specified parameters
+fn setup_game_world(map_size: u16, player_count: u16, tiles_per_player: usize) -> (World, Vec<NationId>) {
+    let mut world = World::new();
+
+    // Initialize Time resources (required by many systems)
+    world.insert_resource(Time::default());
+    world.insert_resource(FixedTime::from_seconds(0.1));
+
+    // Generate terrain - all conquerable for simplicity
+    let size = (map_size as usize) * (map_size as usize);
+    let terrain_data = vec![0x80u8; size]; // bit 7 = land/conquerable
+    let tiles = vec![1u8; size]; // all land tiles
+
+    let tile_types = vec![TileType { name: "water".to_string(), color_base: "blue".to_string(), color_variant: 0, conquerable: false, navigable: true, expansion_time: 255, expansion_cost: 255 }, TileType { name: "land".to_string(), color_base: "green".to_string(), color_variant: 0, conquerable: true, navigable: false, expansion_time: 50, expansion_cost: 50 }];
+
+    let map_size_vec = U16Vec2::new(map_size, map_size);
+    let terrain_tile_map = TileMap::from_vec(map_size_vec, terrain_data);
+    let terrain = TerrainData { _manifest: MapManifest { map: MapMetadata { size: map_size_vec, num_land_tiles: size }, name: "Benchmark Map".to_string(), nations: Vec::new() }, terrain_data: terrain_tile_map, tiles, tile_types };
+
+    // Initialize TerritoryManager
+    let mut territory_manager = TerritoryManager::new(map_size_vec);
+    let conquerable_tiles = vec![true; size];
+    territory_manager.reset(map_size_vec, &conquerable_tiles);
+
+    // Create player entities and assign territories
+    let mut entity_map = NationEntityMap::default();
+    let mut player_ids = Vec::new();
+
+    for i in 0..player_count {
+        let nation_id = if i == 0 { NationId::ZERO } else { NationId::new(i).unwrap() };
+        player_ids.push(nation_id);
+
+        let color = HSLColor::new((i as f32 * 137.5) % 360.0, 0.6, 0.5);
+
+        let entity = world.spawn((nation_id, NationName(format!("Player {}", i)), NationColor(color), BorderTiles::default(), Troops(100.0), TerritorySize(0), ShipCount::default())).id();
+
+        entity_map.0.insert(nation_id, entity);
+
+        // Assign tiles to this player
+        let start_y = (i as usize * tiles_per_player) / (map_size as usize);
+        let end_y = ((i as usize + 1) * tiles_per_player) / (map_size as usize);
+
+        for y in start_y..end_y.min(map_size as usize) {
+            for x in 0..(map_size as usize).min(tiles_per_player) {
+                if y * (map_size as usize) + x < size {
+                    territory_manager.conquer(U16Vec2::new(x as u16, y as u16), nation_id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Insert core resources
+    world.insert_resource(entity_map);
+    world.insert_resource(territory_manager);
+    world.insert_resource(ActiveAttacks::new());
+    world.insert_resource(terrain);
+    world.insert_resource(DeterministicRng::new(0xDEADBEEF));
+    world.insert_resource(BorderCache::default());
+    world.insert_resource(AttackControls::default());
+    world.insert_resource(LocalPlayerContext::new(NationId::ZERO));
+    world.insert_resource(SpawnPhase { active: false });
+
+    // Compute coastal tiles
+    let map_size_vec = U16Vec2::new(map_size, map_size);
+    let coastal_tiles = CoastalTiles::compute(world.resource::<TerrainData>(), map_size_vec);
+    world.insert_resource(coastal_tiles);
+
+    (world, player_ids)
+}
+
+/// Get 4-directional neighbors (from game utils, inlined to avoid module issues)
+fn neighbors(pos: U16Vec2, map_size: U16Vec2) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> {
+    let offsets = [
+        glam::I16Vec2::new(0, 1),  // North
+        glam::I16Vec2::new(1, 0),  // East
+        glam::I16Vec2::new(0, -1), // South
+        glam::I16Vec2::new(-1, 0), // West
+    ];
+
+    offsets.into_iter().filter_map(move |offset| pos.checked_add_signed(offset).filter(|&n| n.x < map_size.x && n.y < map_size.y))
+}
+
+/// Update player borders (simplified version of the border system)
+fn update_borders(world: &mut World) {
+    let (changed_tiles, map_size, tiles_by_owner) = {
+        let territory_manager = world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+
+        let changed_tiles: HashSet<U16Vec2> = territory_manager.iter_changes().collect();
+        if changed_tiles.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let map_size = U16Vec2::new(territory_manager.width(), territory_manager.height());
+
+        let mut affected_tiles = HashSet::with_capacity(changed_tiles.len() * 5);
+        for &tile in &changed_tiles {
+            affected_tiles.insert(tile);
+            affected_tiles.extend(neighbors(tile, map_size));
+        }
+
+        let mut tiles_by_owner: HashMap<NationId, HashSet<U16Vec2>> = HashMap::new();
+        for &tile in &affected_tiles {
+            if let Some(nation_id) = territory_manager.get_nation_id(tile) {
+                tiles_by_owner.entry(nation_id).or_default().insert(tile);
+            }
+        }
+
+        (changed_tiles, map_size, tiles_by_owner)
+    };
+
+    let ownership_snapshot: HashMap<U16Vec2, Option<NationId>> = {
+        let territory_manager = world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        let mut snapshot = HashMap::new();
+        for &tile in changed_tiles.iter() {
+            for neighbor in neighbors(tile, map_size) {
+                snapshot.entry(neighbor).or_insert_with(|| territory_manager.get_nation_id(neighbor));
+            }
+            snapshot.insert(tile, territory_manager.get_nation_id(tile));
+        }
+        snapshot
+    };
+
+    let mut nations_query = world.query::<(&NationId, &mut BorderTiles)>();
+    for (nation_id, mut component_borders) in nations_query.iter_mut(world) {
+        let empty_set = HashSet::new();
+        let player_tiles = tiles_by_owner.get(nation_id).unwrap_or(&empty_set);
+
+        for &tile in player_tiles {
+            let is_border = neighbors(tile, map_size).any(|neighbor| ownership_snapshot.get(&neighbor).and_then(|&owner| owner) != Some(*nation_id));
+
+            if is_border {
+                component_borders.0.insert(tile);
+            } else {
+                component_borders.0.remove(&tile);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for &tile in changed_tiles.iter() {
+            if ownership_snapshot.get(&tile).and_then(|&owner| owner) != Some(*nation_id) {
+                component_borders.0.remove(&tile);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn bench_border_updates(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("border_updates");
+
+    // Parameter: territory sizes (small, medium, large)
+    let configs = [
+        ("small_10_tiles", 20, 2, 10),     // 2 players, 10 tiles each
+        ("medium_100_tiles", 50, 5, 100),  // 5 players, 100 tiles each
+        ("large_500_tiles", 100, 10, 500), // 10 players, 500 tiles each
+    ];
+
+    for (name, map_size, player_count, tiles_per_player) in configs {
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(name), &name, |b, _| {
+            let (mut world, player_ids) = setup_game_world(map_size, player_count, tiles_per_player);
+
+            // Simulate some territory changes
+            b.iter(|| {
+                // Change ownership of a few tiles to trigger border updates
+                let tiles_to_change = 5;
+                for i in 0..tiles_to_change {
+                    let tile = U16Vec2::new(i as u16, i as u16);
+                    let new_owner = player_ids[i % player_ids.len()];
+                    world.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>().conquer(tile, new_owner);
+                }
+
+                update_borders(black_box(&mut world));
+
+                // Clear changes for next iteration
+                world.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>().clear_changes();
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_turn_execution(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("turn_execution");
+
+    // Parameter: player counts
+    let player_counts = [10, 50, 101];
+
+    for player_count in player_counts {
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(player_count), &player_count, |b, &count| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                // Setup game state for each iteration
+                let (mut world, _player_ids) = setup_game_world(100, count, 50);
+
+                // Simulate a turn with territory changes
+                let changes = 10;
+                for i in 0..changes {
+                    let tile = U16Vec2::new((i * 5) as u16, (i * 5) as u16);
+                    let owner_idx = i % (count as usize);
+                    let owner = if owner_idx == 0 { NationId::ZERO } else { NationId::new(owner_idx as u16).unwrap() };
+                    world.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>().conquer(tile, owner);
+                }
+
+                update_borders(black_box(&mut world));
+
+                // TODO: Add actual turn execution logic here when ready
+                // This currently only benchmarks territory changes + border updates
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+// TODO: Add benchmark for territory expansion
+// fn bench_territory_expansion(c: &mut Criterion) {
+//     // Benchmark territory growth/conquest operations
+//     // Parameters: different expansion patterns (linear, radial, etc.)
+// }
+
+// TODO: Add benchmark for bot AI decision-making
+// fn bench_bot_decisions(c: &mut Criterion) {
+//     // Benchmark AI decision performance with different territory sizes
+//     // Parameters: number of border tiles, number of viable targets
+// }
+
+// TODO: Add benchmark for attack processing
+// fn bench_attack_processing(c: &mut Criterion) {
+//     // Benchmark combat calculation and resolution
+//     // Parameters: number of simultaneous attacks
+// }
+
+// TODO: Add benchmark for ship pathfinding
+// fn bench_ship_pathfinding(c: &mut Criterion) {
+//     // Benchmark naval pathfinding algorithms
+//     // Parameters: map complexity, path length
+// }
+
+criterion_group!(benches, bench_border_updates, bench_turn_execution);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/build.rs b/crates/borders-core/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01cc5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+use std::env;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+fn main() {
+    // Get the workspace root (two levels up from borders-core)
+    let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap());
+    let workspace_root = manifest_dir.parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap();
+
+    // Determine if we're in production mode (CI or release profile)
+    let is_production = env::var("CI").is_ok() || env::var("PROFILE").map(|p| p == "release").unwrap_or(false);
+
+    // Read git commit from .source-commit file
+    let source_commit_path = workspace_root.join(".source-commit");
+    let git_commit = if source_commit_path.exists() {
+        match fs::read_to_string(&source_commit_path) {
+            Ok(content) => content.trim().to_string(),
+            Err(e) if is_production => {
+                panic!("Failed to read .source-commit file in production: {}", e);
+            }
+            Err(_) => "unknown".to_string(),
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Fallback to git command if file doesn't exist (local development)
+        let git_result = std::process::Command::new("git").args(["rev-parse", "HEAD"]).current_dir(workspace_root).output().ok().and_then(|output| if output.status.success() { String::from_utf8(output.stdout).ok() } else { None }).map(|s| s.trim().to_string());
+
+        match git_result {
+            Some(commit) => commit,
+            None if is_production => {
+                panic!("Failed to acquire git commit in production and .source-commit file does not exist");
+            }
+            None => "unknown".to_string(),
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Determine build time based on environment
+    let build_time = if let Ok(epoch) = env::var("SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH") {
+        // Use provided timestamp for reproducible builds
+        match epoch.parse::<i64>().ok().and_then(|ts| chrono::DateTime::from_timestamp(ts, 0)).map(|dt| dt.to_rfc3339()) {
+            Some(time) => time,
+            None if is_production => {
+                panic!("Failed to parse SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH in production: {}", epoch);
+            }
+            None => "unknown".to_string(),
+        }
+    } else if env::var("CI").is_ok() {
+        // Generate fresh timestamp in CI
+        chrono::Utc::now().to_rfc3339()
+    } else {
+        // Static value for local development
+        "dev".to_string()
+    };
+
+    // Set environment variables for compile-time access
+    println!("cargo:rustc-env=BUILD_GIT_COMMIT={}", git_commit);
+    println!("cargo:rustc-env=BUILD_TIME={}", build_time);
+
+    // Only re-run the build script when specific files change
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+
+    // In CI, watch the .source-commit file if it exists
+    if source_commit_path.exists() {
+        println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", source_commit_path.display());
+    }
+
+    // In local development, watch .git/HEAD to detect branch switches
+    // We intentionally don't watch the branch ref file to avoid spurious rebuilds
+    if env::var("CI").is_err() {
+        let git_head = workspace_root.join(".git").join("HEAD");
+        if git_head.exists() {
+            println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", git_head.display());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/build_info.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/build_info.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87f15f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/build_info.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! Build metadata injected at compile time
+
+/// The version of the application from Cargo.toml
+pub const VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+
+/// The git commit hash from .source-commit file or git command
+pub const GIT_COMMIT: &str = env!("BUILD_GIT_COMMIT");
+
+/// The build timestamp in RFC3339 format (UTC)
+pub const BUILD_TIME: &str = env!("BUILD_TIME");
+
+/// Get the git commit hash (short form, first 7 characters)
+pub fn git_commit_short() -> &'static str {
+    let full = GIT_COMMIT;
+    if full.len() >= 7 { &full[..7] } else { full }
+}
+
+/// Full build information formatted as a string
+pub fn info() -> String {
+    format!("Iron Borders v{} ({})\nBuilt: {}", VERSION, git_commit_short(), BUILD_TIME)
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/dns.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/dns.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aae76f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/dns.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//! Custom DNS resolver using Hickory DNS with DoH/DoT support.
+//!
+//! This module provides DNS over HTTPS (DoH) functionality for enhanced privacy,
+//! with automatic fallback to system DNS if DoH is unavailable.
+
+use hickory_resolver::{
+    TokioResolver,
+    config::{NameServerConfigGroup, ResolverConfig},
+    name_server::TokioConnectionProvider,
+};
+use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+
+/// Custom DNS resolver for reqwest that uses Hickory DNS with DoH/DoT support.
+///
+/// This resolver is configured to use Cloudflare's DNS over HTTPS (1.1.1.1).
+/// DNS over HTTPS encrypts DNS queries, preventing eavesdropping and tampering.
+///
+/// The resolver is lazily initialized within the async context to ensure
+/// it's created within the Tokio runtime.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub struct HickoryDnsResolver {
+    /// Lazily initialized resolver to ensure it's created within Tokio runtime context
+    state: Arc<OnceCell<TokioResolver>>,
+}
+
+impl HickoryDnsResolver {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { state: Arc::new(OnceCell::new()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize the Hickory DNS resolver with Cloudflare DoH configuration
+    fn init_resolver() -> Result<TokioResolver, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+        let mut group: NameServerConfigGroup = NameServerConfigGroup::google();
+        group.merge(NameServerConfigGroup::cloudflare());
+        group.merge(NameServerConfigGroup::quad9());
+        group.merge(NameServerConfigGroup::google());
+
+        let mut config = ResolverConfig::new();
+        for server in group.iter() {
+            config.add_name_server(server.clone());
+        }
+
+        // Use tokio() constructor which properly integrates with current Tokio runtime
+        let resolver = TokioResolver::builder_with_config(config, TokioConnectionProvider::default()).build();
+
+        debug!("DNS resolver initialized with Cloudflare DoH");
+        Ok(resolver)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fallback to system DNS when DoH is unavailable
+async fn fallback_to_system_dns(name: &str) -> Result<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = SocketAddr> + Send>, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    use tokio::net::lookup_host;
+
+    let addrs: Vec<SocketAddr> = lookup_host(format!("{}:443", name))
+        .await?
+        .map(|mut addr| {
+            addr.set_port(0);
+            addr
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    debug!("Resolved '{}' via system DNS ({} addresses)", name, addrs.len());
+    Ok(Box::new(addrs.into_iter()))
+}
+
+impl reqwest::dns::Resolve for HickoryDnsResolver {
+    fn resolve(&self, name: reqwest::dns::Name) -> reqwest::dns::Resolving {
+        let resolver_state = self.state.clone();
+        let name_str = name.as_str().to_string();
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            // Get or initialize the resolver within the async context (Tokio runtime)
+            let resolver = match resolver_state.get_or_try_init(Self::init_resolver) {
+                Ok(r) => r,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn!("Failed to initialize DoH resolver: {}, using system DNS", e);
+                    return fallback_to_system_dns(&name_str).await;
+                }
+            };
+
+            // Try Hickory DNS first (DoH)
+            match resolver.lookup_ip(format!("{}.", name_str)).await {
+                Ok(lookup) => {
+                    let addrs: reqwest::dns::Addrs = Box::new(lookup.into_iter().map(|ip| SocketAddr::new(ip, 0)));
+                    Ok(addrs)
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn!("DoH lookup failed for '{}': {}, falling back to system DNS", name_str, e);
+                    fallback_to_system_dns(&name_str).await
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/ai/bot.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ai/bot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad84a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ai/bot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::{IVec2, U16Vec2};
+use rand::rngs::StdRng;
+use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng};
+
+use crate::game::SpawnPoint;
+use crate::game::core::action::GameAction;
+use crate::game::core::constants::bot::*;
+use crate::game::core::utils::neighbors;
+use crate::game::terrain::data::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::world::{NationId, TerritoryManager};
+
+/// Bot AI component - stores per-bot state for decision making
+#[derive(Component)]
+pub struct Bot {
+    pub last_action_tick: u64,
+    pub action_cooldown: u64,
+}
+
+impl Default for Bot {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Bot {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::with_seed(0)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a bot with deterministic initial cooldown based on seed
+    pub fn with_seed(seed: u64) -> Self {
+        let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);
+        // Ensure initial cooldown is at least ACTION_COOLDOWN_MIN to allow borders to be calculated
+        let cooldown = rng.random_range(ACTION_COOLDOWN_MIN..INITIAL_COOLDOWN_MAX);
+        Self { last_action_tick: 0, action_cooldown: cooldown }
+    }
+
+    /// Sample a random subset of border tiles to reduce O(n) iteration cost
+    fn sample_border_tiles(border_tiles: &HashSet<U16Vec2>, border_count: usize, rng: &mut StdRng) -> Vec<U16Vec2> {
+        if border_count <= MAX_BORDER_SAMPLES {
+            border_tiles.iter().copied().collect()
+        } else {
+            // Random sampling without replacement using Fisher-Yates
+            let mut border_vec: Vec<U16Vec2> = border_tiles.iter().copied().collect();
+
+            // Partial Fisher-Yates shuffle for first MAX_BORDER_SAMPLES elements
+            for i in 0..MAX_BORDER_SAMPLES {
+                let j = rng.random_range(i..border_count);
+                border_vec.swap(i, j);
+            }
+
+            border_vec.truncate(MAX_BORDER_SAMPLES);
+            border_vec
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Tick the bot AI - now deterministic based on turn number and RNG seed
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn tick(&mut self, turn_number: u64, nation_id: NationId, troops: &crate::game::Troops, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng_seed: u64) -> Option<GameAction> {
+        // Only act every few ticks
+        if turn_number < self.last_action_tick + self.action_cooldown {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.last_action_tick = turn_number;
+
+        // Deterministic RNG based on turn number, nation ID, and global seed
+        let seed = rng_seed.wrapping_add(turn_number).wrapping_add(nation_id.get() as u64);
+        let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);
+        self.action_cooldown = rng.random_range(ACTION_COOLDOWN_MIN..ACTION_COOLDOWN_MAX);
+
+        // Decide action: expand into wilderness or attack a neighbor
+        let action_type: f32 = rng.random();
+
+        if action_type < EXPAND_PROBABILITY {
+            // Expand into wilderness (60% chance)
+            self.expand_wilderness(nation_id, troops, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, &mut rng)
+        } else {
+            // Attack a neighbor (40% chance)
+            self.attack_neighbor(nation_id, troops, territory_manager, nation_borders, &mut rng)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Expand into unclaimed territory
+    fn expand_wilderness(&self, nation_id: NationId, troops: &crate::game::Troops, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng: &mut StdRng) -> Option<GameAction> {
+        let border_tiles = nation_borders.get(&nation_id)?;
+        let border_count = border_tiles.len();
+
+        let size = territory_manager.size();
+        let tiles_to_check = Self::sample_border_tiles(border_tiles, border_count, rng);
+
+        // Find a valid, unclaimed neighbor tile to attack
+        for &tile in &tiles_to_check {
+            if let Some(_neighbor) = neighbors(tile, size).find(|&neighbor| !territory_manager.has_owner(neighbor) && terrain.is_conquerable(neighbor)) {
+                let troop_percentage: f32 = rng.random_range(EXPAND_TROOPS_MIN..EXPAND_TROOPS_MAX);
+                let troop_count = (troops.0 * troop_percentage).floor() as u32;
+                return Some(GameAction::Attack { target: None, troops: troop_count });
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Attack a neighboring nation
+    fn attack_neighbor(&self, nation_id: NationId, troops: &crate::game::Troops, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng: &mut StdRng) -> Option<GameAction> {
+        let border_tiles = nation_borders.get(&nation_id)?;
+        let border_count = border_tiles.len();
+
+        // Find neighboring nations
+        let mut neighboring_nations = HashSet::new();
+        let size = territory_manager.size();
+
+        let tiles_to_check = Self::sample_border_tiles(border_tiles, border_count, rng);
+
+        for &tile in &tiles_to_check {
+            neighboring_nations.extend(neighbors(tile, size).filter_map(|neighbor| {
+                let ownership = territory_manager.get_ownership(neighbor);
+                ownership.nation_id().filter(|&other_nation_id| other_nation_id != nation_id)
+            }));
+        }
+
+        if neighboring_nations.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Pick a random neighbor to attack
+        let neighbor_count = neighboring_nations.len();
+        let target_id = neighboring_nations.into_iter().nth(rng.random_range(0..neighbor_count)).unwrap();
+
+        let troop_percentage: f32 = rng.random_range(ATTACK_TROOPS_MIN..ATTACK_TROOPS_MAX);
+        let troop_count = (troops.0 * troop_percentage).floor() as u32;
+        Some(GameAction::Attack { target: Some(target_id), troops: troop_count })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Spatial grid for fast spawn collision detection
+/// Divides map into cells for O(1) neighbor queries instead of O(n)
+struct SpawnGrid {
+    grid: HashMap<IVec2, Vec<U16Vec2>>,
+    cell_size: f32,
+}
+
+impl SpawnGrid {
+    fn new(cell_size: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { grid: HashMap::new(), cell_size }
+    }
+
+    fn insert(&mut self, pos: U16Vec2) {
+        let cell = self.pos_to_cell(pos);
+        self.grid.entry(cell).or_default().push(pos);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn pos_to_cell(&self, pos: U16Vec2) -> IVec2 {
+        let x = pos.x as f32 / self.cell_size;
+        let y = pos.y as f32 / self.cell_size;
+        IVec2::new(x as i32, y as i32)
+    }
+
+    fn has_nearby(&self, pos: U16Vec2, radius: f32) -> bool {
+        let cell = self.pos_to_cell(pos);
+        let cell_radius = (radius / self.cell_size).ceil() as i32;
+
+        for dx in -cell_radius..=cell_radius {
+            for dy in -cell_radius..=cell_radius {
+                let check_cell = cell + IVec2::new(dx, dy);
+                if let Some(positions) = self.grid.get(&check_cell) {
+                    for &existing_pos in positions {
+                        if calculate_position_distance(pos, existing_pos) < radius {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+/// Calculate Euclidean distance between two positions
+#[inline]
+fn calculate_position_distance(pos1: U16Vec2, pos2: U16Vec2) -> f32 {
+    pos1.as_vec2().distance(pos2.as_vec2())
+}
+
+/// Calculate initial bot spawn positions (first pass)
+///
+/// Places bots at random valid locations with adaptive spacing.
+/// Uses spatial grid for O(1) neighbor checks and adaptively reduces
+/// minimum distance when map becomes crowded.
+///
+/// Guarantees all bots spawn (no silent drops). This is deterministic based on rng_seed.
+///
+/// Returns Vec<SpawnPoint> for each bot
+pub fn calculate_initial_spawns(bot_nation_ids: &[NationId], territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, rng_seed: u64) -> Vec<SpawnPoint> {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("calculate_initial_spawns", bot_count = bot_nation_ids.len()).entered();
+
+    let size = territory_manager.size();
+
+    let mut spawn_positions = Vec::with_capacity(bot_nation_ids.len());
+    let mut grid = SpawnGrid::new(MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE);
+    let mut current_min_distance = MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE;
+
+    for (bot_index, &nation_id) in bot_nation_ids.iter().enumerate() {
+        // Deterministic RNG for spawn location
+        let seed = rng_seed.wrapping_add(nation_id.get() as u64).wrapping_add(bot_index as u64);
+        let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);
+
+        let mut placed = false;
+
+        // Try with current minimum distance
+        while !placed && current_min_distance >= ABSOLUTE_MIN_DISTANCE {
+            // Phase 1: Random sampling
+            for _ in 0..SPAWN_RANDOM_ATTEMPTS {
+                let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(rng.random_range(0..size.x), rng.random_range(0..size.y));
+
+                // Check if tile is valid land
+                if territory_manager.has_owner(tile_pos) || !terrain.is_conquerable(tile_pos) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Check distance using spatial grid (O(1) instead of O(n))
+                if !grid.has_nearby(tile_pos, current_min_distance) {
+                    spawn_positions.push(SpawnPoint::new(nation_id, tile_pos));
+                    grid.insert(tile_pos);
+                    placed = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Phase 2: Grid-guided fallback (if random sampling failed)
+            if !placed {
+                // Try a systematic grid search with stride
+                let stride = (current_min_distance * SPAWN_GRID_STRIDE_FACTOR) as u16;
+                let mut attempts = 0;
+                for y in (0..size.y).step_by(stride.max(1) as usize) {
+                    for x in (0..size.x).step_by(stride.max(1) as usize) {
+                        let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(x, y);
+
+                        if territory_manager.has_owner(tile_pos) || !terrain.is_conquerable(tile_pos) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if !grid.has_nearby(tile_pos, current_min_distance) {
+                            spawn_positions.push(SpawnPoint::new(nation_id, tile_pos));
+                            grid.insert(tile_pos);
+                            placed = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        attempts += 1;
+                        if attempts > SPAWN_GRID_MAX_ATTEMPTS {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if placed {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Phase 3: Reduce minimum distance and retry
+            if !placed {
+                current_min_distance *= DISTANCE_REDUCTION_FACTOR;
+                if bot_index % 100 == 0 && current_min_distance < MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE {
+                    tracing::debug!("Adaptive spawn: reduced min_distance to {:.1} for bot {}", current_min_distance, bot_index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Final fallback: Place at any valid land tile (guaranteed)
+        if !placed {
+            for _ in 0..SPAWN_FALLBACK_ATTEMPTS {
+                let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(rng.random_range(0..size.x), rng.random_range(0..size.y));
+                if !territory_manager.has_owner(tile_pos) && terrain.is_conquerable(tile_pos) {
+                    spawn_positions.push(SpawnPoint::new(nation_id, tile_pos));
+                    grid.insert(tile_pos);
+                    placed = true;
+                    tracing::warn!("Bot {} placed with fallback (no distance constraint)", nation_id);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !placed {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to place bot {} after all attempts", nation_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    spawn_positions
+}
+
+/// Recalculate bot spawns considering human nation positions (second pass)
+///
+/// For any bot that is too close to a human nation spawn, find a new position.
+/// Uses adaptive algorithm with grid acceleration to guarantee all displaced
+/// bots find new positions. This maintains determinism while ensuring proper spawn spacing.
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// - `initial_bot_spawns`: Bot positions from first pass
+/// - `human_spawns`: Human nation spawn positions
+/// - `territory_manager`: For checking valid tiles
+/// - `terrain`: For checking conquerable tiles
+/// - `rng_seed`: For deterministic relocation
+///
+/// Returns updated Vec<SpawnPoint> with relocated bots
+pub fn recalculate_spawns_with_players(initial_bot_spawns: Vec<SpawnPoint>, player_spawns: &[SpawnPoint], territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, rng_seed: u64) -> Vec<SpawnPoint> {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("recalculate_spawns_with_players", bot_count = initial_bot_spawns.len(), human_count = player_spawns.len()).entered();
+
+    let size = territory_manager.size();
+
+    // Build spatial grid to track occupied spawn locations
+    // Contains all human nation spawns plus bots that don't need relocation
+    // Enables O(1) distance checks instead of O(n) iteration
+    let mut grid = SpawnGrid::new(MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE);
+    for spawn in player_spawns {
+        grid.insert(spawn.tile);
+    }
+
+    // Partition bots into two groups:
+    // 1. Bots that are far enough from all human nation spawns (keep as-is)
+    // 2. Bots that violate MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE from any human nation (need relocation)
+    let mut bots_to_relocate = Vec::new();
+    let mut final_spawns = Vec::new();
+
+    for spawn in initial_bot_spawns {
+        let mut needs_relocation = false;
+
+        for human_spawn in player_spawns {
+            if calculate_position_distance(spawn.tile, human_spawn.tile) < MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE {
+                needs_relocation = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if needs_relocation {
+            bots_to_relocate.push(spawn.nation);
+        } else {
+            // Bot is valid - add to final list and mark space as occupied
+            final_spawns.push(spawn);
+            grid.insert(spawn.tile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Relocate displaced bots using a three-phase adaptive algorithm:
+    // Phase 1: Random sampling (fast, works well when space is available)
+    // Phase 2: Grid-based systematic search (fallback when random fails)
+    // Phase 3: Adaptive distance reduction (progressively relax spacing constraints)
+    //
+    // This adaptively reduces spacing as the map fills up, ensuring all bots
+    // eventually find placement even on crowded maps
+    let mut current_min_distance = MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE;
+
+    for (reloc_index, &nation_id) in bots_to_relocate.iter().enumerate() {
+        // Deterministic RNG with a different seed offset to avoid reusing original positions
+        let seed = rng_seed.wrapping_add(nation_id.get() as u64).wrapping_add(0xDEADBEEF);
+        let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);
+
+        let mut placed = false;
+
+        // Keep trying with progressively relaxed distance constraints
+        while !placed && current_min_distance >= ABSOLUTE_MIN_DISTANCE {
+            // Phase 1: Random sampling - try random tiles until we find a valid spot
+            // Fast and evenly distributed when sufficient space exists
+            for _ in 0..SPAWN_RANDOM_ATTEMPTS {
+                let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(rng.random_range(0..size.x), rng.random_range(0..size.y));
+
+                // Skip tiles that are already owned or unconquerable (water/mountains)
+                if territory_manager.has_owner(tile_pos) || !terrain.is_conquerable(tile_pos) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Check if this tile is far enough from all existing spawns
+                // Grid lookup is O(1) - only checks cells within radius, not all spawns
+                if !grid.has_nearby(tile_pos, current_min_distance) {
+                    final_spawns.push(SpawnPoint::new(nation_id, tile_pos));
+                    grid.insert(tile_pos);
+                    placed = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Phase 2: Grid-based systematic search
+            // When random sampling fails (map is crowded), use a strided grid search
+            // to systematically check evenly-spaced candidate positions
+            if !placed {
+                // Stride determines spacing between checked positions (larger = faster but might miss spots)
+                let stride = (current_min_distance * SPAWN_GRID_STRIDE_FACTOR) as u16;
+                let mut attempts = 0;
+
+                for y in (0..size.y).step_by(stride.max(1) as usize) {
+                    for x in (0..size.x).step_by(stride.max(1) as usize) {
+                        let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(x, y);
+
+                        if territory_manager.has_owner(tile_pos) || !terrain.is_conquerable(tile_pos) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if !grid.has_nearby(tile_pos, current_min_distance) {
+                            final_spawns.push(SpawnPoint::new(nation_id, tile_pos));
+                            grid.insert(tile_pos);
+                            placed = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        // Prevent infinite loops on maps with very little valid space
+                        attempts += 1;
+                        if attempts > SPAWN_GRID_MAX_ATTEMPTS {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if placed {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Phase 3: Adaptive distance reduction
+            // If both random and grid search failed, the map is too crowded
+            // Reduce minimum spacing requirement and retry both phases
+            if !placed {
+                current_min_distance *= DISTANCE_REDUCTION_FACTOR;
+                if reloc_index % 50 == 0 && current_min_distance < MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE {
+                    tracing::debug!("Adaptive relocation: reduced min_distance to {:.1} for bot {}", current_min_distance, reloc_index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Final fallback: ignore all distance constraints
+        // Guarantees placement even on extremely crowded maps
+        // Simply finds any valid conquerable tile
+        if !placed {
+            for _ in 0..SPAWN_FALLBACK_ATTEMPTS {
+                let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(rng.random_range(0..size.x), rng.random_range(0..size.y));
+                if !territory_manager.has_owner(tile_pos) && terrain.is_conquerable(tile_pos) {
+                    final_spawns.push(SpawnPoint::new(nation_id, tile_pos));
+                    grid.insert(tile_pos);
+                    placed = true;
+                    tracing::warn!("Bot {} relocated with fallback (no distance constraint)", nation_id);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !placed {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to relocate bot {} after all attempts", nation_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    final_spawns
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/ai/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ai/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac341d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ai/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod bot;
+pub use bot::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/builder.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d8d3d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use bevy_ecs::schedule::IntoScheduleConfigs;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use rand::rngs::StdRng;
+use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng};
+use std::sync::{Arc, atomic::AtomicBool};
+use tracing::{debug, info};
+
+use crate::game::{Game, NationId, ai::bot, core::constants, input};
+use crate::{game, networking, time, ui};
+
+/// Builder for Game initialization with unified configuration
+///
+/// Provides a fluent API for constructing fully-initialized Game instances with:
+/// - Map/terrain configuration (required)
+/// - Nations configuration (bots, local player)
+/// - Network mode (required)
+/// - Optional frontend integration
+/// - Time system configuration
+/// - Spawn phase settings
+/// - Deterministic RNG seeding
+/// - System toggle for unit tests
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Production desktop game:
+/// ```ignore
+/// let game = GameBuilder::new()
+///     .with_map(terrain_data)
+///     .with_bots(500)
+///     .with_local_player(NationId::ZERO)
+///     .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+///     .with_frontend(TauriTransport::new())
+///     .build();
+/// ```
+///
+/// Integration test:
+/// ```ignore
+/// let terrain = MapBuilder::new(100, 100).all_conquerable().build();
+/// let game = GameBuilder::new()
+///     .with_map(terrain)
+///     .with_bots(20)
+///     .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+///     .with_spawn_phase(None)
+///     .with_rng_seed(42)
+///     .build();
+/// ```
+pub struct GameBuilder {
+    // Required
+    terrain_data: Option<Arc<game::TerrainData>>,
+    network_mode: Option<networking::NetworkMode>,
+
+    // Optional with defaults
+    bot_count: u32,
+    local_player_id: Option<NationId>,
+    frontend_transport: Option<Arc<dyn ui::FrontendTransport>>,
+    tick_rate: u32,
+    clock: Option<time::Clock>,
+    spawn_timeout_secs: Option<u32>,
+    rng_seed: Option<u64>,
+    enable_systems: bool,
+
+    // Input system (Arc allows sharing across game instances on desktop)
+    input_queue: Arc<game::InputQueue>,
+}
+
+impl GameBuilder {
+    /// Create a new GameBuilder with default configuration
+    ///
+    /// Defaults:
+    /// - bot_count: 0
+    /// - local_player_id: None (headless)
+    /// - tick_rate: 10 TPS
+    /// - clock: real-time clock
+    /// - spawn_timeout_secs: Some(60)
+    /// - rng_seed: random
+    /// - enable_systems: true
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { terrain_data: None, network_mode: None, bot_count: 0, local_player_id: None, frontend_transport: None, tick_rate: 10, clock: None, spawn_timeout_secs: Some(60), rng_seed: None, enable_systems: true, input_queue: Arc::new(game::InputQueue::new()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Add frontend transport for UI integration
+    pub fn with_frontend(mut self, transport: impl ui::FrontendTransport + 'static) -> Self {
+        self.frontend_transport = Some(Arc::new(transport));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set terrain/map data (required)
+    pub fn with_map(mut self, terrain: Arc<game::TerrainData>) -> Self {
+        self.terrain_data = Some(terrain);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set number of bot nations (default: 0)
+    pub fn with_bots(mut self, count: u32) -> Self {
+        self.bot_count = count;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set local player ID (default: None for headless)
+    pub fn with_local_player(mut self, id: NationId) -> Self {
+        self.local_player_id = Some(id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set network mode (required)
+    pub fn with_network(mut self, mode: networking::NetworkMode) -> Self {
+        self.network_mode = Some(mode);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set tick rate in ticks per second (default: 10 TPS)
+    pub fn with_tick_rate(mut self, tps: u32) -> Self {
+        self.tick_rate = tps;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set custom clock for time system (default: real-time clock)
+    pub fn with_clock(mut self, clock: time::Clock) -> Self {
+        self.clock = Some(clock);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set spawn phase timeout in seconds (default: Some(60), None to skip spawn phase)
+    pub fn with_spawn_phase(mut self, timeout_secs: Option<u32>) -> Self {
+        self.spawn_timeout_secs = timeout_secs;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set RNG seed for deterministic gameplay (default: random)
+    pub fn with_rng_seed(mut self, seed: u64) -> Self {
+        self.rng_seed = Some(seed);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Enable or disable systems (default: true, set to false for unit tests)
+    pub fn with_systems(mut self, enable: bool) -> Self {
+        self.enable_systems = enable;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get a sender for platforms to send input events
+    ///
+    /// Platforms should call this method to get a flume Sender that can be used
+    /// to send InputEvents into the game's input queue. The queue is automatically
+    /// processed at the start of each frame during Game::update().
+    pub fn input_sender(&self) -> flume::Sender<input::InputEvent> {
+        self.input_queue.sender()
+    }
+
+    /// Use an existing input queue instead of creating a new one
+    ///
+    /// This allows platforms to create the input queue once and reuse it across
+    /// multiple game instances (e.g., after QuitGame/StartGame cycles on desktop).
+    pub fn with_input_queue(mut self, queue: Arc<game::InputQueue>) -> Self {
+        self.input_queue = queue;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Build and initialize a Game instance
+    pub fn build(self) -> Game {
+        let terrain_data = self.terrain_data.expect("Map/terrain data is required - call .with_map()");
+        let network_mode = self.network_mode.expect("Network mode is required - call .with_network()");
+
+        info!("Creating Game with GameBuilder...");
+
+        let mut game = Game::new_internal();
+
+        let time = if let Some(clock) = self.clock { time::Time::with_clock(clock, 0) } else { time::Time::new() };
+        game.insert_resource(time);
+        game.insert_resource(time::FixedTime::from_seconds(1.0 / self.tick_rate as f64));
+
+        let map_size = terrain_data.size();
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!(
+            "game_initialization",
+            map_size = ?map_size,
+        )
+        .entered();
+
+        let conquerable_tiles: Vec<bool> = (0..map_size.y)
+            .flat_map(|y| {
+                let terrain = terrain_data.clone();
+                (0..map_size.x).map(move |x| terrain.is_conquerable(U16Vec2::new(x, y)))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let client_player_id = self.local_player_id.unwrap_or(NationId::ZERO);
+        let player_count = if self.local_player_id.is_some() { 1 } else { 0 };
+        let bot_count_usize = self.bot_count as usize;
+        let nation_count = player_count + bot_count_usize;
+
+        let rng_seed = self.rng_seed.unwrap_or_else(rand::random::<u64>);
+        let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(rng_seed);
+
+        let mut nation_metadata = Vec::new();
+        let hue_offset = rng.random_range(0.0..360.0);
+
+        for i in 0..nation_count {
+            let is_human = i < player_count;
+            let nation_id = NationId::new(i as u16).expect("valid player ID");
+
+            let hue = (nation_id.get() as f32 * constants::colors::GOLDEN_ANGLE + hue_offset) % 360.0;
+            let saturation = rng.random_range(constants::colors::SATURATION_MIN..=constants::colors::SATURATION_MAX);
+            let lightness = rng.random_range(constants::colors::LIGHTNESS_MIN..=constants::colors::LIGHTNESS_MAX);
+            let color = game::HSLColor::new(hue, saturation, lightness);
+
+            let name = if is_human { if player_count == 1 { "Player".to_string() } else { format!("Player {}", i + 1) } } else { format!("Bot {}", i - player_count + 1) };
+
+            nation_metadata.push((nation_id, name, color));
+        }
+
+        let mut territory_manager = game::TerritoryManager::new(map_size);
+        territory_manager.reset(map_size, &conquerable_tiles);
+        debug!("Territory manager initialized with {} tiles", conquerable_tiles.len());
+
+        let mut active_attacks = game::ActiveAttacks::new();
+        active_attacks.init();
+
+        let bot_ids: Vec<NationId> = nation_metadata.iter().skip(player_count).map(|(id, _, _)| *id).collect();
+        let initial_bot_spawns = bot::calculate_initial_spawns(&bot_ids, &territory_manager, &terrain_data, rng_seed);
+
+        if initial_bot_spawns.len() < bot_count_usize {
+            tracing::warn!("Only {} of {} bots were able to spawn - map may be too small or bot count too high", initial_bot_spawns.len(), bot_count_usize);
+        }
+
+        let mut nation_entity_map = game::NationEntityMap::default();
+        let initial_territory_size = 0;
+
+        for (nation_id, name, color) in &nation_metadata {
+            let is_bot = bot_ids.contains(nation_id);
+
+            let entity = if is_bot {
+                let bot_seed = rng_seed.wrapping_add(nation_id.get() as u64);
+                game.world_mut().spawn((bot::Bot::with_seed(bot_seed), *nation_id, game::NationName(name.clone()), game::NationColor(*color), game::BorderTiles::default(), game::Troops(constants::nation::INITIAL_TROOPS), game::TerritorySize(initial_territory_size), game::ships::ShipCount::default())).id()
+            } else {
+                game.world_mut().spawn((*nation_id, game::NationName(name.clone()), game::NationColor(*color), game::BorderTiles::default(), game::Troops(constants::nation::INITIAL_TROOPS), game::TerritorySize(initial_territory_size), game::ships::ShipCount::default())).id()
+            };
+
+            nation_entity_map.0.insert(*nation_id, entity);
+        }
+
+        let coastal_tiles = game::CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain_data, map_size);
+
+        let world = game.world_mut();
+        world.insert_resource(nation_entity_map);
+        world.insert_resource(territory_manager);
+        world.insert_resource(active_attacks);
+        world.insert_resource(terrain_data.as_ref().clone());
+        world.insert_resource(coastal_tiles);
+        world.insert_resource(game::SpawnManager::new(initial_bot_spawns.clone(), rng_seed));
+        world.insert_resource(game::ShipIdCounter::new());
+        world.insert_resource(game::DeterministicRng::new(rng_seed));
+        world.insert_resource(game::LocalPlayerContext::new(client_player_id));
+
+        // Initialize CurrentTurn with turn 0 - this resource must always exist
+        world.insert_resource(game::CurrentTurn::new(networking::Turn { turn_number: 0, intents: Vec::new() }));
+
+        let skip_spawn_phase = self.spawn_timeout_secs.is_none();
+        let spawn_timeout_secs_f32 = self.spawn_timeout_secs.unwrap_or(60) as f32;
+
+        world.insert_resource(game::SpawnTimeout::new(spawn_timeout_secs_f32));
+        debug!("SpawnTimeout initialized ({} seconds)", spawn_timeout_secs_f32);
+
+        world.insert_resource(game::SpawnPhase { active: !skip_spawn_phase });
+
+        let (turn_tx, turn_rx) = flume::unbounded();
+        world.insert_resource(networking::server::LocalTurnServerHandle { paused: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(!skip_spawn_phase)), running: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(true)) });
+        world.insert_resource(networking::server::TurnReceiver { turn_rx });
+        world.insert_resource(networking::server::TurnGenerator::new(turn_tx));
+
+        if self.enable_systems {
+            let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("game_plugin_build").entered();
+
+            game.add_message::<networking::IntentEvent>().add_message::<networking::ProcessTurnEvent>().add_message::<networking::SpawnConfigEvent>().add_message::<game::ships::LaunchShipMessage>().add_message::<game::ships::ShipArrivalMessage>();
+
+            game.add_message::<input::MouseButtonMessage>().add_message::<game::input::MouseMotionMessage>().add_message::<input::KeyEventMessage>().add_message::<input::TileClickedAction>().add_message::<input::CameraAction>().add_message::<input::UiAction>().add_message::<ui::protocol::BackendMessage>().add_message::<ui::protocol::FrontendMessage>();
+
+            game.init_resource::<ui::LastLeaderboardDigest>().init_resource::<ui::LastAttacksDigest>().init_resource::<ui::LeaderboardThrottle>().init_resource::<ui::DisplayOrderUpdateCounter>().init_resource::<ui::LastDisplayOrder>().init_resource::<ui::NationHighlightState>().init_resource::<ui::ShipStateTracker>();
+            game.init_resource::<input::SpawnPhase>().init_resource::<input::AttackControls>().init_resource::<game::systems::BorderCache>().init_resource::<game::builder::PreviousSpawnState>();
+
+            match &network_mode {
+                networking::NetworkMode::Local => {
+                    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("network_setup", mode = "local").entered();
+                    info!("Initializing game in Local mode");
+
+                    let (tracked_intent_tx, tracked_intent_rx) = flume::unbounded();
+                    let (_placeholder_tx, placeholder_rx) = flume::unbounded();
+
+                    let backend = networking::client::LocalBackend::new(tracked_intent_tx, placeholder_rx, NationId::ZERO);
+                    let connection = networking::client::Connection::new_local(backend);
+
+                    game.insert_resource(connection).insert_resource(networking::client::IntentReceiver { rx: tracked_intent_rx });
+                }
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                networking::NetworkMode::Remote { server_address: _ } => {
+                    unimplemented!("Remote networking temporarily disabled");
+                }
+            }
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, input::input_processor_system);
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, game::systems::manage_spawn_phase_system);
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, (game::systems::update_current_turn_system, game::systems::process_nation_income_system).chain());
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, (game::systems::process_and_apply_actions_system, game::systems::tick_attacks_system, game::systems::handle_spawns_system, game::launch_ship_system).chain().after(game::systems::update_current_turn_system));
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, (game::update_ships_system, game::handle_ship_arrivals_system, game::check_local_player_outcome, game::update_nation_borders_system).chain().after(game::launch_ship_system));
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, (ui::emit_leaderboard_snapshot_system, ui::emit_attacks_update_system, ui::emit_ships_update_system, ui::emit_nation_highlight_system));
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, ui::protocol::handle_frontend_messages_system);
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, (input::handle_tile_clicked_system, input::handle_camera_action_system, input::handle_ui_action_system).after(input::input_processor_system));
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Update, networking::server::generate_turns_system.before(networking::server::poll_turns_system));
+
+            match &network_mode {
+                networking::NetworkMode::Local => {
+                    game.add_systems(game::Update, (networking::server::poll_turns_system.before(game::systems::update_current_turn_system), networking::client::send_intent_system));
+                }
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                networking::NetworkMode::Remote { .. } => {}
+            }
+
+            game.add_systems(game::Last, (game::clear_territory_changes_system, game::systems::turn_cleanup_system).chain());
+
+            if let Some(transport) = self.frontend_transport {
+                let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("frontend_plugin_build").entered();
+
+                game.insert_resource(ui::RenderBridge::new(transport));
+
+                game.add_systems(game::Update, (ui::send_initial_render_data, ui::stream_territory_deltas, ui::stream_spawn_preview_deltas).chain().after(game::systems::update_nation_borders_system));
+
+                game.add_systems(game::Update, (ui::emit_backend_messages_system, ui::ingest_frontend_messages_system));
+            }
+        }
+
+        game.input_queue = Some(self.input_queue);
+
+        if self.enable_systems {
+            game.run_startup();
+            game.finish();
+        }
+
+        info!("Game created and initialized successfully");
+        game
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for GameBuilder {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resource to track previous spawn state for incremental updates
+#[derive(Resource, Default)]
+pub struct PreviousSpawnState {
+    pub spawns: Vec<game::SpawnPoint>,
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/active.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/active.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23bd4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/active.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+/// Active attacks management
+///
+/// This module manages all ongoing attacks in the game. It provides efficient
+/// lookup and coordination of attacks, ensuring proper merging of attacks on
+/// the same target and handling counter-attacks.
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use slotmap::{SlotMap, new_key_type};
+
+new_key_type! {
+    /// Unique key for identifying attacks in the SlotMap
+    pub struct AttackKey;
+}
+
+use super::executor::{AttackConfig, AttackExecutor};
+use crate::game::NationId;
+use crate::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+use crate::game::core::rng::DeterministicRng;
+use crate::game::entities::{NationEntityMap, TerritorySize, Troops};
+use crate::game::terrain::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::world::TerritoryManager;
+
+/// Index structure for efficient attack lookups
+///
+/// Maintains multiple indices for O(1) lookups by different criteria.
+/// All methods maintain index consistency automatically - you cannot
+/// accidentally update one index without updating the others.
+struct AttackIndex {
+    /// Maps each pair of nations to the on-going attacks between them
+    /// Multiple attacks can exist between same pair (islands, ship landings, etc.)
+    nation_index: HashMap<(NationId, NationId), HashSet<AttackKey>>,
+
+    /// Maps each nation to the unclaimed attack it has scheduled, if any
+    /// Each nation can only have one on-going unclaimed attack at a time
+    unclaimed_index: HashMap<NationId, AttackKey>,
+
+    /// Maps each nation to the on-going attacks it is involved in
+    /// A nation can have multiple on-going attacks with the same target.
+    nation_attack_list: HashMap<NationId, HashSet<AttackKey>>,
+
+    /// Maps each nation to the on-going attacks it is targeted by
+    /// A nation can have multiple on-going attacks from the same attacker.
+    target_attack_list: HashMap<NationId, HashSet<AttackKey>>,
+}
+
+impl AttackIndex {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { nation_index: HashMap::new(), unclaimed_index: HashMap::new(), nation_attack_list: HashMap::new(), target_attack_list: HashMap::new() }
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.nation_index.clear();
+        self.unclaimed_index.clear();
+        self.nation_attack_list.clear();
+        self.target_attack_list.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Get existing unclaimed attack for a nation
+    fn get_unclaimed_attack(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Option<AttackKey> {
+        self.unclaimed_index.get(&nation_id).copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Get first existing attack on a target (for merging troops)
+    fn get_existing_attack(&self, nation_id: NationId, target_id: NationId) -> Option<AttackKey> {
+        self.nation_index.get(&(nation_id, target_id))?.iter().next().copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if counter-attacks exist (opposite direction)
+    fn has_counter_attacks(&self, nation_id: NationId, target_id: NationId) -> bool {
+        self.nation_index.get(&(target_id, nation_id)).is_some_and(|set| !set.is_empty())
+    }
+
+    /// Get first counter-attack key (for resolution)
+    fn get_counter_attack(&self, nation_id: NationId, target_id: NationId) -> Option<AttackKey> {
+        self.nation_index.get(&(target_id, nation_id))?.iter().next().copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Get all attacks where nation is attacker
+    fn get_attacks_by_nation(&self, nation: NationId) -> Option<&HashSet<AttackKey>> {
+        self.nation_attack_list.get(&nation)
+    }
+
+    /// Get all attacks where nation is target
+    fn get_attacks_on_nation(&self, nation: NationId) -> Option<&HashSet<AttackKey>> {
+        self.target_attack_list.get(&nation)
+    }
+
+    /// Add a Nation-vs-Nation attack to all indices atomically
+    fn add_nation_attack(&mut self, source: NationId, target: NationId, key: AttackKey) {
+        // Invariant: Cannot attack yourself
+        if source == target {
+            tracing::error!(
+                nation_id = %source,
+                attack_key = ?key,
+                "Attempted to add self-attack to index (invariant violation)"
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.nation_index.entry((source, target)).or_default().insert(key);
+        self.nation_attack_list.entry(source).or_default().insert(key);
+        self.target_attack_list.entry(target).or_default().insert(key);
+    }
+
+    /// Add an unclaimed territory attack to all indices atomically
+    fn add_unclaimed_attack(&mut self, nation: NationId, key: AttackKey) {
+        self.unclaimed_index.insert(nation, key);
+        self.nation_attack_list.entry(nation).or_default().insert(key);
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a Nation-vs-Nation attack from all indices atomically
+    fn remove_nation_attack(&mut self, source: NationId, target: NationId, key: AttackKey) {
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.nation_attack_list.get_mut(&source) {
+            attack_set.remove(&key);
+        }
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.target_attack_list.get_mut(&target) {
+            attack_set.remove(&key);
+        }
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.nation_index.get_mut(&(source, target)) {
+            attack_set.remove(&key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Remove an unclaimed territory attack from all indices atomically
+    fn remove_unclaimed_attack(&mut self, nation: NationId, key: AttackKey) {
+        self.unclaimed_index.remove(&nation);
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.nation_attack_list.get_mut(&nation) {
+            attack_set.remove(&key);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Manages all active attacks in the game
+///
+/// This resource tracks ongoing attacks and provides efficient lookup
+/// by attacker/target relationships. Attacks progress over multiple turns
+/// until they run out of troops or conquerable tiles.
+///
+/// Uses SlotMap for stable keys - no index shifting needed on removal.
+/// Uses AttackIndex for consistent multi-index management.
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct ActiveAttacks {
+    attacks: SlotMap<AttackKey, AttackExecutor>,
+    index: AttackIndex,
+    next_attack_id: u64,
+}
+
+impl Default for ActiveAttacks {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ActiveAttacks {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { attacks: SlotMap::with_key(), index: AttackIndex::new(), next_attack_id: 0 }
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize the attack handler
+    pub fn init(&mut self) {
+        self.attacks.clear();
+        self.index.clear();
+        self.next_attack_id = 0;
+    }
+
+    /// Schedule an attack on unclaimed territory
+    ///
+    /// If an attack on unclaimed territory already exists for this nation,
+    /// the troops are added to it and borders are expanded.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn schedule_unclaimed(&mut self, nation_id: NationId, troops: f32, border_tiles: Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, turn_number: u64, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        // Check if there's already an attack on unclaimed territory
+        if let Some(attack_key) = self.index.get_unclaimed_attack(nation_id) {
+            // Add troops to existing attack
+            self.attacks[attack_key].modify_troops(troops);
+
+            // Add new borders to allow multi-region expansion
+            if let Some(borders) = border_tiles.or_else(|| nation_borders.get(&nation_id).copied()) {
+                self.attacks[attack_key].add_borders(borders, territory_manager, terrain, rng);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Create new attack
+        self.add_unclaimed(nation_id, troops, border_tiles, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, turn_number, rng);
+    }
+
+    /// Schedule an attack on another nation
+    ///
+    /// Handles attack merging (if attacking same target) and counter-attacks
+    /// (opposite direction attacks are resolved first).
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn schedule_attack(&mut self, nation_id: NationId, target_id: NationId, mut troops: f32, border_tiles: Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, turn_number: u64, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        // Prevent self-attacks early (before any processing)
+        if nation_id == target_id {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                nation_id = %nation_id,
+                "Attempted self-attack prevented"
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Check if there's already an attack on this target
+        if let Some(attack_key) = self.index.get_existing_attack(nation_id, target_id) {
+            // Add troops to existing attack
+            self.attacks[attack_key].modify_troops(troops);
+
+            // Add new borders to allow multi-region expansion
+            if let Some(borders) = border_tiles.or_else(|| nation_borders.get(&nation_id).copied()) {
+                self.attacks[attack_key].add_borders(borders, territory_manager, terrain, rng);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Check for counter-attacks (opposite direction) - prevent mutual attacks
+        while self.index.has_counter_attacks(nation_id, target_id) {
+            let opposite_key = self.index.get_counter_attack(nation_id, target_id).unwrap();
+
+            if self.attacks[opposite_key].oppose(troops) {
+                // Counter-attack absorbed the new attack
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Counter-attack was defeated, deduct its troops from the new attack
+            troops -= self.attacks[opposite_key].get_troops();
+
+            // Remove the defeated counter-attack
+            self.remove_attack(opposite_key);
+        }
+
+        // Create new attack
+        self.add_attack(nation_id, target_id, troops, border_tiles, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, turn_number, rng);
+    }
+
+    /// Tick all active attacks
+    ///
+    /// Progresses each attack by one turn. Attacks that run out of troops
+    /// or conquerable tiles are removed and their remaining troops are
+    /// returned to the attacking nation.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn tick(&mut self, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &mut Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, territory_manager: &mut TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng: &DeterministicRng, is_bot_query: &Query<Has<Bot>>) {
+        let attack_count = self.attacks.len();
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("attacks_tick", attack_count).entered();
+
+        let mut attacks_to_remove = Vec::new();
+
+        for (attack_key, attack) in &mut self.attacks {
+            let should_continue = attack.tick(entity_map, nations, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, rng);
+
+            if !should_continue {
+                // Return remaining troops to nation (ECS component)
+                let remaining_troops = attack.get_troops();
+
+                if let Some(&entity) = entity_map.0.get(&attack.source)
+                    && let Ok((mut troops, territory_size)) = nations.get_mut(entity)
+                {
+                    let is_bot = is_bot_query.get(entity).unwrap_or(false);
+                    troops.0 = crate::game::entities::add_troops_capped(troops.0, remaining_troops, territory_size.0, is_bot);
+                }
+
+                // Mark attack for removal
+                attacks_to_remove.push(attack_key);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remove completed attacks
+        for attack_key in attacks_to_remove {
+            self.remove_attack(attack_key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handle a tile being added to a nation's territory
+    ///
+    /// Notifies all relevant attacks that territory has changed so they can
+    /// update their borders and targets.
+    pub fn handle_territory_add(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, nation_id: NationId, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        // Notify all attacks where this nation is the attacker
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.index.get_attacks_by_nation(nation_id) {
+            for &attack_key in attack_set {
+                self.attacks[attack_key].handle_nation_tile_add(tile, territory_manager, terrain, rng);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Notify all attacks where this nation is the target
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.index.get_attacks_on_nation(nation_id) {
+            for &attack_key in attack_set {
+                self.attacks[attack_key].handle_target_tile_add(tile, territory_manager, rng);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add an attack on unclaimed territory
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn add_unclaimed(&mut self, nation: NationId, troops: f32, border_tiles: Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, turn_number: u64, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        let attack_id = self.next_attack_id;
+        self.next_attack_id += 1;
+
+        let attack = AttackExecutor::new(AttackConfig { id: attack_id, source: nation, target: None, troops, border_tiles, territory_manager, nation_borders, turn_number, terrain }, rng);
+
+        let attack_key = self.attacks.insert(attack);
+        self.index.add_unclaimed_attack(nation, attack_key);
+    }
+
+    /// Add an attack on a nation
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn add_attack(&mut self, nation_id: NationId, target_id: NationId, troops: f32, border_tiles: Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, turn_number: u64, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        let attack_id = self.next_attack_id;
+        self.next_attack_id += 1;
+
+        let attack = AttackExecutor::new(AttackConfig { id: attack_id, source: nation_id, target: Some(target_id), troops, border_tiles, territory_manager, nation_borders, turn_number, terrain }, rng);
+
+        let attack_key = self.attacks.insert(attack);
+        self.index.add_nation_attack(nation_id, target_id, attack_key);
+    }
+
+    /// Get all attacks involving a specific nation (as attacker or target)
+    ///
+    /// Returns a list of (attacker_id, target_id, troops, start_turn, is_outgoing)
+    /// sorted by start_turn descending (most recent first)
+    pub fn get_attacks_for_nation(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Vec<(NationId, Option<NationId>, f32, u64, bool)> {
+        let mut attacks = Vec::new();
+
+        // Add outgoing attacks (nation is attacker)
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.index.get_attacks_by_nation(nation_id) {
+            for &attack_key in attack_set {
+                let attack = &self.attacks[attack_key];
+                attacks.push((
+                    attack.source,
+                    attack.target,
+                    attack.get_troops(),
+                    attack.id(),
+                    true, // outgoing
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add incoming attacks (nation is target)
+        if let Some(attack_set) = self.index.get_attacks_on_nation(nation_id) {
+            for &attack_key in attack_set {
+                let attack = &self.attacks[attack_key];
+                attacks.push((
+                    attack.source,
+                    attack.target,
+                    attack.get_troops(),
+                    attack.id(),
+                    false, // incoming
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Sort by attack ID descending (most recent first)
+        attacks.sort_by(|a, b| b.3.cmp(&a.3));
+        attacks
+    }
+
+    /// Remove an attack and update all indices
+    ///
+    /// With SlotMap, keys remain stable so no index shifting is needed.
+    /// HashSet provides O(1) removal without element shifting.
+    fn remove_attack(&mut self, attack_key: AttackKey) {
+        let attack = &self.attacks[attack_key];
+
+        // Remove from all indices atomically
+        if let Some(target) = attack.target {
+            self.index.remove_nation_attack(attack.source, target, attack_key);
+        } else {
+            self.index.remove_unclaimed_attack(attack.source, attack_key);
+        }
+
+        // Remove attack from slot map - no index shifting needed!
+        self.attacks.remove(attack_key);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/calculator.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/calculator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64561fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/calculator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/// Pure combat calculation functions
+///
+/// This module contains all combat mathematics extracted from the attack system.
+/// All functions are pure (no side effects) and deterministic, making them
+/// easy to test, reason about, and modify.
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+use crate::game::core::constants::combat::*;
+use crate::game::world::TerritoryManager;
+
+/// Parameters for combat result calculation
+pub struct CombatParams<'a> {
+    pub attacker_troops: f32,
+    pub attacker_territory_size: usize,
+    pub defender_troops: Option<f32>,
+    pub defender_territory_size: Option<usize>,
+    pub tile: U16Vec2,
+    pub territory_manager: &'a TerritoryManager,
+    pub width: u16,
+}
+
+/// Result of combat calculations for conquering one tile
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct CombatResult {
+    /// Troops lost by the attacker
+    pub attacker_loss: f32,
+    /// Troops lost by the defender
+    pub defender_loss: f32,
+    /// How much of the "tiles per tick" budget this conquest consumes
+    pub tiles_per_tick_used: f32,
+}
+
+/// Sigmoid function for smooth scaling curves
+///
+/// Used for empire size balancing to create smooth transitions
+/// rather than hard thresholds.
+#[inline]
+pub fn sigmoid(x: f32, decay_rate: f32, midpoint: f32) -> f32 {
+    1.0 / (1.0 + (-(x - midpoint) * decay_rate).exp())
+}
+
+/// Calculate combat result for conquering one tile
+///
+/// This function determines troop losses and conquest cost based on:
+/// - Attacker and defender troop counts and empire sizes
+/// - Terrain properties (currently plains baseline)
+/// - Empire size balancing (prevents snowballing)
+/// - Defense structures (placeholder for future implementation)
+pub fn calculate_combat_result(params: CombatParams) -> CombatResult {
+    if let (Some(defender_troops), Some(defender_territory_size)) = (params.defender_troops, params.defender_territory_size) {
+        // Attacking claimed territory
+
+        // Base terrain values (plains baseline)
+        let mut mag = BASE_MAG_PLAINS;
+        let mut speed = BASE_SPEED_PLAINS;
+
+        // Defense post check (placeholder - always false for now)
+        let has_defense_post = check_defense_post_nearby(params.tile, params.territory_manager);
+        if has_defense_post {
+            mag *= DEFENSE_POST_MAG_MULTIPLIER;
+            speed *= DEFENSE_POST_SPEED_MULTIPLIER;
+        }
+
+        // Empire size balancing - prevents snowballing
+        // Large defenders get debuffed, large attackers get penalized
+        let defense_sig = 1.0 - sigmoid(defender_territory_size as f32, DEFENSE_DEBUFF_DECAY_RATE, DEFENSE_DEBUFF_MIDPOINT);
+        let large_defender_speed_debuff = LARGE_DEFENDER_BASE_DEBUFF + LARGE_DEFENDER_SCALING * defense_sig;
+        let large_defender_attack_debuff = LARGE_DEFENDER_BASE_DEBUFF + LARGE_DEFENDER_SCALING * defense_sig;
+
+        let large_attacker_bonus = if params.attacker_territory_size > LARGE_EMPIRE_THRESHOLD as usize { (LARGE_EMPIRE_THRESHOLD as f32 / params.attacker_territory_size as f32).sqrt().powf(LARGE_ATTACKER_POWER_EXPONENT) } else { 1.0 };
+
+        let large_attacker_speed_bonus = if params.attacker_territory_size > LARGE_EMPIRE_THRESHOLD as usize { (LARGE_EMPIRE_THRESHOLD as f32 / params.attacker_territory_size as f32).powf(LARGE_ATTACKER_SPEED_EXPONENT) } else { 1.0 };
+
+        // Calculate troop ratio
+        let troop_ratio = (defender_troops / params.attacker_troops.max(1.0)).clamp(TROOP_RATIO_MIN, TROOP_RATIO_MAX);
+
+        // Final attacker loss
+        let attacker_loss = troop_ratio * mag * ATTACKER_LOSS_MULTIPLIER * large_defender_attack_debuff * large_attacker_bonus;
+
+        // Defender loss (simple: troops per tile)
+        let defender_loss = defender_troops / defender_territory_size.max(1) as f32;
+
+        // Tiles per tick cost for this tile
+        let tiles_per_tick_used = (defender_troops / (TILES_PER_TICK_DIVISOR * params.attacker_troops.max(1.0))).clamp(TILES_PER_TICK_MIN, TILES_PER_TICK_MAX) * speed * large_defender_speed_debuff * large_attacker_speed_bonus;
+
+        CombatResult { attacker_loss, defender_loss, tiles_per_tick_used }
+    } else {
+        // Attacking unclaimed territory
+        CombatResult { attacker_loss: BASE_MAG_PLAINS / UNCLAIMED_ATTACK_LOSS_DIVISOR, defender_loss: 0.0, tiles_per_tick_used: ((UNCLAIMED_BASE_MULTIPLIER * BASE_SPEED_PLAINS.max(MIN_SPEED_PLAINS)) / params.attacker_troops.max(1.0)).clamp(UNCLAIMED_TILES_MIN, UNCLAIMED_TILES_MAX) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Calculate tiles conquered per tick based on troop ratio and border size
+///
+/// This determines how fast an attack progresses. It's based on:
+/// - The attacker's troop advantage (or disadvantage)
+/// - The size of the attack border
+/// - Random variation for organic-looking expansion
+pub fn calculate_tiles_per_tick(attacker_troops: f32, defender_troops: Option<f32>, border_size: f32) -> f32 {
+    if let Some(defender_troops) = defender_troops {
+        // Dynamic based on troop ratio
+        let ratio = ((ATTACK_RATIO_MULTIPLIER * attacker_troops) / defender_troops.max(1.0)) * ATTACK_RATIO_SCALE;
+        let clamped_ratio = ratio.clamp(ATTACK_RATIO_MIN, ATTACK_RATIO_MAX);
+        clamped_ratio * border_size * CLAIMED_TILES_PER_TICK_MULTIPLIER
+    } else {
+        // Fixed rate for unclaimed territory
+        border_size * UNCLAIMED_TILES_PER_TICK_MULTIPLIER
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check if defender has a defense post nearby (placeholder)
+///
+/// This will be implemented when defense structures are added to the game.
+/// For now, always returns false.
+fn check_defense_post_nearby(_tile: U16Vec2, _territory_manager: &TerritoryManager) -> bool {
+    // Placeholder for future defense post implementation
+    false
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/executor.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/executor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57382d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/executor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+/// Attack execution logic
+///
+/// This module contains the `AttackExecutor` which manages the progression
+/// of a single attack over multiple turns. It handles tile prioritization,
+/// border expansion, and conquest mechanics.
+use std::collections::{BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use rand::Rng;
+
+use super::calculator::{CombatParams, calculate_combat_result, calculate_tiles_per_tick};
+use crate::game::core::constants::combat::*;
+use crate::game::core::rng::DeterministicRng;
+use crate::game::core::utils::neighbors;
+use crate::game::entities::{NationEntityMap, TerritorySize, Troops};
+use crate::game::terrain::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::world::{NationId, TerritoryManager};
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+
+/// Priority queue entry for tile conquest
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct TilePriority {
+    tile: U16Vec2,
+    priority: i64, // Lower value = higher priority (conquered sooner)
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for TilePriority {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for TilePriority {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        other.priority.cmp(&self.priority).then_with(|| self.tile.x.cmp(&other.tile.x).then_with(|| self.tile.y.cmp(&other.tile.y)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Configuration for creating an AttackExecutor
+pub struct AttackConfig<'a> {
+    pub id: u64,
+    pub source: NationId,
+    pub target: Option<NationId>,
+    pub troops: f32,
+    pub border_tiles: Option<&'a HashSet<U16Vec2>>,
+    pub territory_manager: &'a TerritoryManager,
+    pub nation_borders: &'a HashMap<NationId, &'a HashSet<U16Vec2>>,
+    pub turn_number: u64,
+    pub terrain: &'a TerrainData,
+}
+
+/// Executes a single ongoing attack (conquering tiles over time)
+///
+/// An attack progresses over multiple turns, conquering tiles based on:
+/// - Available troops
+/// - Troop ratio vs defender
+/// - Border size and connectivity
+/// - Combat formulas from the calculator module
+///
+/// The executor maintains a priority queue of tiles to conquer and updates
+/// borders as it progresses.
+pub struct AttackExecutor {
+    id: u64,
+    pub source: NationId,
+    pub target: Option<NationId>,
+    troops: f32,
+    /// Active conquest frontier - tiles being evaluated/conquered by this attack.
+    /// Distinct from nation BorderTiles: dynamically shrinks as tiles are conquered
+    /// and expands as new neighbors become targets.
+    conquest_frontier: HashSet<U16Vec2>,
+    priority_queue: BinaryHeap<TilePriority>,
+    start_turn: u64,
+    current_turn: u64,
+    tiles_conquered: usize, // Counter for each tile conquered (for priority calculation)
+    pending_removal: bool,  // Mark attack for removal on next tick (allows final troops=0 update)
+}
+
+impl AttackExecutor {
+    /// Create a new attack executor
+    pub fn new(config: AttackConfig, rng: &DeterministicRng) -> Self {
+        let mut executor = Self { id: config.id, source: config.source, target: config.target, troops: config.troops, conquest_frontier: HashSet::new(), priority_queue: BinaryHeap::new(), start_turn: config.turn_number, current_turn: config.turn_number, tiles_conquered: 0, pending_removal: false };
+
+        executor.initialize_border(config.border_tiles, config.territory_manager, config.terrain, config.nation_borders, rng);
+
+        executor
+    }
+
+    /// Modify the amount of troops in the attack
+    pub fn modify_troops(&mut self, amount: f32) {
+        self.troops += amount;
+    }
+
+    /// Add new border tiles to the attack, allowing expansion from multiple fronts
+    ///
+    /// This enables multi-region expansion when attacking the same target from different areas
+    pub fn add_borders(&mut self, new_border_tiles: &HashSet<U16Vec2>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        // Add neighbors from each new border tile
+        for &tile in new_border_tiles {
+            for neighbor in neighbors(tile, territory_manager.size()) {
+                if self.is_valid_target(neighbor, territory_manager, terrain) && !self.conquest_frontier.contains(&neighbor) {
+                    self.add_tile_to_border(neighbor, territory_manager, rng);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Oppose an attack (counter-attack)
+    ///
+    /// Returns true if the attack continues, false if it was defeated
+    pub fn oppose(&mut self, troop_count: f32) -> bool {
+        if self.troops > troop_count {
+            self.troops -= troop_count;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the unique attack identifier
+    pub fn id(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.id
+    }
+
+    /// Get the amount of troops in the attack
+    pub fn get_troops(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.troops.max(0.0).floor()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the turn this attack started
+    pub fn get_start_turn(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.start_turn
+    }
+
+    /// Tick the attack executor
+    ///
+    /// Returns true if the attack continues, false if it's finished
+    pub fn tick(&mut self, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &mut Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, territory_manager: &mut TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng: &DeterministicRng) -> bool {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("attack_tick", nation_id = %self.source).entered();
+
+        // If marked for removal, remove now (allows one final update with troops=0)
+        if self.pending_removal {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.current_turn += 1;
+
+        // Calculate how many tiles to conquer this tick
+        let mut tiles_per_tick = self.calculate_tiles_per_tick(entity_map, nations, rng);
+
+        // Track if we've already refreshed this tick to prevent infinite refresh loops
+        let mut has_refreshed = false;
+
+        // Process tiles from priority queue
+        while tiles_per_tick > 0.0 {
+            if self.troops < 1.0 {
+                self.troops = 0.0;
+                self.pending_removal = true;
+                return true; // Keep alive for one more tick to send troops=0
+            }
+
+            if self.priority_queue.is_empty() {
+                // If we already refreshed this tick, stop to prevent infinite loop
+                if has_refreshed {
+                    self.troops = 0.0;
+                    self.pending_removal = true;
+                    return true; // Keep alive for one more tick to send troops=0
+                }
+
+                // Remember border size before refresh
+                let border_size_before = self.conquest_frontier.len();
+
+                // Refresh border tiles one last time before giving up
+                self.refresh_border(nation_borders, territory_manager, terrain, rng);
+                has_refreshed = true;
+
+                // If refresh found no new tiles, attack is finished
+                if self.conquest_frontier.len() == border_size_before {
+                    self.troops = 0.0;
+                    self.pending_removal = true;
+                    return true; // Keep alive for one more tick to send troops=0
+                }
+
+                // If still empty after refresh (all tiles invalid), attack is finished
+                if self.priority_queue.is_empty() {
+                    self.troops = 0.0;
+                    self.pending_removal = true;
+                    return true; // Keep alive for one more tick to send troops=0
+                }
+            }
+
+            let tile_priority = self.priority_queue.pop().unwrap();
+            let tile = tile_priority.tile;
+            self.conquest_frontier.remove(&tile);
+
+            // Check connectivity and validity
+            let on_border = Self::check_borders_tile(tile, self.source, territory_manager);
+            let tile_valid = self.is_valid_target(tile, territory_manager, terrain);
+
+            // Prevent attacking own tiles (race condition during conquest)
+            let tile_owner = territory_manager.get_ownership(tile);
+            let attacking_self = tile_owner.nation_id() == Some(self.source);
+
+            // Skip if any check fails
+            if !tile_valid || !on_border || attacking_self {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Add neighbors BEFORE conquering (critical for correct expansion)
+            self.add_neighbors_to_border(tile, territory_manager, terrain, rng);
+
+            // Query attacker territory size from ECS
+            let attacker_troops = self.troops;
+            let attacker_territory_size = if let Some(&attacker_entity) = entity_map.0.get(&self.source)
+                && let Ok((_, territory)) = nations.get(attacker_entity)
+            {
+                territory.0
+            } else {
+                // Attacker no longer exists - immediate removal (error state)
+                return false;
+            };
+
+            // Query defender stats from ECS if attacking a player
+            let (defender_troops, defender_territory_size) = if let Some(target_id) = self.target { if let Some(&defender_entity) = entity_map.0.get(&target_id) { if let Ok((troops, territory)) = nations.get(defender_entity) { (Some(troops.0), Some(territory.0)) } else { (None, None) } } else { (None, None) } } else { (None, None) };
+
+            // Calculate losses for this tile
+            let combat_result = { calculate_combat_result(CombatParams { attacker_troops, attacker_territory_size: attacker_territory_size as usize, defender_troops, defender_territory_size: defender_territory_size.map(|s| s as usize), tile, territory_manager, width: territory_manager.width() }) };
+
+            // Check if we still have enough troops to conquer this tile
+            if self.troops < combat_result.attacker_loss {
+                self.troops = 0.0;
+                self.pending_removal = true;
+                return true; // Keep alive for one more tick to send troops=0
+            }
+
+            // Apply troop losses
+            self.troops -= combat_result.attacker_loss;
+            if let Some(target_id) = self.target
+                && let Some(&defender_entity) = entity_map.0.get(&target_id)
+                && let Ok((mut troops, _)) = nations.get_mut(defender_entity)
+            {
+                troops.0 = (troops.0 - combat_result.defender_loss).max(0.0);
+            }
+
+            // Conquer the tile
+            let previous_owner = territory_manager.conquer(tile, self.source);
+
+            // Update nation territory sizes
+            if let Some(nation_id) = previous_owner
+                && let Some(&nation_entity) = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id)
+                && let Ok((_, mut territory_size)) = nations.get_mut(nation_entity)
+            {
+                territory_size.0 = territory_size.0.saturating_sub(1);
+            }
+            if let Some(&nation_entity) = entity_map.0.get(&self.source)
+                && let Ok((_, mut territory_size)) = nations.get_mut(nation_entity)
+            {
+                territory_size.0 += 1;
+            }
+
+            // Increment tiles conquered counter (used for priority calculation)
+            self.tiles_conquered += 1;
+
+            // Decrement tiles per tick counter
+            tiles_per_tick -= combat_result.tiles_per_tick_used;
+        }
+
+        // Check if attack should continue
+        !self.priority_queue.is_empty() && self.troops >= 1.0
+    }
+
+    /// Calculate tiles conquered per tick based on troop ratio and border size
+    fn calculate_tiles_per_tick(&mut self, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, rng: &DeterministicRng) -> f32 {
+        // Add random 0-4 to border size
+        // This introduces natural variation in expansion speed
+        let mut context_rng = rng.for_context(self.source.get() as u64);
+        let random_border_adjustment = context_rng.random_range(0..BORDER_RANDOM_ADJUSTMENT_MAX) as f32;
+        let border_size = self.priority_queue.len() as f32 + random_border_adjustment;
+
+        // Query defender troops if attacking a player
+        let defender_troops = if let Some(target_id) = self.target { entity_map.0.get(&target_id).and_then(|&entity| nations.get(entity).ok()).map(|(troops, _)| troops.0) } else { None };
+
+        calculate_tiles_per_tick(self.troops, defender_troops, border_size)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a tile is a valid target for this attack
+    fn is_valid_target(&self, tile: U16Vec2, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData) -> bool {
+        if let Some(target_id) = self.target {
+            territory_manager.is_owner(tile, target_id)
+        } else {
+            // For unclaimed attacks, check if tile is unowned and conquerable (not water)
+            !territory_manager.has_owner(tile) && terrain.is_conquerable(tile)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a tile to the border with proper priority calculation
+    fn add_tile_to_border(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        self.conquest_frontier.insert(tile);
+        let priority = self.calculate_tile_priority(tile, territory_manager, rng);
+        self.priority_queue.push(TilePriority { tile, priority });
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize border tiles from player's existing borders
+    fn initialize_border(&mut self, border_tiles: Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        self.initialize_border_internal(border_tiles, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, rng, false);
+    }
+
+    /// Refresh the attack border by re-scanning all nation border tiles
+    ///
+    /// This gives the attack one last chance to find conquerable tiles before ending
+    fn refresh_border(&mut self, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        self.initialize_border_internal(None, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, rng, true);
+    }
+
+    /// Internal method to initialize or refresh border tiles
+    fn initialize_border_internal(&mut self, border_tiles: Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng: &DeterministicRng, clear_first: bool) {
+        if clear_first {
+            self.priority_queue.clear();
+            self.conquest_frontier.clear();
+        }
+
+        // Get borders or use empty set as fallback (needs lifetime handling)
+        let empty_borders = HashSet::new();
+        let borders = border_tiles.or_else(|| nation_borders.get(&self.source).copied()).unwrap_or(&empty_borders);
+
+        let border_count = borders.len();
+
+        let _refresh_guard;
+        let _init_guard;
+        if clear_first {
+            _refresh_guard = tracing::trace_span!("refresh_attack_border", border_count).entered();
+        } else {
+            _init_guard = tracing::trace_span!("initialize_attack_border", border_count).entered();
+        }
+
+        // Find all target tiles adjacent to our borders
+        for &tile in borders {
+            for neighbor in neighbors(tile, territory_manager.size()) {
+                if self.is_valid_target(neighbor, territory_manager, terrain) && !self.conquest_frontier.contains(&neighbor) {
+                    self.add_tile_to_border(neighbor, territory_manager, rng);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add neighbors of a newly conquered tile to the border
+    fn add_neighbors_to_border(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        for neighbor in neighbors(tile, territory_manager.size()) {
+            if self.is_valid_target(neighbor, territory_manager, terrain) && !self.conquest_frontier.contains(&neighbor) {
+                self.add_tile_to_border(neighbor, territory_manager, rng);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Calculate priority for a tile (lower = conquered sooner)
+    ///
+    /// Uses tiles_conquered counter to ensure wave-like expansion
+    fn calculate_tile_priority(&self, tile: U16Vec2, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, rng: &DeterministicRng) -> i64 {
+        // Count how many neighbors are owned by attacker
+        let num_owned_by_attacker = neighbors(tile, territory_manager.size()).filter(|&neighbor| territory_manager.is_owner(neighbor, self.source)).count();
+
+        let terrain_mag = 1.0;
+
+        // Random factor (0-7)
+        let mut tile_rng = rng.for_tile(tile);
+        let random_factor = tile_rng.random_range(0..TILE_PRIORITY_RANDOM_MAX);
+
+        // Priority calculation (lower = higher priority, conquered sooner)
+        // Base calculation: tiles surrounded by more attacker neighbors get LOWER modifier values
+        // Adding tiles_conquered ensures tiles discovered earlier get lower priority values
+        // This creates wave-like expansion: older tiles (lower priority) conquered before newer tiles (higher priority)
+        let base = (random_factor + 10) as f32;
+        let modifier = TILE_PRIORITY_BASE - (num_owned_by_attacker as f32 * TILE_PRIORITY_NEIGHBOR_PENALTY) + (terrain_mag / 2.0);
+        (base * modifier) as i64 + self.tiles_conquered as i64
+    }
+
+    /// Handle the addition of a tile to the nation's territory
+    pub fn handle_nation_tile_add(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        // When nation gains a tile, check its neighbors for new targets
+        self.add_neighbors_to_border(tile, territory_manager, terrain, rng);
+    }
+
+    /// Handle the addition of a tile to the target's territory
+    pub fn handle_target_tile_add(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, rng: &DeterministicRng) {
+        // If target gains a tile that borders our territory, add it to attack
+        if Self::check_borders_tile(tile, self.source, territory_manager) && !self.conquest_frontier.contains(&tile) {
+            self.conquest_frontier.insert(tile);
+            let priority = self.calculate_tile_priority(tile, territory_manager, rng);
+            self.priority_queue.push(TilePriority { tile, priority });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a tile borders the nation's territory
+    fn check_borders_tile(tile: U16Vec2, nation_id: NationId, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager) -> bool {
+        neighbors(tile, territory_manager.size()).any(|neighbor| territory_manager.is_owner(neighbor, nation_id))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bf65f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/combat/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+pub mod active;
+pub mod calculator;
+pub mod executor;
+
+pub use active::*;
+pub use calculator::*;
+pub use executor::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/action.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/action.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4189d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/action.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//! Game action system
+//!
+//! This module defines the core action types that can be performed in the game.
+//! Actions represent discrete game events that can be initiated by both human players
+//! and AI bots. They are processed deterministically during turn execution.
+
+use rkyv::{Archive, Deserialize as RkyvDeserialize, Serialize as RkyvSerialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::game::core::utils::u16vec2_serde;
+use crate::game::world::NationId;
+
+/// Core game action type
+///
+/// This enum represents all possible actions that can be performed in the game.
+/// Unlike `Intent`, which is a network-layer wrapper, `GameAction` is the actual
+/// game-level operation.
+///
+/// Actions can originate from:
+/// - Players (via input systems → intents → network → SourcedIntent wrapper)
+/// - Bots (calculated deterministically during turn execution)
+///
+/// Nation identity is provided separately:
+/// - For players: wrapped in SourcedIntent by server (prevents spoofing)
+/// - For bots: generated with id in turn execution context
+///
+/// Note: Spawning is handled separately via Turn(0) and direct spawn manager updates,
+/// not through the action system.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+pub enum GameAction {
+    /// Attack a target nation with a specified number of troops
+    ///
+    /// The attack will proceed across all borders shared with the target:
+    /// - `target: Some(nation_id)` - Attack specific nation across all shared borders
+    /// - `target: None` - Expand into unclaimed territory from all borders
+    Attack { target: Option<NationId>, troops: u32 },
+    /// Launch a transport ship to attack across water
+    LaunchShip {
+        #[serde(with = "u16vec2_serde")]
+        target_tile: glam::U16Vec2,
+        troops: u32,
+    },
+    // Future action types:
+    // BuildStructure { target: U16Vec2, structure_type: StructureType },
+    // LaunchNuke { target: U16Vec2 },
+    // RequestAlliance { target: NationId },
+    // DeclareWar { target: NationId },
+}
+
+/// Troop count specification for attacks
+pub enum TroopCount {
+    /// Use a ratio of the nation's current troops (0.0-1.0)
+    Ratio(f32),
+    /// Use an absolute troop count
+    Absolute(u32),
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/constants.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/constants.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b304cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/constants.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+/// Game constants organized by domain
+///
+/// This module centralizes all game balance constants that were previously
+/// scattered across multiple files. Constants are grouped by gameplay domain
+/// for easy discovery and tuning.
+pub mod game {
+    /// Game tick interval in milliseconds (10 TPS = 100ms per turn)
+    pub const TICK_INTERVAL: u64 = 100;
+
+    /// Number of bot nations
+    pub const BOT_COUNT: usize = 500;
+}
+
+pub mod combat {
+    /// Empire size balancing - prevents snowballing by large empires
+    /// Defense effectiveness decreases as empire grows beyond this threshold
+    pub const DEFENSE_DEBUFF_MIDPOINT: f32 = 150_000.0;
+
+    /// Rate of defense effectiveness decay for large empires
+    /// Uses natural log decay for smooth scaling
+    pub const DEFENSE_DEBUFF_DECAY_RATE: f32 = std::f32::consts::LN_2 / 50_000.0;
+
+    /// Base terrain magnitude cost for plains (baseline terrain)
+    /// Determines troop losses when conquering a tile
+    pub const BASE_MAG_PLAINS: f32 = 80.0;
+
+    /// Base terrain speed for plains (baseline terrain)
+    /// Affects how many tiles can be conquered per tick
+    pub const BASE_SPEED_PLAINS: f32 = 16.5;
+
+    /// Maximum random adjustment to border size when calculating expansion speed
+    /// Introduces natural variation in attack progression (0-4 range)
+    pub const BORDER_RANDOM_ADJUSTMENT_MAX: u32 = 5;
+
+    /// Multiplier for tiles conquered per tick when attacking unclaimed territory
+    pub const UNCLAIMED_TILES_PER_TICK_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 2.0;
+
+    /// Multiplier for tiles conquered per tick when attacking claimed territory
+    pub const CLAIMED_TILES_PER_TICK_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 3.0;
+
+    /// Large empire threshold for attack penalties (>100k tiles)
+    pub const LARGE_EMPIRE_THRESHOLD: u32 = 100_000;
+
+    /// Random factor range for tile priority calculation (0-7)
+    pub const TILE_PRIORITY_RANDOM_MAX: u32 = 8;
+
+    /// Defense post magnitude multiplier (when implemented)
+    pub const DEFENSE_POST_MAG_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 5.0;
+
+    /// Defense post speed multiplier (when implemented)
+    pub const DEFENSE_POST_SPEED_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 3.0;
+
+    /// Base defense debuff for large defenders (70%)
+    pub const LARGE_DEFENDER_BASE_DEBUFF: f32 = 0.7;
+
+    /// Scaling factor for large defender sigmoid (30%)
+    pub const LARGE_DEFENDER_SCALING: f32 = 0.3;
+
+    /// Power exponent for large attacker bonus calculation
+    pub const LARGE_ATTACKER_POWER_EXPONENT: f32 = 0.7;
+
+    /// Speed exponent for large attacker penalty calculation
+    pub const LARGE_ATTACKER_SPEED_EXPONENT: f32 = 0.6;
+
+    /// Minimum troop ratio for combat calculations
+    pub const TROOP_RATIO_MIN: f32 = 0.6;
+
+    /// Maximum troop ratio for combat calculations
+    pub const TROOP_RATIO_MAX: f32 = 2.0;
+
+    /// Multiplier for attacker loss calculations
+    pub const ATTACKER_LOSS_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 0.8;
+
+    /// Divisor for tiles per tick calculation
+    pub const TILES_PER_TICK_DIVISOR: f32 = 5.0;
+
+    /// Minimum tiles per tick cost
+    pub const TILES_PER_TICK_MIN: f32 = 0.2;
+
+    /// Maximum tiles per tick cost
+    pub const TILES_PER_TICK_MAX: f32 = 1.5;
+
+    /// Divisor for unclaimed territory attack losses
+    pub const UNCLAIMED_ATTACK_LOSS_DIVISOR: f32 = 5.0;
+
+    /// Base multiplier for unclaimed territory conquest speed
+    pub const UNCLAIMED_BASE_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 2_000.0;
+
+    /// Minimum speed value for plains terrain
+    pub const MIN_SPEED_PLAINS: f32 = 10.0;
+
+    /// Minimum tiles per tick for unclaimed territory
+    pub const UNCLAIMED_TILES_MIN: f32 = 5.0;
+
+    /// Maximum tiles per tick for unclaimed territory
+    pub const UNCLAIMED_TILES_MAX: f32 = 100.0;
+
+    /// Multiplier for attack ratio calculation
+    pub const ATTACK_RATIO_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 5.0;
+
+    /// Scale factor for attack ratio
+    pub const ATTACK_RATIO_SCALE: f32 = 2.0;
+
+    /// Minimum attack ratio for dynamic calculation
+    pub const ATTACK_RATIO_MIN: f32 = 0.01;
+
+    /// Maximum attack ratio for dynamic calculation
+    pub const ATTACK_RATIO_MAX: f32 = 0.5;
+
+    /// Base priority value for tile conquest
+    pub const TILE_PRIORITY_BASE: f32 = 1.0;
+
+    /// Priority penalty per owned neighbor tile
+    pub const TILE_PRIORITY_NEIGHBOR_PENALTY: f32 = 0.5;
+}
+
+pub mod nation {
+    /// Multiplier for max troops calculation
+    pub const MAX_TROOPS_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 2.0;
+
+    /// Power exponent for max troops based on territory size
+    pub const MAX_TROOPS_POWER: f32 = 0.6;
+
+    /// Scale factor for max troops calculation
+    pub const MAX_TROOPS_SCALE: f32 = 1000.0;
+
+    /// Base max troops value
+    pub const MAX_TROOPS_BASE: f32 = 50_000.0;
+
+    /// Bots get 33% of human max troops
+    pub const BOT_MAX_TROOPS_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 0.33;
+
+    /// Base income per tick
+    pub const BASE_INCOME: f32 = 10.0;
+
+    /// Power exponent for income calculation
+    pub const INCOME_POWER: f32 = 0.73;
+
+    /// Divisor for income calculation
+    pub const INCOME_DIVISOR: f32 = 4.0;
+
+    /// Bots get 60% of human income
+    pub const BOT_INCOME_MULTIPLIER: f32 = 0.6;
+
+    /// Initial troops for all nations at spawn
+    pub const INITIAL_TROOPS: f32 = 2500.0;
+}
+
+pub mod bot {
+    /// Maximum initial cooldown for bot actions (0-9 ticks)
+    pub const INITIAL_COOLDOWN_MAX: u64 = 10;
+
+    /// Minimum cooldown between bot actions (ticks)
+    pub const ACTION_COOLDOWN_MIN: u64 = 3;
+
+    /// Maximum cooldown between bot actions (ticks)
+    pub const ACTION_COOLDOWN_MAX: u64 = 15;
+
+    /// Probability that bot chooses expansion over attack (60%)
+    pub const EXPAND_PROBABILITY: f32 = 0.6;
+
+    /// Minimum troop percentage for wilderness expansion (10%)
+    pub const EXPAND_TROOPS_MIN: f32 = 0.1;
+
+    /// Maximum troop percentage for wilderness expansion (30%)
+    pub const EXPAND_TROOPS_MAX: f32 = 0.3;
+
+    /// Minimum troop percentage for nation attacks (20%)
+    pub const ATTACK_TROOPS_MIN: f32 = 0.2;
+
+    /// Maximum troop percentage for nation attacks (50%)
+    pub const ATTACK_TROOPS_MAX: f32 = 0.5;
+
+    /// Minimum distance between spawn points (in tiles)
+    pub const MIN_SPAWN_DISTANCE: f32 = 70.0;
+
+    /// Absolute minimum spawn distance for fallback
+    pub const ABSOLUTE_MIN_DISTANCE: f32 = 5.0;
+
+    /// Distance reduction factor per adaptive wave (15% reduction)
+    pub const DISTANCE_REDUCTION_FACTOR: f32 = 0.85;
+
+    /// Number of random spawn placement attempts
+    pub const SPAWN_RANDOM_ATTEMPTS: usize = 1000;
+
+    /// Maximum attempts for grid-guided spawn placement
+    pub const SPAWN_GRID_MAX_ATTEMPTS: usize = 200;
+
+    /// Maximum attempts for fallback spawn placement
+    pub const SPAWN_FALLBACK_ATTEMPTS: usize = 10_000;
+
+    /// Stride factor for grid-guided spawn placement (80% of current distance)
+    pub const SPAWN_GRID_STRIDE_FACTOR: f32 = 0.8;
+
+    /// Maximum border tiles sampled for bot decision making
+    pub const MAX_BORDER_SAMPLES: usize = 20;
+}
+
+pub mod colors {
+    /// Golden angle for visually distinct color distribution (degrees)
+    pub const GOLDEN_ANGLE: f32 = 137.5;
+
+    /// Minimum saturation for nation colors
+    pub const SATURATION_MIN: f32 = 0.75;
+
+    /// Maximum saturation for nation colors
+    pub const SATURATION_MAX: f32 = 0.95;
+
+    /// Minimum lightness for nation colors
+    pub const LIGHTNESS_MIN: f32 = 0.35;
+
+    /// Maximum lightness for nation colors
+    pub const LIGHTNESS_MAX: f32 = 0.65;
+}
+
+pub mod input {
+    /// Default attack ratio when game starts (50%)
+    pub const DEFAULT_ATTACK_RATIO: f32 = 0.5;
+
+    /// Step size for attack ratio adjustment (10%)
+    pub const ATTACK_RATIO_STEP: f32 = 0.1;
+
+    /// Minimum attack ratio (10%)
+    pub const ATTACK_RATIO_MIN: f32 = 0.1;
+
+    /// Maximum attack ratio (100%)
+    pub const ATTACK_RATIO_MAX: f32 = 1.0;
+}
+
+pub mod ships {
+    /// Maximum ships per nation
+    pub const MAX_SHIPS_PER_NATION: usize = 5;
+
+    /// Ticks required to move one tile (1 = fast speed)
+    pub const TICKS_PER_TILE: u32 = 1;
+
+    /// Maximum path length for ship pathfinding
+    pub const MAX_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 1_000_000;
+
+    /// Percentage of troops carried by ship (20%)
+    pub const TROOP_PERCENT: f32 = 0.20;
+}
+
+pub mod outcome {
+    /// Win threshold - percentage of map needed to win (80%)
+    pub const WIN_THRESHOLD: f32 = 0.80;
+}
+
+pub mod spawning {
+    /// Radius of tiles claimed around spawn point (creates 5x5 square)
+    pub const SPAWN_RADIUS: i16 = 2;
+
+    /// Spawn timeout duration in seconds
+    pub const SPAWN_TIMEOUT_SECS: f32 = 2.0;
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..451563e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//! Core game logic and data structures
+//!
+//! This module contains the fundamental game types and logic.
+
+pub mod action;
+pub mod constants;
+pub mod outcome;
+pub mod rng;
+pub mod turn_execution;
+pub mod utils;
+
+// Re-export commonly used types
+pub use action::*;
+pub use constants::*;
+pub use outcome::*;
+pub use rng::*;
+pub use turn_execution::*;
+pub use utils::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/outcome.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/outcome.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b0bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/outcome.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use crate::game::core::constants::outcome::WIN_THRESHOLD;
+use crate::game::entities::{Dead, NationName, TerritorySize};
+use crate::game::input::context::LocalPlayerContext;
+use crate::game::{NationEntityMap, NationId, TerritoryManager};
+use crate::ui::protocol::{BackendMessage, GameOutcome};
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// System that checks if the local player has won or lost
+pub fn check_local_player_outcome(mut local_context: If<ResMut<LocalPlayerContext>>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, active_nations: Query<(&NationId, &TerritorySize, &NationName), Without<Dead>>, nation_entity_map: Res<NationEntityMap>, mut backend_messages: MessageWriter<BackendMessage>) {
+    // Don't check if outcome already determined
+    if local_context.my_outcome.is_some() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let my_player_id = local_context.id;
+
+    // Get local player entity and stats
+    let Some(&my_entity) = nation_entity_map.0.get(&my_player_id) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Ok((_, my_territory_size, _)) = active_nations.get(my_entity) else {
+        // Query failed but entity exists in entity_map, so player must have Dead marker
+        info!("Local player defeated - eliminated (Dead marker)");
+        local_context.mark_defeated();
+        backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::GameEnded { outcome: GameOutcome::Defeat });
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let my_tiles = my_territory_size.0;
+
+    // Don't check outcome until player has spawned (has tiles)
+    if my_tiles == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Calculate total claimable tiles for victory condition checks
+    let total_claimable_tiles = crate::game::queries::count_land_tiles(&territory_manager);
+
+    if total_claimable_tiles > 0 {
+        let my_occupation = my_tiles as f32 / total_claimable_tiles as f32;
+
+        // Check if I've won by occupation
+        if my_occupation >= WIN_THRESHOLD {
+            info!("Local player victorious - reached {:.1}% occupation ({}/{} claimable tiles, threshold: {:.0}%)", my_occupation * 100.0, my_tiles, total_claimable_tiles, WIN_THRESHOLD * 100.0);
+            local_context.mark_victorious();
+            backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::GameEnded { outcome: GameOutcome::Victory });
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Check if any opponent has won by occupation (which means I lost)
+        for (id, territory, name) in active_nations.iter() {
+            if *id == my_player_id {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let occupation = territory.0 as f32 / total_claimable_tiles as f32;
+
+            if occupation >= WIN_THRESHOLD {
+                tracing::event!(target:module_path!(),tracing::Level::INFO,"Local player defeated - {} reached {:.1}% occupation ({}/{} claimable tiles, threshold: {:.0}%)",name.0,occupation*100.0,territory.0,total_claimable_tiles,WIN_THRESHOLD*100.0);
+                local_context.mark_defeated();
+                backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::GameEnded { outcome: GameOutcome::Defeat });
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check victory by eliminating all opponents
+    // If no living opponents remain (query filters Without<Dead>), then I've won
+    let any_opponents_alive = active_nations.iter().any(|(opponent_id, _, _)| *opponent_id != my_player_id);
+
+    if !any_opponents_alive {
+        info!("Local player victorious - all opponents eliminated");
+        local_context.mark_victorious();
+        backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::GameEnded { outcome: GameOutcome::Victory });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/rng.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/rng.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e25be65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/rng.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use rand::SeedableRng;
+use rand::rngs::StdRng;
+
+use crate::game::NationId;
+
+/// Centralized deterministic RNG resource
+///
+/// This resource provides deterministic random number generation for all game systems.
+/// It is updated at the start of each turn with the current turn number, ensuring that
+/// the same sequence of turns always produces the same random values.
+///
+/// # Determinism Guarantees
+///
+/// - Same turn number + base seed + context → same RNG state
+/// - No stored RNG state in individual systems (prevents desync)
+/// - All randomness flows through this single source of truth
+///
+/// # Usage
+///
+/// Systems should never store RNG state. Instead, request context-specific RNG:
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// fn my_system(rng: Res<DeterministicRng>) {
+///     let mut player_rng = rng.for_player(player_id);
+///     let random_value = player_rng.gen_range(0..10);
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct DeterministicRng {
+    /// Base seed for the entire game (set at game start)
+    base_seed: u64,
+    /// Current turn number (updated each turn)
+    turn_number: u64,
+}
+
+impl DeterministicRng {
+    /// Create a new DeterministicRng with a base seed
+    pub fn new(base_seed: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { base_seed, turn_number: 0 }
+    }
+
+    /// Update the turn number (should be called at start of each turn)
+    pub fn update_turn(&mut self, turn_number: u64) {
+        self.turn_number = turn_number;
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current turn number
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn turn_number(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.turn_number
+    }
+
+    /// Create an RNG for a specific context within the current turn
+    ///
+    /// The context_id allows different systems/entities to have independent
+    /// random sequences while maintaining determinism.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn for_context(&self, context_id: u64) -> StdRng {
+        let seed = self
+            .turn_number
+            .wrapping_mul(997) // Prime multiplier for turn
+            .wrapping_add(self.base_seed)
+            .wrapping_add(context_id.wrapping_mul(1009)); // Prime multiplier for context
+        StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed)
+    }
+
+    /// Get an RNG for a specific nation's actions this turn
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience wrapper around `for_context` for nation-specific randomness.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn for_nation(&self, id: NationId) -> StdRng {
+        self.for_context(id.get() as u64)
+    }
+
+    /// Get an RNG for a specific tile's calculations this turn
+    ///
+    /// Useful for tile-based randomness that should be consistent within a turn.
+    pub fn for_tile(&self, tile: glam::U16Vec2) -> StdRng {
+        // Use large offset to avoid collision with nation IDs
+        // Convert tile position to unique ID
+        let tile_id = (tile.y as u64) * u16::MAX as u64 + (tile.x as u64);
+        self.for_context(1_000_000 + tile_id)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/turn_execution.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/turn_execution.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1bcbba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/turn_execution.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+use crate::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+use crate::game::combat::ActiveAttacks;
+use crate::game::core::action::{GameAction, TroopCount};
+use crate::game::core::rng::DeterministicRng;
+use crate::game::entities::{Dead, NationEntityMap, TerritorySize, Troops, remove_troops};
+use crate::game::ships::LaunchShipMessage;
+use crate::game::terrain::data::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::world::{NationId, TerritoryManager};
+use crate::networking::{Intent, Turn};
+
+/// Execute bot AI to generate actions
+/// This must be called before execute_turn to avoid query conflicts
+/// Returns (nation_id, action) pairs
+pub fn process_bot_actions(turn_number: u64, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, rng_seed: u64, bots: &mut Query<(&NationId, &Troops, &mut Bot), Without<Dead>>) -> Vec<(NationId, GameAction)> {
+    let mut bot_actions = Vec::new();
+
+    for (nation_id, troops, mut bot) in &mut *bots {
+        if let Some(action) = bot.tick(turn_number, *nation_id, troops, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, rng_seed) {
+            bot_actions.push((*nation_id, action));
+        }
+    }
+
+    bot_actions
+}
+
+/// Execute a full game turn
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn execute_turn(turn: &Turn, turn_number: u64, bot_actions: Vec<(NationId, GameAction)>, territory_manager: &mut TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, active_attacks: &mut ActiveAttacks, rng: &mut DeterministicRng, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &mut Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, is_bot_query: &Query<Has<Bot>>, launch_ship_writer: &mut MessageWriter<LaunchShipMessage>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("execute_turn", turn_number, intent_count = turn.intents.len(), bot_action_count = bot_actions.len()).entered();
+
+    // Update RNG for this turn
+    rng.update_turn(turn_number);
+
+    // PHASE 1: Process bot actions (deterministic, based on turn N-1 state)
+    {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("apply_bot_actions", count = bot_actions.len()).entered();
+
+        for (nation_id, action) in bot_actions {
+            apply_action(nation_id, action, turn_number, territory_manager, terrain, active_attacks, rng, nation_borders, entity_map, nations, launch_ship_writer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // PHASE 2: Process player intents (from network)
+    for sourced_intent in &turn.intents {
+        match &sourced_intent.intent {
+            Intent::Action(action) => {
+                apply_action(sourced_intent.source, action.clone(), turn_number, territory_manager, terrain, active_attacks, rng, nation_borders, entity_map, nations, launch_ship_writer);
+            }
+            Intent::SetSpawn { .. } => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    // PHASE 3: Tick game systems (attacks, etc.)
+    active_attacks.tick(entity_map, nations, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, rng, is_bot_query);
+}
+
+/// Apply a game action (attack or ship launch)
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn apply_action(nation_id: NationId, action: GameAction, turn_number: u64, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, active_attacks: &mut ActiveAttacks, rng: &DeterministicRng, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &mut Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, launch_ship_writer: &mut MessageWriter<LaunchShipMessage>) {
+    match action {
+        GameAction::Attack { target, troops } => {
+            handle_attack(nation_id, target, troops, turn_number, territory_manager, terrain, active_attacks, rng, nation_borders, entity_map, nations);
+        }
+        GameAction::LaunchShip { target_tile, troops } => {
+            launch_ship_writer.write(LaunchShipMessage { nation_id, target_tile, troops });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle nation spawn at a given tile
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn handle_spawn(nation_id: NationId, tile: U16Vec2, territory_manager: &mut TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, active_attacks: &mut ActiveAttacks, rng: &DeterministicRng, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &mut Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>) {
+    if territory_manager.has_owner(tile) || !terrain.is_conquerable(tile) {
+        tracing::debug!(
+            nation_id = %nation_id,
+            ?tile,
+            "Spawn on occupied/water tile ignored"
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Claim 5x5 territory around spawn point
+    let size = territory_manager.size();
+
+    // We need to work with territory data directly to use the helper function
+    // Convert TerritoryManager slice to Vec for modification
+    let mut territories: Vec<_> = territory_manager.as_slice().to_vec();
+    let changed = crate::game::systems::spawn_territory::claim_spawn_territory(tile, nation_id, &mut territories, terrain, size);
+
+    // Apply changes back to TerritoryManager
+    if !changed.is_empty() {
+        for &tile_pos in &changed {
+            territory_manager.conquer(tile_pos, nation_id);
+        }
+
+        // Update nation stats
+        if let Some(&entity) = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id)
+            && let Ok((_, mut territory_size)) = nations.get_mut(entity)
+        {
+            territory_size.0 += changed.len() as u32;
+        }
+
+        // Notify active attacks that territory changed
+        for &t in &changed {
+            active_attacks.handle_territory_add(t, nation_id, territory_manager, terrain, rng);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle an attack action
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn handle_attack(nation_id: NationId, target: Option<NationId>, troops: u32, turn_number: u64, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, active_attacks: &mut ActiveAttacks, rng: &DeterministicRng, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &mut Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>) {
+    handle_attack_internal(nation_id, target, TroopCount::Absolute(troops), true, None, turn_number, territory_manager, terrain, active_attacks, rng, nation_borders, entity_map, nations);
+}
+
+/// Handle attack with specific border tiles and troop allocation
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn handle_attack_internal(nation_id: NationId, target: Option<NationId>, troop_count: TroopCount, deduct_from_nation: bool, border_tiles: Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>>, turn_number: u64, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, active_attacks: &mut ActiveAttacks, rng: &DeterministicRng, nation_borders: &HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>>, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, nations: &mut Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>) {
+    // Validate not attacking self
+    if target == Some(nation_id) {
+        tracing::debug!(
+            nation_id = ?nation_id,
+            "Attack on own nation ignored"
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let troops = match troop_count {
+        TroopCount::Ratio(ratio) => {
+            let Some(&entity) = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id) else {
+                return;
+            };
+            if let Ok((troops, _)) = nations.get(entity) {
+                troops.0 * ratio
+            } else {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        TroopCount::Absolute(count) => count as f32,
+    };
+
+    // Clamp troops to available and deduct from nation's pool when creating the attack (if requested)
+    if deduct_from_nation {
+        let Some(&entity) = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        if let Ok((mut troops_comp, _)) = nations.get_mut(entity) {
+            let available = troops_comp.0;
+            let clamped_troops = troops.min(available);
+
+            if troops > available {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    nation_id = ?nation_id,
+                    requested = troops,
+                    available = available,
+                    "Attack requested more troops than available, clamping to available"
+                );
+            }
+
+            troops_comp.0 = remove_troops(troops_comp.0, clamped_troops);
+        } else {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let border_tiles_to_use = border_tiles.or_else(|| nation_borders.get(&nation_id).copied());
+
+    match target {
+        None => {
+            // Attack unclaimed territory
+            if entity_map.0.contains_key(&nation_id) {
+                active_attacks.schedule_unclaimed(nation_id, troops, border_tiles_to_use, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, turn_number, rng);
+            }
+        }
+        Some(target_id) => {
+            // Attack specific nation
+            let attacker_exists = entity_map.0.contains_key(&nation_id);
+            let target_exists = entity_map.0.contains_key(&target_id);
+
+            if attacker_exists && target_exists {
+                active_attacks.schedule_attack(nation_id, target_id, troops, border_tiles_to_use, territory_manager, terrain, nation_borders, turn_number, rng);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/utils.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9fe2ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/core/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use glam::{I16Vec2, U16Vec2};
+
+/// Serde helper for U16Vec2 serialization
+pub mod u16vec2_serde {
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+    pub fn serialize<S>(vec: &glam::U16Vec2, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        (vec.x, vec.y).serialize(serializer)
+    }
+
+    pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<glam::U16Vec2, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let (x, y) = <(u16, u16)>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Ok(glam::U16Vec2::new(x, y))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns an iterator over all valid cardinal neighbors of a tile position.
+///
+/// Yields positions for left, right, up, and down neighbors that are within bounds.
+/// Handles boundary checks for the 4-connected grid.
+///
+/// # Examples
+/// ```
+/// use glam::U16Vec2;
+/// use borders_core::game::utils::neighbors;
+///
+/// let size = U16Vec2::new(10, 10);
+/// let tile = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+/// let neighbor_count = neighbors(tile, size).count();
+/// assert_eq!(neighbor_count, 4);
+/// ```
+pub fn neighbors(tile: U16Vec2, size: U16Vec2) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> {
+    const CARDINAL_DIRECTIONS: [I16Vec2; 4] = [I16Vec2::new(-1, 0), I16Vec2::new(1, 0), I16Vec2::new(0, -1), I16Vec2::new(0, 1)];
+
+    CARDINAL_DIRECTIONS.into_iter().filter_map(move |offset| {
+        let neighbor = tile.checked_add_signed(offset)?;
+        if neighbor.x < size.x && neighbor.y < size.y { Some(neighbor) } else { None }
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/entities.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/entities.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76fcb28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/entities.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+use crate::game::core::constants::nation::*;
+use crate::game::world::NationId;
+
+/// Marker component to identify eliminated nations
+/// Alive nations are identified by the ABSENCE of this component
+/// Use Without<Dead> in queries to filter for alive nations
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Dead;
+
+/// Nation name component
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct NationName(pub String);
+
+/// Nation color component
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct NationColor(pub HSLColor);
+
+/// Border tiles component - tiles at the edge of a nation's territory
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct BorderTiles(pub HashSet<glam::U16Vec2>);
+
+impl Deref for BorderTiles {
+    type Target = HashSet<glam::U16Vec2>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for BorderTiles {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Troops component - current troop count
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Troops(pub f32);
+
+/// Territory size component - number of tiles owned
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TerritorySize(pub u32);
+
+/// Maps nation IDs to their ECS entities for O(1) lookup
+///
+/// This resource enables systems to quickly find a nation's entity
+/// by their nation_id without iterating through all entities.
+#[derive(Resource, Default)]
+pub struct NationEntityMap(pub HashMap<NationId, Entity>);
+
+impl NationEntityMap {
+    /// Get the entity for a nation, panicking if not found
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the nation ID is not in the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_entity(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Entity {
+        *self.0.get(&nation_id).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Nation entity not found for nation {}", nation_id.get()))
+    }
+
+    /// Try to get the entity for a nation
+    ///
+    /// Returns None if the nation ID is not in the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn try_get_entity(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Option<Entity> {
+        self.0.get(&nation_id).copied()
+    }
+}
+
+/// HSL Color representation
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct HSLColor {
+    pub h: f32, // Hue: 0-360
+    pub s: f32, // Saturation: 0-1
+    pub l: f32, // Lightness: 0-1
+}
+
+impl HSLColor {
+    pub fn new(h: f32, s: f32, l: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { h, s, l }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_rgba(&self) -> [f32; 4] {
+        let c = (1.0 - (2.0 * self.l - 1.0).abs()) * self.s;
+        let h_prime = self.h / 60.0;
+        let x = c * (1.0 - ((h_prime % 2.0) - 1.0).abs());
+
+        let (r1, g1, b1) = if h_prime < 1.0 {
+            (c, x, 0.0)
+        } else if h_prime < 2.0 {
+            (x, c, 0.0)
+        } else if h_prime < 3.0 {
+            (0.0, c, x)
+        } else if h_prime < 4.0 {
+            (0.0, x, c)
+        } else if h_prime < 5.0 {
+            (x, 0.0, c)
+        } else {
+            (c, 0.0, x)
+        };
+
+        let m = self.l - c / 2.0;
+        [r1 + m, g1 + m, b1 + m, 1.0]
+    }
+}
+
+/// Calculate maximum troop capacity based on territory size
+#[inline]
+pub fn calculate_max_troops(territory_size: u32, is_bot: bool) -> f32 {
+    let base_max = MAX_TROOPS_MULTIPLIER * ((territory_size as f32).powf(MAX_TROOPS_POWER) * MAX_TROOPS_SCALE + MAX_TROOPS_BASE);
+
+    if is_bot { base_max * BOT_MAX_TROOPS_MULTIPLIER } else { base_max }
+}
+
+/// Calculate income for this tick based on current troops and territory
+#[inline]
+pub fn calculate_income(troops: f32, territory_size: u32, is_bot: bool) -> f32 {
+    let max_troops = calculate_max_troops(territory_size, is_bot);
+
+    // Base income calculation
+    let mut income = BASE_INCOME + (troops.powf(INCOME_POWER) / INCOME_DIVISOR);
+
+    // Soft cap as approaching max troops
+    let ratio = 1.0 - (troops / max_troops);
+    income *= ratio;
+
+    // Apply bot modifier
+    if is_bot { income * BOT_INCOME_MULTIPLIER } else { income }
+}
+
+/// Add troops with max cap enforcement
+#[inline]
+pub fn add_troops_capped(current: f32, amount: f32, territory_size: u32, is_bot: bool) -> f32 {
+    let max_troops = calculate_max_troops(territory_size, is_bot);
+    (current + amount).min(max_troops)
+}
+
+/// Remove troops, ensuring non-negative result
+#[inline]
+pub fn remove_troops(current: f32, amount: f32) -> f32 {
+    (current - amount).max(0.0)
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/context.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2649a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::game::NationId;
+
+/// Represents the outcome for a specific player (local, not shared)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum PlayerOutcome {
+    /// Player has won the game
+    Victory,
+    /// Player has been eliminated/defeated
+    Defeat,
+}
+
+/// Local player context - CLIENT-SPECIFIC state, NOT part of deterministic game state
+///
+/// **Important: This is LOCAL context, not shared/deterministic state!**
+///
+/// This resource contains information specific to THIS client's perspective:
+/// - Which player ID this client controls
+/// - Whether this player won/lost (irrelevant to other clients)
+/// - Whether this client can send commands or is spectating
+///
+/// In multiplayer:
+/// - Each client has their own LocalPlayerContext with different player IDs
+/// - One client may have `my_outcome = Victory` while others have `Defeat`
+/// - A spectator would have `can_send_intents = false`
+/// - The shared game state continues running regardless
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct LocalPlayerContext {
+    /// The player ID for this client
+    pub id: NationId,
+
+    /// The outcome for this specific player (if determined)
+    /// None = still playing, Some(Victory/Defeat) = game ended for this player
+    pub my_outcome: Option<PlayerOutcome>,
+
+    /// Whether this client can send intents (false when defeated or spectating)
+    pub can_send_intents: bool,
+}
+
+impl LocalPlayerContext {
+    /// Create a new local player context for the given player ID
+    pub fn new(id: NationId) -> Self {
+        Self { id, my_outcome: None, can_send_intents: true }
+    }
+
+    /// Mark the local player as defeated
+    pub fn mark_defeated(&mut self) {
+        self.my_outcome = Some(PlayerOutcome::Defeat);
+        self.can_send_intents = false;
+    }
+
+    /// Mark the local player as victorious
+    pub fn mark_victorious(&mut self) {
+        self.my_outcome = Some(PlayerOutcome::Victory);
+        // Player can still send intents after victory (to continue playing if desired)
+        // Or set to false if you want to prevent further actions
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the local player is still actively playing
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_playing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.my_outcome.is_none() && self.can_send_intents
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/events.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7974de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//! Input event and message types
+
+use bevy_ecs::message::Message;
+use glam::{U16Vec2, Vec2};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use super::types::{ButtonState, KeyCode, MouseButton};
+
+/// Raw input events sent by platforms via the input queue
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum InputEvent {
+    /// Mouse button pressed or released
+    MouseButton { button: MouseButton, state: ButtonState, tile: Option<U16Vec2>, world_pos: Vec2 },
+    /// Mouse moved over the map
+    MouseMotion { tile: Option<U16Vec2>, world_pos: Vec2 },
+    /// Keyboard key pressed or released
+    KeyEvent { key: KeyCode, state: ButtonState },
+}
+
+/// Mouse button message
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MouseButtonMessage {
+    pub button: MouseButton,
+    pub state: ButtonState,
+    pub tile: Option<U16Vec2>,
+    pub world_pos: Vec2,
+}
+
+/// Mouse motion message
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MouseMotionMessage {
+    pub tile: Option<U16Vec2>,
+    pub world_pos: Vec2,
+}
+
+/// Keyboard key message
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct KeyEventMessage {
+    pub key: KeyCode,
+    pub state: ButtonState,
+}
+
+/// A tile was clicked
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TileClickedAction {
+    pub tile: U16Vec2,
+    pub button: MouseButton,
+}
+
+/// Camera-related actions
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum CameraAction {
+    /// Center camera on player territory
+    Center,
+    /// Camera drag/interaction started
+    InteractionStarted,
+    /// Camera drag/interaction ended
+    InteractionEnded,
+}
+
+/// UI-related actions
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum UiAction {
+    /// Adjust attack ratio by amount
+    UpdateAttackRatio { amount: f32 },
+    /// Toggle pause
+    TogglePause,
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/handlers.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/handlers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd13c47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/handlers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+//! Action handler systems - process semantic input actions
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::{debug, info, trace};
+
+use crate::game::core::constants::input::*;
+use crate::game::systems::borders::BorderCache;
+use crate::game::terrain::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::{BorderTiles, CoastalTiles, GameAction, LocalPlayerContext, NationEntityMap, SpawnManager, SpawnTimeout, TerritoryManager, Troops};
+use crate::networking::{Intent, IntentEvent};
+
+use super::events::{CameraAction, TileClickedAction, UiAction};
+
+/// Resource tracking whether spawn phase is active
+#[derive(Resource, Default)]
+pub struct SpawnPhase {
+    pub active: bool,
+}
+
+/// Resource for attack control settings
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct AttackControls {
+    pub attack_ratio: f32,
+}
+
+impl Default for AttackControls {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { attack_ratio: DEFAULT_ATTACK_RATIO }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle tile clicks during spawn and gameplay phases
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn handle_tile_clicked_system(mut tile_clicked: MessageReader<TileClickedAction>, spawn_phase: Res<SpawnPhase>, local_context: If<Res<LocalPlayerContext>>, mut spawn_manager: Option<ResMut<SpawnManager>>, mut spawn_timeout: Option<ResMut<SpawnTimeout>>, mut intent_writer: MessageWriter<IntentEvent>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, terrain: Res<TerrainData>, coastal_tiles: Res<CoastalTiles>, attack_controls: Res<AttackControls>, entity_map: Res<NationEntityMap>, border_query: Query<&BorderTiles>, troops_query: Query<&Troops>) {
+    // Can't interact if not allowed to send intents
+    if !local_context.can_send_intents {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    for action in tile_clicked.read() {
+        if spawn_phase.active {
+            // Spawn phase logic
+            handle_spawn_click(action.tile, local_context.as_ref(), &mut spawn_manager, &mut spawn_timeout, &mut intent_writer, &territory_manager, &terrain);
+        } else {
+            // Gameplay phase logic
+            handle_attack_click(action.tile, local_context.as_ref(), &territory_manager, &terrain, &coastal_tiles, &attack_controls, &mut intent_writer, &entity_map, &border_query, &troops_query);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle spawn click logic
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn handle_spawn_click(tile_coord: glam::U16Vec2, local_context: &LocalPlayerContext, spawn_manager: &mut Option<ResMut<SpawnManager>>, spawn_timeout: &mut Option<ResMut<SpawnTimeout>>, intent_writer: &mut MessageWriter<IntentEvent>, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("spawn_click").entered();
+
+    let tile_ownership = territory_manager.get_ownership(tile_coord);
+    if tile_ownership.is_owned() {
+        debug!("Spawn click on tile {:?} ignored - occupied", tile_coord);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Check if tile is water/unconquerable
+    if !terrain.is_conquerable(tile_coord) {
+        debug!("Spawn click on tile {:?} ignored - water or unconquerable", tile_coord);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Player has chosen a spawn location - send to server
+    info!("Player {} setting spawn at tile {:?}", local_context.id.get(), tile_coord);
+
+    // Check if this is the first spawn (timer not started yet)
+    let is_first_spawn = if let Some(spawn_mgr) = spawn_manager { spawn_mgr.get_player_spawns().is_empty() } else { true };
+
+    // Send SetSpawn intent to server (not Action - this won't be in game history)
+    // Server will validate, track, and eventually send Turn(0) when timeout expires
+    intent_writer.write(IntentEvent(Intent::SetSpawn { tile_index: tile_coord }));
+
+    // Start spawn timeout on first spawn (spawn_phase plugin will emit countdown updates)
+    if is_first_spawn && let Some(timeout) = spawn_timeout {
+        timeout.start();
+        info!("Spawn timeout started ({:.1}s)", timeout.duration_secs);
+    }
+
+    // Update local spawn manager for preview/bot recalculation
+    // Note: This only updates the spawn manager, not the game instance
+    // The actual game state is updated when Turn(0) is processed
+    if let Some(spawn_mgr) = spawn_manager {
+        // Update spawn manager (triggers bot spawn recalculation)
+        spawn_mgr.update_player_spawn(local_context.id, tile_coord, territory_manager, terrain);
+
+        info!("Spawn manager updated with player {} spawn at tile {:?}", local_context.id.get(), tile_coord);
+        info!("Total spawns in manager: {}", spawn_mgr.get_all_spawns().len());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle attack click logic
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn handle_attack_click(tile_coord: glam::U16Vec2, local_context: &LocalPlayerContext, territory_manager: &TerritoryManager, terrain: &TerrainData, coastal_tiles: &CoastalTiles, attack_controls: &AttackControls, intent_writer: &mut MessageWriter<IntentEvent>, entity_map: &NationEntityMap, border_query: &Query<&BorderTiles>, troops_query: &Query<&Troops>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("attack_click").entered();
+
+    let tile_ownership = territory_manager.get_ownership(tile_coord);
+    let nation_id = local_context.id;
+
+    // Can't attack own tiles
+    if tile_ownership.is_owned_by(nation_id) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Check if target is water - ignore water clicks
+    if terrain.is_navigable(tile_coord) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Check if target is connected to player's territory
+    let size = territory_manager.size();
+    let is_connected = crate::game::connectivity::is_connected_to_player(territory_manager.as_slice(), terrain, tile_coord, nation_id, size);
+
+    if is_connected {
+        // Target is connected to player's territory - use normal attack
+        // Calculate absolute troop count from ratio
+        let troops = if let Some(&entity) = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id)
+            && let Ok(troops_comp) = troops_query.get(entity)
+        {
+            (troops_comp.0 * attack_controls.attack_ratio).floor() as u32
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        intent_writer.write(IntentEvent(Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: tile_ownership.nation_id(), troops })));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Target is NOT connected - need to use ship
+    debug!("Target {:?} not connected to player territory, attempting ship launch", tile_coord);
+
+    // Find target's nearest coastal tile
+    let target_coastal_tile = crate::game::connectivity::find_coastal_tile_in_region(territory_manager.as_slice(), terrain, tile_coord, size);
+
+    let Some(target_coastal_tile) = target_coastal_tile else {
+        debug!("No coastal tile found in target's region for tile {:?}", tile_coord);
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Find player's nearest coastal tile using O(1) entity lookup
+    let player_border_tiles = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id).and_then(|&entity| border_query.get(entity).ok());
+
+    let launch_tile = player_border_tiles.and_then(|tiles| crate::game::ships::pathfinding::find_nearest_player_coastal_tile(coastal_tiles.tiles(), tiles, target_coastal_tile));
+
+    let Some(launch_tile) = launch_tile else {
+        debug!("Player has no coastal tiles to launch ship from");
+        return;
+    };
+
+    debug!("Found launch tile {:?} and target coastal tile {:?} for target {:?}", launch_tile, target_coastal_tile, tile_coord);
+
+    // Try to find a water path from launch tile to target coastal tile
+    let path = crate::game::ships::pathfinding::find_water_path(terrain, launch_tile, target_coastal_tile, crate::game::ships::MAX_PATH_LENGTH);
+
+    if let Some(_path) = path {
+        // We can reach the target by ship!
+        // Calculate absolute troop count from ratio
+        let troops = if let Some(&entity) = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id)
+            && let Ok(troops_comp) = troops_query.get(entity)
+        {
+            (troops_comp.0 * attack_controls.attack_ratio).floor() as u32
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        debug!("Launching ship to target {:?} with {} troops", tile_coord, troops);
+
+        intent_writer.write(IntentEvent(Intent::Action(GameAction::LaunchShip { target_tile: tile_coord, troops })));
+    } else {
+        debug!("No water path found from {:?} to {:?}", launch_tile, target_coastal_tile);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle camera actions
+pub fn handle_camera_action_system(mut camera_actions: MessageReader<CameraAction>, border_cache: Res<BorderCache>, local_context: If<Res<LocalPlayerContext>>) {
+    for action in camera_actions.read() {
+        match action {
+            CameraAction::Center => {
+                // Find any owned tile to center on
+                if let Some(_tile) = border_cache.get(local_context.id).and_then(|tiles| tiles.iter().next().copied()) {
+                    // TODO: Implement camera centering when camera commands are added
+                    tracing::debug!("Camera center requested (not implemented)");
+                }
+            }
+            CameraAction::InteractionStarted => {
+                trace!("Camera interaction started");
+            }
+            CameraAction::InteractionEnded => {
+                trace!("Camera interaction ended");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle UI actions
+pub fn handle_ui_action_system(mut ui_actions: MessageReader<UiAction>, mut attack_controls: ResMut<AttackControls>) {
+    for action in ui_actions.read() {
+        match action {
+            UiAction::UpdateAttackRatio { amount } => {
+                attack_controls.attack_ratio = (attack_controls.attack_ratio + amount).clamp(ATTACK_RATIO_MIN, ATTACK_RATIO_MAX);
+                debug!("Attack ratio changed to {:.1}", attack_controls.attack_ratio);
+            }
+            UiAction::TogglePause => {
+                // TODO: Implement pause functionality
+                debug!("Pause toggle requested (not implemented)");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3f8761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//! Player input handling
+//!
+//! This module handles player input events and local player context.
+
+pub mod context;
+pub mod events;
+pub mod handlers;
+pub mod processor;
+pub mod queue;
+pub mod types;
+
+pub use context::*;
+pub use events::*;
+pub use handlers::*;
+pub use processor::*;
+pub use queue::*;
+pub use types::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/processor.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/processor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2833d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/processor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//! Input processor system - converts raw input into action messages
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::game::core::constants::input::*;
+
+use super::events::*;
+use super::types::{ButtonState, KeyCode, MouseButton};
+
+/// Processes raw input messages and emits action messages
+///
+/// This system runs in PreUpdate and:
+/// 1. Reads raw MouseButtonMessage, KeyEventMessage from the queue
+/// 2. Filters out camera drags (clicks during middle mouse drag)
+/// 3. Emits semantic action messages (TileClickedAction, CameraAction, UiAction)
+///
+/// Action handler systems in Update consume these action messages.
+pub fn input_processor_system(mut mouse_events: MessageReader<MouseButtonMessage>, mut key_events: MessageReader<KeyEventMessage>, mut tile_clicked: MessageWriter<TileClickedAction>, mut camera_action: MessageWriter<CameraAction>, mut ui_action: MessageWriter<UiAction>, mut camera_dragging: Local<bool>) {
+    // Process mouse button events
+    for event in mouse_events.read() {
+        match event.button {
+            MouseButton::Left => match event.state {
+                ButtonState::Pressed => {
+                    // Reset camera drag flag on new press
+                    *camera_dragging = false;
+                }
+                ButtonState::Released => {
+                    // Only emit TileClicked if no camera drag occurred
+                    if !*camera_dragging && let Some(tile) = event.tile {
+                        tile_clicked.write(TileClickedAction { tile, button: event.button });
+                    }
+                    *camera_dragging = false;
+                }
+            },
+            MouseButton::Middle => {
+                if event.state == ButtonState::Pressed {
+                    *camera_dragging = true;
+                    camera_action.write(CameraAction::InteractionStarted);
+                } else {
+                    camera_action.write(CameraAction::InteractionEnded);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Process keyboard events
+    for event in key_events.read() {
+        // Only process key presses (not releases)
+        if event.state != ButtonState::Pressed {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        match event.key {
+            KeyCode::KeyC => {
+                camera_action.write(CameraAction::Center);
+            }
+            KeyCode::Digit1 => {
+                ui_action.write(UiAction::UpdateAttackRatio { amount: -ATTACK_RATIO_STEP });
+            }
+            KeyCode::Digit2 => {
+                ui_action.write(UiAction::UpdateAttackRatio { amount: ATTACK_RATIO_STEP });
+            }
+            KeyCode::Space => {
+                ui_action.write(UiAction::TogglePause);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/queue.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/queue.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..799c3ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/queue.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! Async input queue for platform-to-game communication
+
+use flume::{Receiver, Sender};
+
+use super::events::InputEvent;
+
+/// Input queue using flume channel for lock-free, async-friendly input handling
+///
+/// Platforms send InputEvent via the sender, and Game drains them each frame
+/// before running systems. This decouples platform input from ECS execution.
+pub struct InputQueue {
+    sender: Sender<InputEvent>,
+    receiver: Receiver<InputEvent>,
+}
+
+impl InputQueue {
+    /// Create a new unbounded input queue
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let (sender, receiver) = flume::unbounded();
+        Self { sender, receiver }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a sender for platforms to send input events
+    pub fn sender(&self) -> Sender<InputEvent> {
+        self.sender.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Drain all pending input events from the queue
+    ///
+    /// Called internally by Game::update() to convert queued events into Bevy messages
+    pub(crate) fn drain(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = InputEvent> + '_ {
+        self.receiver.try_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for InputQueue {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/types.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95d41eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/input/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! Input type definitions
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// Mouse button types
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum MouseButton {
+    Left,
+    Middle,
+    Right,
+    Back,
+    Forward,
+}
+
+/// Button state (pressed or released)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum ButtonState {
+    Pressed,
+    Released,
+}
+
+/// Keyboard key codes
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum KeyCode {
+    KeyW,
+    KeyA,
+    KeyS,
+    KeyD,
+    KeyC,
+    Digit1,
+    Digit2,
+    Space,
+    Escape,
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c85b60a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+//! Game logic and state management
+//!
+//! This module contains all game-related functionality organized by domain.
+
+// Core modules
+pub mod ai;
+pub mod builder;
+pub mod combat;
+pub mod core;
+pub mod entities;
+pub mod input;
+pub mod queries;
+pub mod ships;
+pub mod systems;
+pub mod terrain;
+pub mod world;
+
+// Re-exports from submodules
+pub use builder::*;
+pub use combat::*;
+pub use core::*;
+pub use entities::*;
+pub use input::*;
+pub use queries::*;
+pub use ships::*;
+pub use systems::*;
+pub use terrain::*;
+pub use world::*;
+
+use bevy_ecs::message::{Message, Messages};
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use bevy_ecs::schedule::{IntoScheduleConfigs, ScheduleLabel, Schedules};
+use bevy_ecs::system::ScheduleSystem;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ScheduleLabel)]
+pub struct Startup;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ScheduleLabel)]
+pub struct Update;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, ScheduleLabel)]
+pub struct Last;
+
+pub struct Game {
+    world: World,
+    input_queue: Option<Arc<input::InputQueue>>,
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for Game {
+    type Target = World;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.world
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::DerefMut for Game {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.world
+    }
+}
+
+impl Game {
+    /// Internal method for creating an uninitialized Game
+    ///
+    /// This is used internally by GameBuilder and for test setup.
+    /// Most users should use `GameBuilder` instead.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn new_internal() -> Self {
+        let mut world = World::new();
+
+        // Initialize schedules with proper ordering
+        let mut schedules = Schedules::new();
+        schedules.insert(Schedule::new(Startup));
+        schedules.insert(Schedule::new(Update));
+        schedules.insert(Schedule::new(Last));
+
+        world.insert_resource(schedules);
+
+        Self { world, input_queue: None }
+    }
+
+    pub fn world(&self) -> &World {
+        &self.world
+    }
+
+    pub fn world_mut(&mut self) -> &mut World {
+        &mut self.world
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert_resource<R: Resource>(&mut self, resource: R) -> &mut Self {
+        self.world.insert_resource(resource);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn init_resource<R: Resource + FromWorld>(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
+        self.world.init_resource::<R>();
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert_non_send_resource<R: 'static>(&mut self, resource: R) -> &mut Self {
+        self.world.insert_non_send_resource(resource);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_message<M: Message>(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
+        if !self.world.contains_resource::<Messages<M>>() {
+            self.world.init_resource::<Messages<M>>();
+
+            // Add system to update this message type each frame
+            self.add_systems(Last, |mut messages: ResMut<Messages<M>>| {
+                messages.update();
+            });
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_systems<M>(&mut self, schedule: impl ScheduleLabel, systems: impl IntoScheduleConfigs<ScheduleSystem, M>) -> &mut Self {
+        let mut schedules = self.world.resource_mut::<Schedules>();
+        if let Some(schedule_inst) = schedules.get_mut(schedule) {
+            schedule_inst.add_systems(systems);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Process queued input events and send them as Bevy messages
+    ///
+    /// Called internally by update() at the start of each frame to drain the
+    /// input queue and convert InputEvents into Bevy messages.
+    fn process_input_queue(&mut self) {
+        let Some(queue) = &self.input_queue else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        for event in queue.drain() {
+            match event {
+                input::InputEvent::MouseButton { button, state, tile, world_pos } => {
+                    self.world.write_message(input::MouseButtonMessage { button, state, tile, world_pos });
+                }
+                input::InputEvent::MouseMotion { tile, world_pos } => {
+                    self.world.write_message(input::MouseMotionMessage { tile, world_pos });
+                }
+                input::InputEvent::KeyEvent { key, state } => {
+                    self.world.write_message(input::KeyEventMessage { key, state });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self) {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("game_update").entered();
+
+        // Process queued input at the start of each frame
+        self.process_input_queue();
+
+        // Remove schedules temporarily to avoid resource_scope conflicts
+        let mut schedules = self.world.remove_resource::<Schedules>().unwrap();
+
+        // Run Update schedule
+        if let Some(schedule) = schedules.get_mut(Update) {
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("update_schedule").entered();
+            schedule.run(&mut self.world);
+        }
+
+        // Run Last schedule (includes event updates)
+        if let Some(schedule) = schedules.get_mut(Last) {
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("last_schedule").entered();
+            schedule.run(&mut self.world);
+        }
+
+        // Re-insert schedules
+        self.world.insert_resource(schedules);
+    }
+
+    pub fn run_startup(&mut self) {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("run_startup_schedule").entered();
+
+        // Remove schedules temporarily to avoid resource_scope conflicts
+        let mut schedules = self.world.remove_resource::<Schedules>().unwrap();
+
+        // Run Startup schedule
+        if let Some(schedule) = schedules.get_mut(Startup) {
+            schedule.run(&mut self.world);
+        }
+
+        // Re-insert schedules
+        self.world.insert_resource(schedules);
+    }
+
+    pub fn finish(&mut self) {
+        // Finalize schedules
+        let mut schedules = self.world.remove_resource::<Schedules>().unwrap();
+
+        let system_count: usize = schedules.iter().map(|(_, schedule)| schedule.systems().map(|iter| iter.count()).unwrap_or(0)).sum();
+
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("finish_schedules", system_count = system_count).entered();
+
+        for (_, schedule) in schedules.iter_mut() {
+            schedule.graph_mut().initialize(&mut self.world);
+        }
+
+        self.world.insert_resource(schedules);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/queries.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/queries.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40f5f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/queries.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//! ECS query helper utilities for common game state queries
+
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+use crate::game::systems::borders::BorderCache;
+use crate::game::{NationId, TerritoryManager};
+
+/// Find any tile owned by a specific nation (useful for camera centering)
+/// Returns the tile position if found
+#[inline]
+pub fn find_nation_tile(border_cache: &BorderCache, nation_id: NationId) -> Option<U16Vec2> {
+    border_cache.get(nation_id)?.iter().next().copied()
+}
+
+/// Count the total number of conquerable (non-water, owned) tiles on the map
+#[inline]
+pub fn count_land_tiles(territory_manager: &TerritoryManager) -> u32 {
+    territory_manager.as_slice().iter().filter(|ownership| ownership.is_owned()).count() as u32
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/components.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/components.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5e9438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/components.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+/// Ship component containing all ship state
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Ship {
+    pub id: u32,
+    pub troops: u32,
+    pub path: Vec<U16Vec2>,
+    pub current_path_index: usize,
+    pub ticks_per_tile: u32,
+    pub ticks_since_move: u32,
+    pub launch_tick: u64,
+    pub target_tile: U16Vec2,
+}
+
+impl Ship {
+    /// Create a new ship
+    pub fn new(id: u32, troops: u32, path: Vec<U16Vec2>, ticks_per_tile: u32, launch_tick: u64) -> Self {
+        let target_tile = *path.last().unwrap_or(&path[0]);
+
+        Self { id, troops, path, current_path_index: 0, ticks_per_tile, ticks_since_move: 0, launch_tick, target_tile }
+    }
+
+    /// Update the ship's position based on the current tick
+    /// Returns true if the ship has reached its destination
+    pub fn update(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if self.has_arrived() {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        self.ticks_since_move += 1;
+
+        if self.ticks_since_move >= self.ticks_per_tile {
+            self.ticks_since_move = 0;
+            self.current_path_index += 1;
+
+            if self.has_arrived() {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current tile the ship is on
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_current_tile(&self) -> U16Vec2 {
+        if self.current_path_index < self.path.len() { self.path[self.current_path_index] } else { self.target_tile }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the ship has reached its destination
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_arrived(&self) -> bool {
+        self.current_path_index >= self.path.len() - 1
+    }
+
+    /// Get interpolation factor for smooth rendering (0.0 to 1.0)
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_visual_interpolation(&self) -> f32 {
+        if self.ticks_per_tile == 0 {
+            return 1.0;
+        }
+        self.ticks_since_move as f32 / self.ticks_per_tile as f32
+    }
+
+    /// Get the next tile in the path (for interpolation)
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_next_tile(&self) -> Option<U16Vec2> {
+        if self.current_path_index + 1 < self.path.len() { Some(self.path[self.current_path_index + 1]) } else { None }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Component tracking number of ships owned by a player
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct ShipCount(pub usize);
+
+/// Resource for generating unique ship IDs
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct ShipIdCounter {
+    next_id: u32,
+}
+
+impl ShipIdCounter {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { next_id: 1 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn generate_id(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        let id = self.next_id;
+        self.next_id += 1;
+        id
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ShipIdCounter {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80d1729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//! Ship system using ECS architecture.
+//!
+//! Ships are entities with parent-child relationships to players.
+//! See systems.rs for launch/update/arrival systems.
+
+mod components;
+pub mod pathfinding;
+pub mod systems;
+
+pub use components::*;
+pub use pathfinding::*;
+pub use systems::*;
+
+// Re-export ship constants from central location
+pub use crate::game::core::constants::ships::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/pathfinding.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/pathfinding.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..beda557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/pathfinding.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::collections::{BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use crate::game::terrain::data::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::utils::neighbors;
+
+/// A node in the pathfinding search
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+struct PathNode {
+    pos: U16Vec2,
+    g_cost: u32, // Cost from start
+    h_cost: u32, // Heuristic cost to goal
+    f_cost: u32, // Total cost (g + h)
+}
+
+impl Ord for PathNode {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        // Reverse ordering for min-heap
+        other.f_cost.cmp(&self.f_cost)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for PathNode {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find a water path from start_tile to target_tile using A* algorithm
+/// Returns None if no path exists
+pub fn find_water_path(terrain: &TerrainData, start_tile: U16Vec2, target_tile: U16Vec2, max_path_length: usize) -> Option<Vec<U16Vec2>> {
+    let size = terrain.size();
+
+    // Check if target is reachable (must be coastal or water)
+    if !is_valid_ship_destination(terrain, target_tile, size) {
+        debug!("Pathfinding failed: target {:?} is not a valid ship destination", target_tile);
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Find actual water start position (adjacent to coast)
+    debug!("Pathfinding: looking for water launch tile adjacent to coastal tile {:?}", start_tile);
+    let water_start = find_water_launch_tile(terrain, start_tile, size)?;
+    debug!("Pathfinding: found water launch tile {:?}", water_start);
+
+    // Find water tiles adjacent to target if target is land
+    let water_targets = if terrain.is_navigable(target_tile) { vec![target_tile] } else { find_adjacent_water_tiles(terrain, target_tile, size) };
+
+    if water_targets.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Run A* pathfinding
+    let mut open_set = BinaryHeap::new();
+    let mut closed_set = HashSet::new();
+    let mut came_from: HashMap<U16Vec2, U16Vec2> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut g_scores: HashMap<U16Vec2, u32> = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Initialize with start node
+    let start_h = water_start.manhattan_distance(water_targets[0]) as u32;
+    open_set.push(PathNode { pos: water_start, g_cost: 0, h_cost: start_h, f_cost: start_h });
+    g_scores.insert(water_start, 0);
+
+    while let Some(current_node) = open_set.pop() {
+        let current_pos = current_node.pos;
+
+        // Check if we've reached any of the target tiles
+        if water_targets.contains(&current_pos) {
+            // Reconstruct path
+            let mut path = vec![current_pos];
+            let mut current_tile = current_pos;
+
+            while let Some(&parent) = came_from.get(&current_tile) {
+                path.push(parent);
+                current_tile = parent;
+
+                // Prevent infinite loops
+                if path.len() > max_path_length {
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+
+            path.reverse();
+
+            // If original target was land, add it to the end
+            if !terrain.is_navigable(target_tile) {
+                path.push(target_tile);
+            }
+
+            return Some(path);
+        }
+
+        // Skip if already processed
+        if closed_set.contains(&current_pos) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        closed_set.insert(current_pos);
+
+        // Check if we've exceeded max path length
+        if current_node.g_cost as usize > max_path_length {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Explore neighbors
+        for neighbor in neighbors(current_pos, size) {
+            if closed_set.contains(&neighbor) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if !terrain.is_navigable(neighbor) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let tentative_g = current_node.g_cost + 1;
+
+            if tentative_g < *g_scores.get(&neighbor).unwrap_or(&u32::MAX) {
+                came_from.insert(neighbor, current_pos);
+                g_scores.insert(neighbor, tentative_g);
+
+                // Find best heuristic to any target
+                let h_cost = water_targets.iter().map(|&t| neighbor.manhattan_distance(t) as u32).min().unwrap_or(0);
+
+                let f_cost = tentative_g + h_cost;
+
+                open_set.push(PathNode { pos: neighbor, g_cost: tentative_g, h_cost, f_cost });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    debug!("Pathfinding failed: no path found from {:?} to {:?}", start_tile, target_tile);
+    None
+}
+
+/// Find a water tile adjacent to a coastal land tile for ship launch
+fn find_water_launch_tile(terrain: &TerrainData, coast_tile: U16Vec2, size: U16Vec2) -> Option<U16Vec2> {
+    debug!("find_water_launch_tile: checking coastal tile {:?}", coast_tile);
+
+    let water_tile = neighbors(coast_tile, size)
+        .inspect(|&neighbor| {
+            if terrain.is_navigable(neighbor) {
+                debug!("  Checking neighbor {:?}: is_water=true", neighbor);
+            }
+        })
+        .find(|&neighbor| terrain.is_navigable(neighbor));
+
+    if let Some(tile) = water_tile {
+        debug!("  Found water launch tile {:?}", tile);
+    } else {
+        debug!("  No water launch tile found for coastal tile {:?}", coast_tile);
+    }
+
+    water_tile
+}
+
+/// Find all water tiles adjacent to a land tile
+fn find_adjacent_water_tiles(terrain: &TerrainData, tile: U16Vec2, size: U16Vec2) -> Vec<U16Vec2> {
+    neighbors(tile, size).filter(|&neighbor| terrain.is_navigable(neighbor)).collect()
+}
+
+/// Check if a tile is a valid ship destination (water or coastal land)
+fn is_valid_ship_destination(terrain: &TerrainData, tile: U16Vec2, size: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+    // If it's water, it's valid
+    if terrain.is_navigable(tile) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // If it's land, check if it's coastal
+    neighbors(tile, size).any(|neighbor| terrain.is_navigable(neighbor))
+}
+
+/// Simplify a path by removing unnecessary waypoints (path smoothing)
+/// This maintains determinism as it's purely geometric
+pub fn smooth_path(path: Vec<U16Vec2>, terrain: &TerrainData) -> Vec<U16Vec2> {
+    if path.len() <= 2 {
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    let mut smoothed = vec![path[0]];
+    let mut current_idx = 0;
+
+    while current_idx < path.len() - 1 {
+        let mut farthest = current_idx + 1;
+
+        // Find the farthest point we can see directly
+        for i in (current_idx + 2)..path.len() {
+            if has_clear_water_line(terrain, path[current_idx], path[i]) {
+                farthest = i;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        smoothed.push(path[farthest]);
+        current_idx = farthest;
+    }
+
+    smoothed
+}
+
+/// Check if there's a clear water line between two tiles
+/// Uses Bresenham-like algorithm for deterministic line checking
+fn has_clear_water_line(terrain: &TerrainData, from: U16Vec2, to: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+    let x0 = from.x as i32;
+    let y0 = from.y as i32;
+    let x1 = to.x as i32;
+    let y1 = to.y as i32;
+
+    let dx = (x1 - x0).abs();
+    let dy = (y1 - y0).abs();
+    let sx = if x0 < x1 { 1 } else { -1 };
+    let sy = if y0 < y1 { 1 } else { -1 };
+    let mut err = dx - dy;
+
+    let mut x = x0;
+    let mut y = y0;
+
+    loop {
+        if !terrain.is_navigable(U16Vec2::new(x as u16, y as u16)) {
+            return false; // Hit land
+        }
+
+        if x == x1 && y == y1 {
+            return true; // Reached target
+        }
+
+        let e2 = 2 * err;
+        if e2 > -dy {
+            err -= dy;
+            x += sx;
+        }
+        if e2 < dx {
+            err += dx;
+            y += sy;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find the nearest coastal tile owned by a player to a target tile
+/// Returns None if no valid coastal tile found
+pub fn find_nearest_player_coastal_tile(coastal_tiles: &HashSet<U16Vec2>, player_border_tiles: &HashSet<U16Vec2>, target_tile: U16Vec2) -> Option<U16Vec2> {
+    let best_tile = player_border_tiles.iter().filter(|&tile| coastal_tiles.contains(tile)).min_by_key(|&tile| tile.manhattan_distance(target_tile));
+
+    debug!("Finding coastal tile: coastal_tiles.len={}, player_border_tiles.len={}, target_tile={:?}, best_tile={:?}", coastal_tiles.len(), player_border_tiles.len(), target_tile, best_tile);
+
+    best_tile.copied()
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/systems.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/systems.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8f7cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/ships/systems.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use bevy_ecs::hierarchy::ChildOf;
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use crate::game::terrain::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::{
+    ActiveAttacks, CoastalTiles, DeterministicRng, NationEntityMap, TerritoryManager, TerritorySize, Troops,
+    entities::remove_troops,
+    ships::{MAX_SHIPS_PER_NATION, Ship, ShipCount, ShipIdCounter, TICKS_PER_TILE, TROOP_PERCENT},
+    world::NationId,
+};
+use crate::game::{ActiveTurn, BorderCache, CurrentTurn};
+
+/// Event for requesting a ship launch
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Message)]
+pub struct LaunchShipMessage {
+    pub nation_id: NationId,
+    pub target_tile: U16Vec2,
+    pub troops: u32,
+}
+
+/// Event for ship arrivals at their destination
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Message)]
+pub struct ShipArrivalMessage {
+    pub owner_id: NationId,
+    pub target_tile: U16Vec2,
+    pub troops: u32,
+}
+
+/// System to handle ship launch requests
+/// Validates launch conditions and spawns ship entities as children of nations
+/// Uses If<Res<ActiveTurn>> to skip when no active turn
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn launch_ship_system(active_turn: If<Res<ActiveTurn>>, mut launch_events: MessageReader<LaunchShipMessage>, mut commands: Commands, mut ship_id_counter: ResMut<ShipIdCounter>, mut players: Query<(&NationId, &mut Troops, &mut ShipCount)>, terrain: Res<TerrainData>, coastal_tiles: Res<CoastalTiles>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, border_cache: Res<BorderCache>, entity_map: Res<NationEntityMap>) {
+    let turn_number = active_turn.turn_number;
+    let size = territory_manager.size();
+    let territory_slice = territory_manager.as_slice();
+
+    for event in launch_events.read() {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!(
+            "launch_ship",
+            nation_id = ?event.nation_id,
+            ?event.target_tile
+        )
+        .entered();
+
+        // Get nation entity
+        let Some(&player_entity) = entity_map.0.get(&event.nation_id) else {
+            debug!(?event.nation_id, "Nation not found");
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        // Get nation components
+        let Ok((_, mut troops, mut ship_count)) = players.get_mut(player_entity) else {
+            debug!(?event.nation_id, "Dead nation cannot launch ships");
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        // Check ship limit
+        if ship_count.0 >= MAX_SHIPS_PER_NATION {
+            debug!(
+                ?event.nation_id,
+                "Nation cannot launch ship: already has {}/{} ships",
+                ship_count.0,
+                MAX_SHIPS_PER_NATION
+            );
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Check troops
+        if troops.0 <= 0.0 {
+            debug!(?event.nation_id, "Nation has no troops to launch ship");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Clamp troops to available, use default 20% if 0 requested
+        let troops_to_send = if event.troops > 0 {
+            let available = troops.0 as u32;
+            let clamped = event.troops.min(available);
+
+            if event.troops > available {
+                debug!(
+                    ?event.nation_id,
+                    requested = event.troops,
+                    available = available,
+                    "Ship launch requested more troops than available, clamping"
+                );
+            }
+
+            clamped
+        } else {
+            // Default to 20% of troops if 0 requested
+            (troops.0 * TROOP_PERCENT).floor() as u32
+        };
+
+        if troops_to_send == 0 {
+            debug!(?event.nation_id, "Not enough troops to launch ship");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Find target's nearest coastal tile
+        let target_coastal_tile = crate::game::connectivity::find_coastal_tile_in_region(territory_slice, &terrain, event.target_tile, size);
+
+        let target_coastal_tile = match target_coastal_tile {
+            Some(tile) => tile,
+            None => {
+                debug!(
+                    ?event.nation_id,
+                    ?event.target_tile,
+                    "No coastal tile found in target region"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Find nation's nearest coastal tile
+        let nation_border_tiles = border_cache.get(event.nation_id);
+        let launch_tile = nation_border_tiles.and_then(|tiles| crate::game::ships::pathfinding::find_nearest_player_coastal_tile(coastal_tiles.tiles(), tiles, target_coastal_tile));
+
+        let launch_tile = match launch_tile {
+            Some(tile) => tile,
+            None => {
+                debug!(
+                    ?event.nation_id,
+                    ?event.target_tile,
+                    "Nation has no coastal tiles to launch from"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Calculate water path from launch tile to target coastal tile
+        let path = {
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("ship_pathfinding", ?launch_tile, ?target_coastal_tile).entered();
+
+            crate::game::ships::pathfinding::find_water_path(&terrain, launch_tile, target_coastal_tile, crate::game::ships::MAX_PATH_LENGTH)
+        };
+
+        let path = match path {
+            Some(p) => p,
+            None => {
+                debug!(
+                    ?event.nation_id,
+                    ?event.target_tile,
+                    ?launch_tile,
+                    "No water path found"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Generate ship ID
+        let ship_id = ship_id_counter.generate_id();
+
+        // Deduct troops from nation
+        troops.0 = remove_troops(troops.0, troops_to_send as f32);
+
+        // Create ship as child of nation entity
+        let ship = Ship::new(ship_id, troops_to_send, path, TICKS_PER_TILE, turn_number);
+
+        let ship_entity = commands.spawn(ship).id();
+        commands.entity(player_entity).add_child(ship_entity);
+
+        // Increment ship count
+        ship_count.0 += 1;
+
+        debug!(
+            ?event.nation_id,
+            ?event.target_tile,
+            troops_to_send,
+            ?launch_tile,
+            ship_id,
+            "Ship launched successfully"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to update all ships and emit arrival events
+pub fn update_ships_system(mut ships: Query<(Entity, &mut Ship, &ChildOf)>, mut arrival_events: MessageWriter<ShipArrivalMessage>, mut commands: Commands, mut players: Query<(&NationId, &mut ShipCount)>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("update_ships", ship_count = ships.iter().len()).entered();
+
+    for (ship_entity, mut ship, parent) in ships.iter_mut() {
+        if ship.update() {
+            // Ship has arrived at destination
+            arrival_events.write(ShipArrivalMessage {
+                owner_id: {
+                    if let Ok((nation_id, _)) = players.get(parent.0) {
+                        *nation_id
+                    } else {
+                        debug!(ship_id = ship.id, "Ship parent entity missing NationId");
+                        commands.entity(ship_entity).despawn();
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                },
+                target_tile: ship.target_tile,
+                troops: ship.troops,
+            });
+
+            if let Ok((nation_id, mut ship_count)) = players.get_mut(parent.0) {
+                ship_count.0 = ship_count.0.saturating_sub(1);
+                debug!(ship_id = ship.id, nation_id = nation_id.get(), troops = ship.troops, "Ship arrived at destination");
+            }
+
+            // Despawn ship
+            commands.entity(ship_entity).despawn();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to handle ship arrivals and create beachheads
+/// Uses If<Res<ActiveTurn>> to skip when no active turn
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn handle_ship_arrivals_system(_active_turn: If<Res<ActiveTurn>>, mut arrival_events: MessageReader<ShipArrivalMessage>, current_turn: Res<CurrentTurn>, terrain: Res<TerrainData>, mut territory_manager: ResMut<TerritoryManager>, mut active_attacks: ResMut<ActiveAttacks>, rng: Res<DeterministicRng>, entity_map: Res<NationEntityMap>, border_cache: Res<BorderCache>, mut players: Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, mut commands: Commands) {
+    let arrivals: Vec<_> = arrival_events.read().cloned().collect();
+
+    if arrivals.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("ship_arrivals", arrival_count = arrivals.len()).entered();
+
+    for arrival in arrivals {
+        tracing::debug!(
+            ?arrival.owner_id,
+            ?arrival.target_tile,
+            arrival.troops,
+            "Ship arrived at destination, establishing beachhead"
+        );
+
+        // Step 1: Force-claim the landing tile as beachhead
+        let arrival_nation_id = arrival.owner_id;
+        let previous_owner = territory_manager.conquer(arrival.target_tile, arrival_nation_id);
+
+        // Step 2: Update nation stats
+        if let Some(nation_id) = previous_owner
+            && let Some(&prev_entity) = entity_map.0.get(&nation_id)
+            && let Ok((mut troops, mut territory_size)) = players.get_mut(prev_entity)
+        {
+            territory_size.0 = territory_size.0.saturating_sub(1);
+            if territory_size.0 == 0 {
+                troops.0 = 0.0;
+                commands.entity(prev_entity).insert(crate::game::Dead);
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(&entity) = entity_map.0.get(&arrival_nation_id)
+            && let Ok((_, mut territory_size)) = players.get_mut(entity)
+        {
+            territory_size.0 += 1;
+        }
+
+        let turn_number = current_turn.turn.turn_number;
+        let size = territory_manager.size();
+        let target_tile = arrival.target_tile;
+        let troops = arrival.troops;
+
+        // Step 3: Notify active attacks of territory change
+        active_attacks.handle_territory_add(target_tile, arrival_nation_id, &territory_manager, &terrain, &rng);
+
+        // Step 4: Create attack from beachhead to expand
+        // Find valid attack targets (not water, not our own tiles)
+        let valid_targets: Vec<U16Vec2> = crate::game::utils::neighbors(target_tile, size).filter(|&neighbor| terrain.is_conquerable(neighbor) && territory_manager.get_nation_id(neighbor) != Some(arrival_nation_id)).collect();
+
+        // Pick a deterministic random target from valid targets
+        if !valid_targets.is_empty() {
+            // Deterministic random selection using turn number and beachhead position
+            let seed = turn_number.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(target_tile.x as u64).wrapping_add(target_tile.y as u64);
+
+            let index = (seed % valid_targets.len() as u64) as usize;
+            let attack_target_tile = valid_targets[index];
+
+            // Determine the target nation (None if unclaimed)
+            let attack_target = territory_manager.get_nation_id(attack_target_tile);
+
+            // Build nation borders map for compatibility
+            let nation_borders = border_cache.as_map();
+            let beachhead_borders = Some(&HashSet::from([target_tile]));
+
+            crate::game::handle_attack_internal(arrival_nation_id, attack_target, crate::game::TroopCount::Absolute(troops), false, beachhead_borders, turn_number, &territory_manager, &terrain, &mut active_attacks, &rng, &nation_borders, &entity_map, &mut players);
+        } else {
+            tracing::debug!(?arrival_nation_id, ?target_tile, "Ship landed but no valid attack targets found (all adjacent tiles are water or owned)");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/borders.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/borders.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1930611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/borders.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/// Border tile management
+///
+/// This module manages border tiles for all nations. A border tile is a tile
+/// adjacent to a tile with a different owner. Borders are used for:
+/// - Attack targeting (attacks expand from border tiles)
+/// - UI rendering (show nation borders on the map)
+/// - Ship launching (find coastal borders for naval operations)
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+use crate::game::{
+    CurrentTurn,
+    entities::BorderTiles,
+    utils::neighbors,
+    world::{NationId, TerritoryManager},
+};
+
+/// Cached border data for efficient non-ECS lookups
+///
+/// This resource caches border tiles per nation to avoid reconstructing
+/// HashMaps every turn. It is updated by `update_player_borders_system`
+/// only when borders actually change.
+#[derive(Resource, Default)]
+pub struct BorderCache {
+    borders: HashMap<NationId, HashSet<U16Vec2>>,
+}
+
+impl BorderCache {
+    /// Get border tiles for a specific nation
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Option<&HashSet<U16Vec2>> {
+        self.borders.get(&nation_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Update the border cache with current border data
+    fn update(&mut self, nation_id: NationId, borders: &HashSet<U16Vec2>) {
+        self.borders.insert(nation_id, borders.clone());
+    }
+
+    /// Get all nation borders as a HashMap (for compatibility)
+    pub fn as_map(&self) -> HashMap<NationId, &HashSet<U16Vec2>> {
+        self.borders.iter().map(|(id, borders)| (*id, borders)).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Result of a border transition
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BorderTransitionResult {
+    /// Tiles that became interior (not borders anymore)
+    pub territory: Vec<U16Vec2>,
+    /// Tiles that are now attacker borders
+    pub attacker: Vec<U16Vec2>,
+    /// Tiles that are now defender borders
+    pub defender: Vec<U16Vec2>,
+}
+
+/// Group affected tiles by their owner for efficient per-nation processing
+///
+/// Instead of checking every tile for every nation (O(nations * tiles)),
+/// we group tiles by owner once (O(tiles)) and then process each group.
+fn group_tiles_by_owner(affected_tiles: &HashSet<U16Vec2>, territory: &TerritoryManager) -> HashMap<NationId, HashSet<U16Vec2>> {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("group_tiles_by_owner", tile_count = affected_tiles.len()).entered();
+
+    let mut grouped: HashMap<NationId, HashSet<U16Vec2>> = HashMap::new();
+    for &tile in affected_tiles {
+        if let Some(nation_id) = territory.get_ownership(tile).nation_id() {
+            grouped.entry(nation_id).or_default().insert(tile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    grouped
+}
+
+/// System to clear territory changes
+pub fn clear_territory_changes_system(current_turn: Res<CurrentTurn>, mut territory_manager: ResMut<TerritoryManager>) {
+    if current_turn.active && territory_manager.has_changes() {
+        tracing::trace!(count = territory_manager.iter_changes().count(), "Clearing territory changes");
+        territory_manager.clear_changes();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Update all nation borders based on territory changes (batched system)
+///
+/// This system runs once per turn AFTER all territory changes (conquests, spawns, ships).
+/// It drains the TerritoryManager's change buffer and updates borders for all affected nations.
+/// It also updates the BorderCache for efficient non-ECS lookups.
+pub fn update_nation_borders_system(mut nations: Query<(&NationId, &mut BorderTiles)>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, mut border_cache: ResMut<BorderCache>) {
+    if !territory_manager.has_changes() {
+        return; // Early exit - no work needed
+    }
+
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("update_player_borders").entered();
+
+    let (changed_tiles, raw_change_count): (HashSet<U16Vec2>, usize) = {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("collect_changed_tiles").entered();
+        let changes_vec: Vec<U16Vec2> = territory_manager.iter_changes().collect();
+        let raw_count = changes_vec.len();
+        let unique_set: HashSet<U16Vec2> = changes_vec.into_iter().collect();
+        (unique_set, raw_count)
+    };
+
+    if raw_change_count != changed_tiles.len() {
+        tracing::warn!(raw_changes = raw_change_count, unique_changes = changed_tiles.len(), duplicates = raw_change_count - changed_tiles.len(), "Duplicate tile changes detected in ChangeBuffer - this causes performance degradation");
+    }
+
+    // Build affected tiles (changed + all neighbors)
+    let affected_tiles = {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("build_affected_tiles", changed_count = changed_tiles.len()).entered();
+
+        let mut affected_tiles = HashSet::with_capacity(changed_tiles.len() * 5);
+        let size = territory_manager.size();
+        for &tile in &changed_tiles {
+            affected_tiles.insert(tile);
+            affected_tiles.extend(crate::game::core::utils::neighbors(tile, size));
+        }
+        affected_tiles
+    };
+
+    // Group tiles by owner for efficient per-nation processing
+    let tiles_by_owner = group_tiles_by_owner(&affected_tiles, &territory_manager);
+
+    tracing::trace!(nation_count = nations.iter().len(), changed_tile_count = changed_tiles.len(), affected_tile_count = affected_tiles.len(), unique_owners = tiles_by_owner.len(), "Border update statistics");
+
+    // Update each nation's borders (pure ECS) and BorderCache
+    {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("update_all_nation_borders", nation_count = nations.iter().len()).entered();
+
+        for (nation_id, mut component_borders) in &mut nations {
+            // Only process tiles owned by this nation (or empty set if none)
+            let empty_set = HashSet::new();
+            let nation_tiles = tiles_by_owner.get(nation_id).unwrap_or(&empty_set);
+
+            update_borders_for_player(&mut component_borders, *nation_id, nation_tiles, &territory_manager);
+
+            // Update the cache with the new border data
+            border_cache.update(*nation_id, &component_borders);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Update borders for a single nation based on their owned tiles
+///
+/// Only processes tiles owned by this nation, significantly reducing
+/// redundant work when multiple nations exist.
+fn update_borders_for_player(borders: &mut HashSet<U16Vec2>, nation_id: NationId, nation_tiles: &HashSet<U16Vec2>, territory: &TerritoryManager) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!(
+        "update_borders_for_nation",
+        nation_id = %nation_id,
+        nation_tile_count = nation_tiles.len(),
+        current_border_count = borders.len()
+    )
+    .entered();
+
+    for &tile in nation_tiles {
+        // Check if it's a border (has at least one neighbor with different owner)
+        let is_border = neighbors(tile, territory.size()).any(|neighbor| !territory.is_owner(neighbor, nation_id));
+
+        if is_border {
+            borders.insert(tile);
+        } else {
+            borders.remove(&tile);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/income.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/income.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6f1174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/income.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::trace;
+
+use crate::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+use crate::game::entities;
+use crate::game::{ActiveTurn, CurrentTurn, Dead, TerritorySize, Troops};
+
+/// Process player income at 10 TPS (once per turn)
+/// Uses If<Res<ActiveTurn>> to skip when no active turn
+///
+/// Uses Has<Bot> to distinguish bot vs human players:
+/// - true = bot player (60% income, 33% max troops)
+/// - false = human player (100% income, 100% max troops)
+pub fn process_nation_income_system(_active_turn: If<Res<ActiveTurn>>, current_turn: Res<CurrentTurn>, mut players: Query<(&mut Troops, &TerritorySize, Has<Bot>), Without<Dead>>) {
+    // Skip income processing on Turn 0 - players haven't spawned yet
+    // Spawning happens during execute_turn_gameplay_system on Turn 0
+    if current_turn.turn.turn_number == 0 {
+        trace!("Skipping income on Turn 0 (pre-spawn)");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Process income for all alive players (Without<Dead> filter)
+    for (mut troops, territory_size, is_bot) in &mut players {
+        // Calculate and apply income
+        let income = entities::calculate_income(troops.0, territory_size.0, is_bot);
+        troops.0 = entities::add_troops_capped(troops.0, income, territory_size.0, is_bot);
+    }
+
+    trace!("Income processed for turn {}", current_turn.turn.turn_number);
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f44062e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Game systems that run each tick/turn
+//!
+//! This module contains systems that execute game logic.
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use bevy_ecs::system::SystemParam;
+
+use crate::game::entities::NationEntityMap;
+use crate::game::terrain::data::TerrainData;
+
+pub mod borders;
+pub mod income;
+pub mod spawn;
+pub mod spawn_territory;
+pub mod spawn_timeout;
+pub mod turn;
+pub mod turn_actions;
+pub mod turn_attacks;
+pub mod turn_spawns;
+
+// Re-export system functions and types
+pub use borders::*;
+pub use income::*;
+pub use spawn::*;
+pub use spawn_territory::*;
+pub use spawn_timeout::*;
+pub use turn::*;
+pub use turn_actions::process_and_apply_actions_system;
+pub use turn_attacks::tick_attacks_system;
+pub use turn_spawns::handle_spawns_system;
+
+/// SystemParam to group read-only game resources
+/// Used across multiple turn execution systems
+#[derive(SystemParam)]
+pub struct GameResources<'w> {
+    pub border_cache: Res<'w, BorderCache>,
+    pub nation_entity_map: Res<'w, NationEntityMap>,
+    pub terrain: Res<'w, TerrainData>,
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ef0ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::game::NationId;
+
+/// Represents a spawn point for a nation (player or bot)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SpawnPoint {
+    pub nation: NationId,
+    pub tile: glam::U16Vec2,
+}
+
+impl SpawnPoint {
+    pub fn new(nation: NationId, tile: glam::U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self { nation, tile }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Manages spawn positions during the pre-game spawn phase
+///
+/// This resource tracks bot and nation spawn positions before the game starts ticking.
+/// It allows for dynamic recalculation of bot positions when nations change their spawn
+/// location, implementing the two-pass spawn system described in the README.
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct SpawnManager {
+    /// Initial bot spawn positions from first pass
+    pub initial_bot_spawns: Vec<SpawnPoint>,
+
+    /// Current bot spawn positions after recalculation
+    /// These are updated whenever a player chooses/changes their spawn
+    pub current_bot_spawns: Vec<SpawnPoint>,
+
+    /// Nation spawn positions
+    /// Tracks human nation spawn selections
+    pub player_spawns: Vec<SpawnPoint>,
+
+    /// RNG seed for deterministic spawn calculations
+    pub rng_seed: u64,
+}
+
+impl SpawnManager {
+    /// Create a new SpawnManager with initial bot spawns
+    pub fn new(initial_bot_spawns: Vec<SpawnPoint>, rng_seed: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { current_bot_spawns: initial_bot_spawns.clone(), initial_bot_spawns, player_spawns: Vec::new(), rng_seed }
+    }
+
+    /// Update a nation's spawn position and recalculate bot spawns if necessary
+    ///
+    /// This triggers the second pass of the two-pass spawn system, relocating
+    /// any bots that are too close to the new nation position.
+    pub fn update_player_spawn(&mut self, nation_id: NationId, tile_index: glam::U16Vec2, territory_manager: &crate::game::TerritoryManager, terrain: &crate::game::terrain::TerrainData) {
+        let spawn_point = SpawnPoint::new(nation_id, tile_index);
+
+        // Update or add nation spawn
+        if let Some(entry) = self.player_spawns.iter_mut().find(|spawn| spawn.nation == nation_id) {
+            *entry = spawn_point;
+        } else {
+            self.player_spawns.push(spawn_point);
+        }
+
+        // Recalculate bot spawns with updated nation positions
+        self.current_bot_spawns = crate::game::ai::bot::recalculate_spawns_with_players(self.initial_bot_spawns.clone(), &self.player_spawns, territory_manager, terrain, self.rng_seed);
+    }
+
+    /// Get all current spawn positions (nations + bots)
+    pub fn get_all_spawns(&self) -> Vec<SpawnPoint> {
+        let mut all_spawns = self.player_spawns.clone();
+        all_spawns.extend(self.current_bot_spawns.iter().copied());
+        all_spawns
+    }
+
+    /// Get only bot spawn positions
+    pub fn get_bot_spawns(&self) -> &[SpawnPoint] {
+        &self.current_bot_spawns
+    }
+
+    /// Get only nation spawn positions
+    pub fn get_player_spawns(&self) -> &[SpawnPoint] {
+        &self.player_spawns
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn_territory.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn_territory.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd96b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn_territory.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//! Spawn territory claiming logic
+//!
+//! Provides utilities for claiming 5x5 territories around spawn points.
+
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use crate::game::terrain::data::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::world::{NationId, TileOwnership};
+
+/// Claims a 5x5 territory around a spawn point
+///
+/// Claims all unclaimed, conquerable tiles within 2 tiles of the spawn center
+/// and returns the set of tiles that were successfully claimed.
+#[inline]
+pub fn claim_spawn_territory(spawn_center: U16Vec2, nation: NationId, territories: &mut [TileOwnership], terrain: &TerrainData, map_size: U16Vec2) -> HashSet<U16Vec2> {
+    let width = map_size.x as usize;
+
+    (-2..=2)
+        .flat_map(|dy| (-2..=2).map(move |dx| (dx, dy)))
+        .filter_map(|(dx, dy)| {
+            let x = (spawn_center.x as i32 + dx).clamp(0, map_size.x as i32 - 1) as usize;
+            let y = (spawn_center.y as i32 + dy).clamp(0, map_size.y as i32 - 1) as usize;
+            let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(x as u16, y as u16);
+            let idx = y * width + x;
+
+            if territories[idx].is_unclaimed() && terrain.is_conquerable(tile_pos) {
+                territories[idx] = TileOwnership::Owned(nation);
+                Some(tile_pos)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Clears spawn territory for a specific nation within a 5x5 area
+///
+/// Reverts all tiles owned by the given nation within the 5x5 area back to unclaimed
+/// and returns the set of tiles that were cleared.
+#[inline]
+pub fn clear_spawn_territory(spawn_center: U16Vec2, nation: NationId, territories: &mut [TileOwnership], map_size: U16Vec2) -> HashSet<U16Vec2> {
+    let width = map_size.x as usize;
+
+    (-2..=2)
+        .flat_map(|dy| (-2..=2).map(move |dx| (dx, dy)))
+        .filter_map(|(dx, dy)| {
+            let x = (spawn_center.x as i32 + dx).clamp(0, map_size.x as i32 - 1) as usize;
+            let y = (spawn_center.y as i32 + dy).clamp(0, map_size.y as i32 - 1) as usize;
+            let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(x as u16, y as u16);
+            let idx = y * width + x;
+
+            if territories[idx].is_owned_by(nation) {
+                territories[idx] = TileOwnership::Unclaimed;
+                Some(tile_pos)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn_timeout.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn_timeout.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3be6c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/spawn_timeout.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::trace;
+
+use crate::{game::SpawnPhase, time, ui};
+
+/// Tracks spawn phase timeout state on the client side
+///
+/// This resource is used to:
+/// - Show countdown timer in UI
+/// - Know when spawn phase is active
+/// - Calculate remaining time for display
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct SpawnTimeout {
+    /// Whether spawn phase is currently active
+    pub active: bool,
+
+    /// Accumulated time since start (seconds)
+    pub elapsed_secs: f32,
+
+    /// Total timeout duration in seconds
+    pub duration_secs: f32,
+
+    /// Remaining time in seconds (updated each frame)
+    pub remaining_secs: f32,
+
+    /// Whether the initial spawn phase message has been sent
+    pub initial_message_sent: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for SpawnTimeout {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            active: false,
+            elapsed_secs: 0.0,
+            duration_secs: 5.0, // Local mode: 5 seconds
+            remaining_secs: 5.0,
+            initial_message_sent: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SpawnTimeout {
+    /// Create a new spawn timeout with specified duration
+    pub fn new(duration_secs: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { active: false, elapsed_secs: 0.0, duration_secs, remaining_secs: duration_secs, initial_message_sent: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Start the timeout countdown
+    pub fn start(&mut self) {
+        if self.elapsed_secs == 0.0 {
+            self.active = true;
+            self.elapsed_secs = 0.0;
+            self.remaining_secs = self.duration_secs;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Update remaining time (call each frame with delta time)
+    pub fn update(&mut self, delta_secs: f32) {
+        if !self.active {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.elapsed_secs += delta_secs;
+        self.remaining_secs = (self.duration_secs - self.elapsed_secs).max(0.0);
+
+        if self.remaining_secs <= 0.0 {
+            self.active = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Stop the timeout
+    pub fn stop(&mut self) {
+        self.active = false;
+        self.elapsed_secs = 0.0;
+    }
+
+    /// Check if timeout has expired
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_expired(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.active && self.remaining_secs <= 0.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to manage spawn timeout and emit countdown updates
+pub fn manage_spawn_phase_system(mut spawn_timeout: If<ResMut<SpawnTimeout>>, spawn_phase: Res<SpawnPhase>, time: Res<time::Time>, mut backend_messages: MessageWriter<ui::BackendMessage>) {
+    if !spawn_phase.active {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Emit initial message if not sent yet
+    if !spawn_timeout.initial_message_sent {
+        backend_messages.write(ui::BackendMessage::SpawnPhaseUpdate { countdown: None });
+        spawn_timeout.initial_message_sent = true;
+        trace!("Emitted initial SpawnPhaseUpdate (no countdown)");
+    }
+
+    // Emit countdown updates once the timer is active
+    if spawn_timeout.active {
+        spawn_timeout.update(time.delta_secs());
+
+        let started_at_ms = time.epoch_millis() - (spawn_timeout.elapsed_secs * 1000.0) as u64;
+
+        backend_messages.write(ui::BackendMessage::SpawnPhaseUpdate { countdown: Some(ui::SpawnCountdown { started_at_ms, duration_secs: spawn_timeout.duration_secs }) });
+
+        trace!("SpawnPhaseUpdate: remaining {:.1}s", spawn_timeout.remaining_secs);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f82e63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use bevy_ecs::system::SystemState;
+
+use crate::networking::{ProcessTurnEvent, Turn};
+
+/// Marker resource indicating a turn is actively being processed
+/// Added when a new turn arrives, removed after all turn-based systems complete
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct ActiveTurn {
+    pub turn_number: u64,
+}
+
+impl ActiveTurn {
+    pub fn new(turn: &Turn) -> Self {
+        Self { turn_number: turn.turn_number }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resource containing the current turn data
+/// Updated once per turn (10 TPS), provides turn context to all gameplay systems
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct CurrentTurn {
+    pub active: bool,
+    pub turn: Turn,
+}
+
+impl CurrentTurn {
+    pub fn new(turn: Turn) -> Self {
+        Self { active: true, turn }
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to receive turn events and update CurrentTurn resource
+/// Exclusive system to ensure ActiveTurn is inserted immediately (not deferred)
+pub fn update_current_turn_system(world: &mut World) {
+    // Create a SystemState to read messages in exclusive system
+    let mut system_state: SystemState<MessageReader<ProcessTurnEvent>> = SystemState::new(world);
+    let mut turn_events = system_state.get_mut(world);
+
+    // Read all turn events (should only be one per frame at 10 TPS)
+    let turns: Vec<Turn> = turn_events.read().map(|e| e.0.clone()).collect();
+
+    // Apply the state back to world
+    system_state.apply(world);
+
+    if turns.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Take the latest turn (in case multiple arrived, though this shouldn't happen)
+    let turn = turns.into_iter().last().unwrap();
+
+    // Insert ActiveTurn immediately to signal turn is being processed
+    world.insert_resource(ActiveTurn::new(&turn));
+
+    // Update CurrentTurn (must always exist)
+    let mut current_turn = world.get_resource_mut::<CurrentTurn>().expect("CurrentTurn must be initialized in GameBuilder::build()");
+    current_turn.active = true;
+    current_turn.turn = turn;
+}
+
+/// System to cleanup ActiveTurn and CurrentTurn resources after all turn-based systems complete
+pub fn turn_cleanup_system(mut current_turn: ResMut<CurrentTurn>, mut commands: Commands) {
+    if current_turn.active {
+        commands.remove_resource::<ActiveTurn>();
+        current_turn.active = false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_actions.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_actions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e010100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_actions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::trace;
+
+use crate::game::TerritoryManager;
+use crate::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+use crate::game::combat::ActiveAttacks;
+use crate::game::core::rng::DeterministicRng;
+use crate::game::core::turn_execution::{apply_action, process_bot_actions};
+use crate::game::entities::{Dead, TerritorySize, Troops};
+use crate::game::ships::LaunchShipMessage;
+use crate::game::systems::GameResources;
+use crate::game::systems::turn::{ActiveTurn, CurrentTurn};
+use crate::game::world::NationId;
+use crate::networking::Intent;
+
+/// Process bot AI and apply all actions (bot + player)
+/// Runs first in turn execution chain
+/// Uses If<Res<ActiveTurn>> to skip when no active turn
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub fn process_and_apply_actions_system(_active_turn: If<Res<ActiveTurn>>, current_turn: Res<CurrentTurn>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, mut active_attacks: ResMut<ActiveAttacks>, mut rng: ResMut<DeterministicRng>, resources: GameResources, mut player_queries: ParamSet<(Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, Query<(&NationId, &Troops, &mut Bot), Without<Dead>>)>, mut launch_ship_writer: MessageWriter<LaunchShipMessage>) {
+    let turn = &current_turn.turn;
+
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("process_and_apply_actions", turn_number = turn.turn_number, intent_count = turn.intents.len()).entered();
+
+    trace!("Processing actions for turn {} with {} intents", turn.turn_number, turn.intents.len());
+
+    // Use BorderCache for border data
+    let nation_borders = resources.border_cache.as_map();
+
+    // Update RNG for this turn
+    rng.update_turn(turn.turn_number);
+
+    // Process bot AI to generate actions
+    let bot_actions = process_bot_actions(turn.turn_number, &territory_manager, &resources.terrain, &nation_borders, rng.turn_number(), &mut player_queries.p1());
+
+    // PHASE 1: Apply bot actions
+    {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("apply_bot_actions", count = bot_actions.len()).entered();
+
+        for (nation_id, action) in bot_actions {
+            apply_action(nation_id, action, turn.turn_number, &territory_manager, &resources.terrain, &mut active_attacks, &rng, &nation_borders, &resources.nation_entity_map, &mut player_queries.p0(), &mut launch_ship_writer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // PHASE 2: Apply player intents
+    for sourced_intent in &turn.intents {
+        match &sourced_intent.intent {
+            Intent::Action(action) => {
+                apply_action(sourced_intent.source, action.clone(), turn.turn_number, &territory_manager, &resources.terrain, &mut active_attacks, &rng, &nation_borders, &resources.nation_entity_map, &mut player_queries.p0(), &mut launch_ship_writer);
+            }
+            Intent::SetSpawn { .. } => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_attacks.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_attacks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f92b224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_attacks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::game::TerritoryManager;
+use crate::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+use crate::game::combat::ActiveAttacks;
+use crate::game::core::rng::DeterministicRng;
+use crate::game::entities::{TerritorySize, Troops};
+use crate::game::systems::GameResources;
+
+/// Tick active attacks
+/// Runs after actions are applied, processes ongoing attacks
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn tick_attacks_system(mut active_attacks: ResMut<ActiveAttacks>, mut territory_manager: ResMut<TerritoryManager>, rng: Res<DeterministicRng>, resources: GameResources, mut nations: Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>, is_bot_query: Query<Has<Bot>>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("tick_attacks").entered();
+
+    // Use BorderCache for border data
+    let nation_borders = resources.border_cache.as_map();
+
+    // Tick all active attacks
+    active_attacks.tick(&resources.nation_entity_map, &mut nations, &mut territory_manager, &resources.terrain, &nation_borders, &rng, &is_bot_query);
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_spawns.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_spawns.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f54c66c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/systems/turn_spawns.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::info;
+
+use crate::game::TerritoryManager;
+use crate::game::combat::ActiveAttacks;
+use crate::game::core::rng::DeterministicRng;
+use crate::game::core::turn_execution::handle_spawn;
+use crate::game::entities::{TerritorySize, Troops};
+use crate::game::input::handlers::SpawnPhase;
+use crate::game::systems::GameResources;
+use crate::game::systems::spawn::SpawnManager;
+use crate::game::systems::turn::ActiveTurn;
+use crate::networking::server::LocalTurnServerHandle;
+
+use crate::ui::protocol::BackendMessage;
+
+/// Handle spawns and end spawn phase
+/// Only processes on Turn 0
+/// Uses If<Res<ActiveTurn>> to skip when no active turn
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn handle_spawns_system(active_turn: If<Res<ActiveTurn>>, spawn_manager: Option<Res<SpawnManager>>, mut spawn_phase: ResMut<SpawnPhase>, mut backend_messages: MessageWriter<BackendMessage>, server_handle: Option<Res<LocalTurnServerHandle>>, mut territory_manager: ResMut<TerritoryManager>, mut active_attacks: ResMut<ActiveAttacks>, rng: Res<DeterministicRng>, resources: GameResources, mut players: Query<(&mut Troops, &mut TerritorySize)>) {
+    // Only process on Turn 0
+    if active_turn.turn_number != 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("handle_spawns").entered();
+
+    // Apply ALL spawns (both human player and bots) to game state on Turn(0)
+    if let Some(ref spawn_mgr) = spawn_manager {
+        let all_spawns = spawn_mgr.get_all_spawns();
+        tracing::debug!("Applying {} spawns to game state on Turn(0)", all_spawns.len());
+        for spawn in all_spawns {
+            handle_spawn(spawn.nation, spawn.tile, &mut territory_manager, &resources.terrain, &mut active_attacks, &rng, &resources.nation_entity_map, &mut players);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // End spawn phase
+    if spawn_phase.active {
+        spawn_phase.active = false;
+
+        backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::SpawnPhaseEnded);
+
+        info!("Spawn phase ended after Turn(0) execution");
+
+        if let Some(ref handle) = server_handle {
+            handle.resume();
+            info!("Local turn server resumed - game started");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/connectivity.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/connectivity.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbe93e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/connectivity.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use crate::game::NationId;
+use crate::game::TileOwnership;
+use crate::game::terrain::data::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::utils::neighbors;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+/// Check if a target tile's region connects to any of the nation's tiles
+/// Uses flood-fill through tiles matching the target's ownership
+/// Returns true if connected (normal attack), false if disconnected (ship needed)
+pub fn is_connected_to_player(territory: &[TileOwnership], terrain: &TerrainData, target_tile: U16Vec2, nation_id: NationId, size: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+    let target_idx = (target_tile.y as usize) * (size.x as usize) + (target_tile.x as usize);
+    let target_ownership = territory[target_idx];
+
+    // Can't connect to water
+    if terrain.is_navigable(target_tile) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // If target is owned by nation, it's already connected
+    if target_ownership.is_owned_by(nation_id) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Flood-fill from target through tiles with same ownership
+    let mut queue = VecDeque::new();
+    let mut visited = vec![false; (size.x as usize) * (size.y as usize)];
+
+    queue.push_back(target_tile);
+    visited[target_idx] = true;
+
+    while let Some(current_pos) = queue.pop_front() {
+        for neighbor_pos in neighbors(current_pos, size) {
+            let neighbor_idx = (neighbor_pos.y as usize) * (size.x as usize) + (neighbor_pos.x as usize);
+
+            if visited[neighbor_idx] {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Don't cross water - only flood-fill through land on the same landmass
+            if terrain.is_navigable(neighbor_pos) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let neighbor_ownership = territory[neighbor_idx];
+
+            // Check if we found a nation tile - SUCCESS!
+            if neighbor_ownership.is_owned_by(nation_id) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Only continue through tiles matching target's ownership
+            if neighbor_ownership == target_ownership {
+                visited[neighbor_idx] = true;
+                queue.push_back(neighbor_pos);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Exhausted search without finding nation tile
+    false
+}
+
+/// Find the nearest coastal tile in a region by flood-filling from target
+/// Only expands through tiles matching the target's ownership
+/// Returns coastal tile position if found
+pub fn find_coastal_tile_in_region(territory: &[TileOwnership], terrain: &TerrainData, target_tile: U16Vec2, size: U16Vec2) -> Option<U16Vec2> {
+    let target_idx = (target_tile.y as usize) * (size.x as usize) + (target_tile.x as usize);
+    let target_ownership = territory[target_idx];
+
+    // Can't find coastal tile in water
+    if terrain.is_navigable(target_tile) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Check if target itself is coastal
+    if is_coastal_tile(terrain, target_tile, size) {
+        return Some(target_tile);
+    }
+
+    // BFS from target through same-ownership tiles
+    let mut queue = VecDeque::new();
+    let mut visited = vec![false; (size.x as usize) * (size.y as usize)];
+
+    queue.push_back(target_tile);
+    visited[target_idx] = true;
+
+    while let Some(current_pos) = queue.pop_front() {
+        for neighbor_pos in neighbors(current_pos, size) {
+            let neighbor_idx = (neighbor_pos.y as usize) * (size.x as usize) + (neighbor_pos.x as usize);
+
+            if visited[neighbor_idx] {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let neighbor_ownership = territory[neighbor_idx];
+
+            // Only expand through matching ownership
+            if neighbor_ownership == target_ownership {
+                visited[neighbor_idx] = true;
+
+                // Check if this tile is coastal
+                if is_coastal_tile(terrain, neighbor_pos, size) {
+                    return Some(neighbor_pos);
+                }
+
+                queue.push_back(neighbor_pos);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+/// Check if a tile is coastal (land tile adjacent to water)
+pub fn is_coastal_tile(terrain: &TerrainData, tile: U16Vec2, size: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+    // Must be land tile
+    if terrain.is_navigable(tile) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Check if any neighbor is water (4-directional)
+    neighbors(tile, size).any(|neighbor| terrain.is_navigable(neighbor))
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/data.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/data.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5567eb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/data.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::Resource;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use image::GenericImageView;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tracing::info;
+
+use crate::game::world::tilemap::TileMap;
+
+/// Calculate terrain color using pastel theme formulas
+fn calculate_theme_color(color_base: &str, color_variant: u8) -> [u8; 3] {
+    let i = color_variant as i32;
+
+    match color_base {
+        "grass" => {
+            // rgb(238 - 2 * i, 238 - 2 * i, 190 - i)
+            [(238 - 2 * i).clamp(0, 255) as u8, (238 - 2 * i).clamp(0, 255) as u8, (190 - i).clamp(0, 255) as u8]
+        }
+        "mountain" => {
+            // rgb(250 - 2 * i, 250 - 2 * i, 220 - i)
+            [(250 - 2 * i).clamp(0, 255) as u8, (250 - 2 * i).clamp(0, 255) as u8, (220 - i).clamp(0, 255) as u8]
+        }
+        "water" => {
+            // rgb(172 - 2 * i, 225 - 2 * i, 249 - 3 * i)
+            [(172 - 2 * i).clamp(0, 255) as u8, (225 - 2 * i).clamp(0, 255) as u8, (249 - 3 * i).clamp(0, 255) as u8]
+        }
+        _ => {
+            // Default fallback color (gray)
+            [128, 128, 128]
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper structs for loading World.json format
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct WorldMapJson {
+    tiles: Vec<WorldTileDef>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct WorldTileDef {
+    color: String,
+    name: String,
+    #[serde(default, rename = "colorBase")]
+    color_base: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default, rename = "colorVariant")]
+    color_variant: Option<u32>,
+    conquerable: bool,
+    navigable: bool,
+    #[serde(default, rename = "expansionCost")]
+    expansion_cost: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(default, rename = "expansionTime")]
+    expansion_time: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// Parse hex color string (#RRGGBB) to RGB bytes
+fn parse_hex_rgb(s: &str) -> Option<[u8; 3]> {
+    let s = s.trim_start_matches('#');
+    if s.len() != 6 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let r = u8::from_str_radix(&s[0..2], 16).ok()?;
+    let g = u8::from_str_radix(&s[2..4], 16).ok()?;
+    let b = u8::from_str_radix(&s[4..6], 16).ok()?;
+    Some([r, g, b])
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TileType {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub color_base: String,
+    pub color_variant: u8,
+    pub conquerable: bool,
+    pub navigable: bool,
+    pub expansion_time: u8,
+    pub expansion_cost: u8,
+}
+
+/// Map manifest structure
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct MapManifest {
+    pub map: MapMetadata,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub nations: Vec<NationSpawn>,
+}
+
+/// Map size metadata
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct MapMetadata {
+    pub size: glam::U16Vec2,
+    pub num_land_tiles: usize,
+}
+
+impl MapMetadata {
+    /// Get the width of the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn width(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.size.x
+    }
+
+    /// Get the height of the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn height(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.size.y
+    }
+}
+
+/// Nation spawn point
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct NationSpawn {
+    pub coordinates: [usize; 2],
+    pub flag: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub strength: u32,
+}
+
+/// Loaded map data
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Resource)]
+pub struct TerrainData {
+    pub _manifest: MapManifest,
+    /// Legacy terrain data (for backward compatibility)
+    pub terrain_data: TileMap<u8>,
+    /// Tile type indices (new format)
+    pub tiles: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Tile type definitions
+    pub tile_types: Vec<TileType>,
+}
+
+impl TerrainData {
+    /// Load the World map from embedded assets
+    pub fn load_world_map() -> Result<Self, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+        let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("load_world_map").entered();
+
+        const MAP_JSON: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../../assets/maps/World.json");
+        const MAP_PNG: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../../assets/maps/World.png");
+
+        // Parse JSON tile definitions
+        let map_json: WorldMapJson = {
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("parse_json").entered();
+            serde_json::from_slice(MAP_JSON)?
+        };
+
+        // Load PNG image
+        let (png, width, height) = {
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("load_png").entered();
+            let png = image::load_from_memory(MAP_PNG)?;
+            let (width, height) = png.dimensions();
+            (png, width, height)
+        };
+
+        info!("Loading World map: {}x{}", width, height);
+
+        // Build color-to-index lookup table
+        let color_to_index: Vec<([u8; 3], usize)> = map_json.tiles.iter().enumerate().filter_map(|(idx, t)| parse_hex_rgb(&t.color).map(|rgb| (rgb, idx))).collect();
+
+        let pixel_count = (width as usize) * (height as usize);
+        let mut tiles = vec![0u8; pixel_count];
+        let mut terrain_data_raw = vec![0u8; pixel_count];
+
+        // Match each pixel to nearest tile type by color
+        {
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("pixel_processing", pixel_count = pixel_count).entered();
+
+            for y in 0..height {
+                for x in 0..width {
+                    let pixel = png.get_pixel(x, y).0;
+                    let rgb = [pixel[0], pixel[1], pixel[2]];
+
+                    // Find nearest tile by RGB distance
+                    let (tile_idx, _) = color_to_index
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(c, idx)| {
+                            let dr = rgb[0] as i32 - c[0] as i32;
+                            let dg = rgb[1] as i32 - c[1] as i32;
+                            let db = rgb[2] as i32 - c[2] as i32;
+                            let dist = (dr * dr + dg * dg + db * db) as u32;
+                            (idx, dist)
+                        })
+                        .min_by_key(|(_, d)| *d)
+                        .unwrap();
+
+                    let i = (y * width + x) as usize;
+                    tiles[i] = *tile_idx as u8;
+
+                    // Set bit 7 if conquerable (land)
+                    if map_json.tiles[*tile_idx].conquerable {
+                        terrain_data_raw[i] |= 0x80;
+                    }
+                    // Lower 5 bits for terrain magnitude (unused for World map)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Convert to TileType format
+        let tile_types = {
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("tile_type_conversion").entered();
+            map_json.tiles.into_iter().map(|t| TileType { name: t.name, color_base: t.color_base.unwrap_or_default(), color_variant: t.color_variant.unwrap_or(0) as u8, conquerable: t.conquerable, navigable: t.navigable, expansion_cost: t.expansion_cost.unwrap_or(50) as u8, expansion_time: t.expansion_time.unwrap_or(50) as u8 }).collect()
+        };
+
+        let num_land_tiles = terrain_data_raw.iter().filter(|&&b| b & 0x80 != 0).count();
+
+        info!("World map loaded: {} land tiles", num_land_tiles);
+
+        Ok(Self { _manifest: MapManifest { name: "World".to_string(), map: MapMetadata { size: glam::U16Vec2::new(width as u16, height as u16), num_land_tiles }, nations: vec![] }, terrain_data: TileMap::from_vec(glam::U16Vec2::new(width as u16, height as u16), terrain_data_raw), tiles, tile_types })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the size of the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn size(&self) -> U16Vec2 {
+        self.terrain_data.size()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_value(&self, pos: U16Vec2) -> u8 {
+        self.terrain_data[pos]
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a tile is land (bit 7 set)
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_land(&self, pos: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+        self.get_value(pos) & 0x80 != 0
+    }
+
+    /// Get tile type at position
+    pub fn get_tile_type(&self, pos: U16Vec2) -> &TileType {
+        let idx = self.terrain_data.pos_to_index(pos) as usize;
+        &self.tile_types[self.tiles[idx] as usize]
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a tile is conquerable
+    pub fn is_conquerable(&self, pos: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+        self.get_tile_type(pos).conquerable
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a tile is navigable (water)
+    pub fn is_navigable(&self, pos: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+        self.get_tile_type(pos).navigable
+    }
+
+    /// Get tile type IDs for rendering (each position maps to a tile type)
+    pub fn get_tile_ids(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.tiles
+    }
+
+    /// Get terrain palette colors from tile types (for rendering)
+    /// Returns a vec where index = tile type ID, value = RGB color
+    /// Colors are calculated using theme formulas based on colorBase and colorVariant
+    pub fn get_terrain_palette_colors(&self) -> Vec<[u8; 3]> {
+        self.tile_types.iter().map(|tile_type| calculate_theme_color(&tile_type.color_base, tile_type.color_variant)).collect()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1301f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/terrain/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//! Terrain and map connectivity
+//!
+//! This module handles terrain data and pathfinding/connectivity analysis.
+
+pub mod connectivity;
+pub mod data;
+
+pub use connectivity::*;
+pub use data::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/changes.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/changes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87d9b3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/changes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+/// Lightweight change tracking buffer for tile mutations.
+///
+/// Stores only the indices of changed tiles, using a HashSet to automatically
+/// deduplicate when the same tile changes multiple times per turn. This enables
+/// efficient delta updates for GPU rendering and network synchronization.
+///
+/// # Design
+/// - Records tile index changes as they occur
+/// - Automatically deduplicates tile indices
+/// - O(1) average insert, O(changes) iteration
+/// - Optional: can be cleared/ignored when tracking not needed
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ChangeBuffer {
+    changed_indices: HashSet<U16Vec2>,
+}
+
+impl ChangeBuffer {
+    /// Creates a new empty ChangeBuffer.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { changed_indices: HashSet::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new ChangeBuffer with pre-allocated capacity.
+    ///
+    /// Use this when you know the approximate number of changes to avoid reallocations.
+    pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { changed_indices: HashSet::with_capacity(capacity) }
+    }
+
+    /// Records a tile index as changed.
+    ///
+    /// Automatically deduplicates - pushing the same index multiple times
+    /// only records it once. This is O(1) average case.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn push(&mut self, position: U16Vec2) {
+        self.changed_indices.insert(position);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over changed indices without consuming them.
+    ///
+    /// Use this when you need to read changes without clearing the buffer.
+    /// The buffer will still contain all changes after iteration.
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> + '_ {
+        self.changed_indices.iter().copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Drains all changed indices, returning an iterator and clearing the buffer.
+    ///
+    /// The buffer retains its capacity for reuse.
+    pub fn drain(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> + '_ {
+        self.changed_indices.drain()
+    }
+
+    /// Clears all tracked changes without returning them.
+    ///
+    /// The buffer retains its capacity for reuse.
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.changed_indices.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if any changes have been recorded.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_changes(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.changed_indices.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of changes recorded.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This may include duplicate indices if the same tile was changed multiple times.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.changed_indices.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if no changes have been recorded.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.changed_indices.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current capacity of the internal buffer.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
+        self.changed_indices.capacity()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ChangeBuffer {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use assert2::assert;
+    use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+    use crate::game::world::changes::ChangeBuffer;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_len_empty() {
+        let buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        assert!(buffer.len() == 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_len_single_item() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        assert!(buffer.len() == 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_len_multiple_items() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(30, 40));
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(50, 60));
+        assert!(buffer.len() == 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_len_with_duplicates() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        let pos = U16Vec2::new(10, 20);
+
+        buffer.push(pos);
+        buffer.push(pos);
+        buffer.push(pos);
+
+        // HashSet deduplicates, so len should be 1
+        assert!(buffer.len() == 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_len_after_drain() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(30, 40));
+
+        // Drain all items
+        let _drained: Vec<_> = buffer.drain().collect();
+
+        assert!(buffer.len() == 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_empty_new_buffer() {
+        let buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        assert!(buffer.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_empty_after_push() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        assert!(!buffer.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_empty_after_clear() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(30, 40));
+
+        buffer.clear();
+
+        assert!(buffer.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_empty_after_drain() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+
+        let _drained: Vec<_> = buffer.drain().collect();
+
+        assert!(buffer.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_with_capacity_allocates_space() {
+        let buffer = ChangeBuffer::with_capacity(100);
+
+        // Capacity should be at least what we requested
+        assert!(buffer.capacity() >= 100, "Expected capacity >= 100, but got {}", buffer.capacity());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_with_capacity_differs_from_new() {
+        let buffer_new = ChangeBuffer::new();
+        let buffer_with_cap = ChangeBuffer::with_capacity(100);
+
+        // with_capacity should allocate more space than new
+        assert!(buffer_with_cap.capacity() > buffer_new.capacity(), "with_capacity(100) should have larger capacity than new(), but got {} vs {}", buffer_with_cap.capacity(), buffer_new.capacity());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_with_capacity_differs_from_default() {
+        let buffer_default = ChangeBuffer::default();
+        let buffer_with_cap = ChangeBuffer::with_capacity(100);
+
+        // with_capacity should allocate more space than default
+        assert!(buffer_with_cap.capacity() > buffer_default.capacity(), "with_capacity(100) should have larger capacity than default(), but got {} vs {}", buffer_with_cap.capacity(), buffer_default.capacity());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_capacity_persists_after_clear() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::with_capacity(100);
+        let initial_capacity = buffer.capacity();
+
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        buffer.clear();
+
+        // Capacity should remain after clear
+        assert!(buffer.capacity() == initial_capacity, "Capacity should persist after clear, but changed from {} to {}", initial_capacity, buffer.capacity());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_capacity_persists_after_drain() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::with_capacity(100);
+        let initial_capacity = buffer.capacity();
+
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        let _drained: Vec<_> = buffer.drain().collect();
+
+        // Capacity should remain after drain
+        assert!(buffer.capacity() == initial_capacity, "Capacity should persist after drain, but changed from {} to {}", initial_capacity, buffer.capacity());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_len_is_empty_consistency() {
+        let mut buffer = ChangeBuffer::new();
+
+        // Empty: len == 0 and is_empty() == true
+        assert!(buffer.len() == 0);
+        assert!(buffer.is_empty());
+
+        // Non-empty: len > 0 and is_empty() == false
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+        assert!(buffer.len() > 0);
+        assert!(!buffer.is_empty());
+
+        // Add more items
+        buffer.push(U16Vec2::new(30, 40));
+        assert!(buffer.len() == 2);
+        assert!(!buffer.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/coastal.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/coastal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49adfd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/coastal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+use crate::game::core::utils::neighbors;
+use crate::game::terrain::TerrainData;
+
+/// Resource containing precomputed coastal tile positions
+///
+/// A coastal tile is defined as a land tile (not water) that is adjacent
+/// to at least one water tile in 4-directional connectivity.
+///
+/// This is computed once during game initialization and never changes,
+/// providing O(1) lookups for systems that need to check if a tile is coastal.
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct CoastalTiles {
+    tiles: HashSet<U16Vec2>,
+}
+
+impl CoastalTiles {
+    /// Compute all coastal tile positions from terrain data
+    ///
+    /// This scans the entire map once to find all land tiles adjacent to water.
+    /// The result is cached in a HashSet for fast lookups.
+    pub fn compute(terrain: &TerrainData, size: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        let mut coastal_tiles = HashSet::new();
+        let width = size.x as usize;
+        let height = size.y as usize;
+
+        for y in 0..height {
+            for x in 0..width {
+                let tile_pos = U16Vec2::new(x as u16, y as u16);
+
+                // Skip water tiles
+                if terrain.is_navigable(tile_pos) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Check if any neighbor is water using the neighbors utility
+                if neighbors(tile_pos, size).any(|neighbor| terrain.is_navigable(neighbor)) {
+                    coastal_tiles.insert(tile_pos);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Self { tiles: coastal_tiles }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a tile is coastal
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn contains(&self, tile: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+        self.tiles.contains(&tile)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a reference to the set of all coastal tiles
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn tiles(&self) -> &HashSet<U16Vec2> {
+        &self.tiles
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of coastal tiles
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.tiles.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if there are no coastal tiles
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tiles.is_empty()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/manager.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/manager.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad20247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/manager.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+
+use super::changes::ChangeBuffer;
+use super::tilemap::TileMap;
+use super::{NationId, TileOwnership};
+use crate::game::utils::neighbors;
+
+/// Manages territory ownership for all tiles
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct TerritoryManager {
+    tile_owners: TileMap<TileOwnership>,
+    changes: ChangeBuffer,
+    /// Cached u16 representation for efficient serialization to frontend
+    u16_cache: Vec<u16>,
+    cache_dirty: bool,
+}
+
+impl TerritoryManager {
+    /// Creates a new territory manager
+    pub fn new(map_size: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        let size = (map_size.x as usize) * (map_size.y as usize);
+        Self { tile_owners: TileMap::with_default(map_size, TileOwnership::Unclaimed), changes: ChangeBuffer::with_capacity(size / 100), u16_cache: vec![0; size], cache_dirty: true }
+    }
+
+    /// Resets the territory manager
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, map_size: U16Vec2, _conquerable_tiles: &[bool]) {
+        self.tile_owners = TileMap::with_default(map_size, TileOwnership::Unclaimed);
+        self.changes.clear();
+
+        let size = (map_size.x as usize) * (map_size.y as usize);
+        self.u16_cache.resize(size, 0);
+        self.cache_dirty = true;
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if a tile is a border tile of the territory of its owner
+    /// A tile is a border tile if it is adjacent to a tile that is not owned by the same player
+    pub fn is_border(&self, tile: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+        let owner = self.tile_owners[tile];
+
+        // Border if on map edge
+        if tile.x == 0 || tile.x == self.tile_owners.width() - 1 || tile.y == 0 || tile.y == self.tile_owners.height() - 1 {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Border if any neighbor has different owner
+        for neighbor_pos in self.tile_owners.neighbors(tile) {
+            if self.tile_owners[neighbor_pos] != owner {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if a tile has an owner
+    pub fn has_owner(&self, tile: U16Vec2) -> bool {
+        self.tile_owners[tile].is_owned()
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if a tile is owned by a specific nation
+    pub fn is_owner(&self, tile: U16Vec2, owner: NationId) -> bool {
+        self.tile_owners[tile].is_owned_by(owner)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the nation ID of the tile owner, if any
+    pub fn get_nation_id(&self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Option<NationId> {
+        self.tile_owners[tile].nation_id()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the ownership enum for a tile
+    pub fn get_ownership(&self, tile: U16Vec2) -> TileOwnership {
+        self.tile_owners[tile]
+    }
+
+    /// Conquers a tile for a nation
+    /// Returns the previous owner, if any
+    pub fn conquer(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, owner: NationId) -> Option<NationId> {
+        let previous_owner = self.tile_owners[tile];
+        let new_ownership = TileOwnership::Owned(owner);
+
+        if previous_owner != new_ownership {
+            self.tile_owners[tile] = new_ownership;
+            self.changes.push(tile);
+            self.cache_dirty = true;
+        }
+
+        previous_owner.nation_id()
+    }
+
+    /// Clears a tile (removes ownership)
+    pub fn clear(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Option<NationId> {
+        let ownership = self.tile_owners[tile];
+        if ownership.is_owned() {
+            self.tile_owners[tile] = TileOwnership::Unclaimed;
+            self.changes.push(tile);
+            self.cache_dirty = true;
+            ownership.nation_id()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the size of the map as U16Vec2
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn size(&self) -> U16Vec2 {
+        self.tile_owners.size()
+    }
+
+    /// Get width of the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn width(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.tile_owners.width()
+    }
+
+    /// Get height of the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn height(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.tile_owners.height()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the underlying tile ownership data as a slice of enums
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[TileOwnership] {
+        self.tile_owners.as_slice()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the tile ownership data as u16 values for frontend serialization
+    /// This is cached and only recomputed when ownership changes
+    pub fn as_u16_slice(&mut self) -> &[u16] {
+        if self.cache_dirty {
+            let tile_count = self.tile_owners.len();
+            let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("rebuild_u16_cache", tile_count).entered();
+
+            for (i, ownership) in self.tile_owners.as_slice().iter().enumerate() {
+                self.u16_cache[i] = (*ownership).into();
+            }
+            self.cache_dirty = false;
+        }
+        &self.u16_cache
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of tiles in the map
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.tile_owners.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the map has no tiles
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tile_owners.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over changed tile positions without consuming them
+    /// Use this to read changes without clearing the buffer
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter_changes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> + '_ {
+        self.changes.iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Drains all changed tile positions, returning an iterator and clearing the change buffer
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn drain_changes(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> + '_ {
+        self.changes.drain()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if any territory changes have been recorded since last drain
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_changes(&self) -> bool {
+        self.changes.has_changes()
+    }
+
+    /// Clears all tracked changes without returning them
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn clear_changes(&mut self) {
+        self.changes.clear()
+    }
+
+    /// Calls a closure for each neighbor using tile indices (legacy compatibility)
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn on_neighbor_indices<F>(&self, index: u32, closure: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(u32),
+    {
+        self.tile_owners.on_neighbor_indices(index, closure)
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if any neighbor has a different owner than the specified owner
+    pub fn any_neighbor_has_different_owner(&self, tile: U16Vec2, owner: NationId) -> bool {
+        let owner_enum = TileOwnership::Owned(owner);
+        neighbors(tile, self.size()).any(|neighbor| self.tile_owners[neighbor] != owner_enum)
+    }
+
+    /// Converts position to flat u32 index for JavaScript/IPC boundary
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn pos_to_index<P: Into<U16Vec2>>(&self, pos: P) -> u32 {
+        self.tile_owners.pos_to_index(pos)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea35e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//! World and territory management module
+//!
+//! This module contains all spatial data structures and territory management.
+
+pub mod changes;
+pub mod coastal;
+pub mod manager;
+pub mod nation_id;
+pub mod ownership;
+pub mod tilemap;
+
+pub use changes::*;
+pub use coastal::*;
+pub use manager::*;
+pub use nation_id::*;
+pub use ownership::*;
+pub use tilemap::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/nation_id.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/nation_id.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ce635d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/nation_id.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::Component;
+use rkyv::{Archive, Deserialize as RkyvDeserialize, Serialize as RkyvSerialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+/// Unique identifier for a nation/player in the game.
+///
+/// This is a validated newtype wrapper around u16 that prevents invalid nation IDs
+/// from being constructed. The maximum valid nation ID is 65534, as 65535 is reserved
+/// for encoding unclaimed tiles in the ownership serialization format.
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq))]
+pub struct NationId(u16);
+
+impl NationId {
+    /// Maximum valid nation ID (65534). Value 65535 is reserved for unclaimed tiles.
+    pub const MAX: u16 = u16::MAX - 1;
+
+    /// Constant for nation ID 0 (commonly used for default/first player)
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self(0);
+
+    /// Creates a new NationId if the value is valid (<= MAX).
+    ///
+    /// Returns None if id > MAX (i.e., id == 65535).
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(id: u16) -> Option<Self> {
+        (id <= Self::MAX).then_some(Self(id))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a NationId without validation.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// Caller must ensure id <= MAX. This is primarily for const contexts.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new_unchecked(id: u16) -> Self {
+        Self(id)
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts the inner u16 value.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get(self) -> u16 {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    /// Converts to little-endian bytes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_le_bytes(self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        self.0.to_le_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<u16> for NationId {
+    type Error = InvalidNationId;
+
+    fn try_from(value: u16) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Self::new(value).ok_or(InvalidNationId(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NationId> for u16 {
+    fn from(id: NationId) -> Self {
+        id.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for NationId {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error type for invalid nation ID values
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct InvalidNationId(pub u16);
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for InvalidNationId {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Invalid nation ID: {} (must be <= {})", self.0, NationId::MAX)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for InvalidNationId {}
+
+impl Serialize for NationId {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        Serialize::serialize(&self.0, serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for NationId {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let value = u16::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        NationId::new(value).ok_or_else(|| serde::de::Error::custom(format!("Invalid nation ID: {} (must be <= {})", value, NationId::MAX)))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/ownership.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/ownership.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76b89b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/ownership.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//! Tile ownership representation
+
+use rkyv::{Archive, Deserialize as RkyvDeserialize, Serialize as RkyvSerialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use super::NationId;
+
+/// Represents the ownership state of a single tile.
+///
+/// Terrain type (water, land, mountain, etc.) is stored separately in TerrainData.
+/// This enum only tracks whether a tile is owned by a nation or unclaimed.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+pub enum TileOwnership {
+    /// Owned by a specific nation
+    Owned(NationId),
+    /// Unclaimed but potentially conquerable land
+    #[default]
+    Unclaimed,
+}
+
+impl TileOwnership {
+    /// Check if this tile is owned by any nation
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_owned(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, TileOwnership::Owned(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Check if this tile is unclaimed land
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_unclaimed(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, TileOwnership::Unclaimed)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the nation ID if this tile is owned, otherwise None
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn nation_id(self) -> Option<NationId> {
+        match self {
+            TileOwnership::Owned(id) => Some(id),
+            TileOwnership::Unclaimed => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if this tile is owned by a specific nation
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_owned_by(self, nation_id: NationId) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, TileOwnership::Owned(id) if id == nation_id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<u16> for TileOwnership {
+    fn from(value: u16) -> Self {
+        if value == 65535 { TileOwnership::Unclaimed } else { NationId::new(value).map(TileOwnership::Owned).unwrap_or(TileOwnership::Unclaimed) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TileOwnership> for u16 {
+    fn from(ownership: TileOwnership) -> Self {
+        match ownership {
+            TileOwnership::Owned(id) => id.get(),
+            TileOwnership::Unclaimed => 65535,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/tilemap.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/tilemap.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5166051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/game/world/tilemap.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+use glam::{U16Vec2, UVec2};
+use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
+
+/// A 2D grid-based map structure optimized for tile-based games.
+///
+/// Provides efficient access to tiles using 2D coordinates (U16Vec2) while maintaining
+/// cache-friendly contiguous memory layout. Supports generic tile types that implement Copy.
+///
+/// Uses `u16` for dimensions, supporting maps up to 65,535x65,535 tiles.
+///
+/// # Type Parameters
+/// * `T` - The tile value type. Must implement `Copy` for efficient access.
+///
+/// # Examples
+/// ```
+/// use glam::U16Vec2;
+/// use borders_core::game::TileMap;
+///
+/// let mut map = TileMap::<u8>::new(U16Vec2::new(10, 10));
+/// map[U16Vec2::new(5, 5)] = 42;
+/// assert_eq!(map[U16Vec2::new(5, 5)], 42);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TileMap<T: Copy> {
+    tiles: Box<[T]>,
+    size: U16Vec2,
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> TileMap<T> {
+    /// Creates a new TileMap with the specified dimensions and default value.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `size` - The size of the map (width, height) in tiles
+    /// * `default` - The default value to initialize all tiles with
+    pub fn with_default(size: U16Vec2, default: T) -> Self {
+        let capacity = (size.x as usize) * (size.y as usize);
+        let tiles = vec![default; capacity].into_boxed_slice();
+        Self { tiles, size }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a TileMap from an existing vector of tile data.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `size` - The size of the map (width, height) in tiles
+    /// * `data` - Vector containing tile data in row-major order
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if `data.len() != size.x * size.y`
+    pub fn from_vec(size: U16Vec2, data: Vec<T>) -> Self {
+        assert_eq!(data.len(), (size.x as usize) * (size.y as usize), "Data length must match size.x * size.y");
+        Self { tiles: data.into_boxed_slice(), size }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the position to a flat array index.
+    ///
+    /// Accepts both U16Vec2 and UVec2 for backward compatibility.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// Debug builds will assert that the position is in bounds.
+    /// Release builds skip the check for performance.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn pos_to_index<P: Into<U16Vec2>>(&self, pos: P) -> u32 {
+        let pos = pos.into();
+        debug_assert!(pos.x < self.size.x && pos.y < self.size.y);
+        (pos.y as u32) * (self.size.x as u32) + (pos.x as u32)
+    }
+
+    /// Converts a flat array index to a 2D position.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn index_to_pos(&self, index: u32) -> U16Vec2 {
+        debug_assert!(index < self.tiles.len() as u32);
+        let width = self.size.x as u32;
+        U16Vec2::new((index % width) as u16, (index / width) as u16)
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if a position is within the map bounds.
+    ///
+    /// Accepts both U16Vec2 and UVec2 for backward compatibility.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn in_bounds<P: Into<U16Vec2>>(&self, pos: P) -> bool {
+        let pos = pos.into();
+        pos.x < self.size.x && pos.y < self.size.y
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the tile value at the specified position.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the position is out of bounds.
+    pub fn get<P: Into<U16Vec2>>(&self, pos: P) -> Option<T> {
+        let pos = pos.into();
+        if self.in_bounds(pos) { Some(self.tiles[self.pos_to_index(pos) as usize]) } else { None }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the tile value at the specified position.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if the position was in bounds and the value was set,
+    /// `false` otherwise.
+    pub fn set<P: Into<U16Vec2>>(&mut self, pos: P, tile: T) -> bool {
+        let pos = pos.into();
+        if self.in_bounds(pos) {
+            let idx = self.pos_to_index(pos) as usize;
+            self.tiles[idx] = tile;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size of the map as U16Vec2.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn size(&self) -> U16Vec2 {
+        self.size
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the width of the map.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn width(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.size.x
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the height of the map.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn height(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.size.y
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the total number of tiles in the map.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.tiles.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the map contains no tiles.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tiles.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over all valid cardinal neighbors of a position.
+    ///
+    /// Yields positions for up, down, left, and right neighbors that are within bounds.
+    pub fn neighbors<P: Into<U16Vec2>>(&self, pos: P) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> {
+        crate::game::utils::neighbors(pos.into(), self.size)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls a closure for each neighbor using tile indices instead of positions.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when working with systems that still use raw indices.
+    pub fn on_neighbor_indices<F>(&self, index: u32, mut closure: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(u32),
+    {
+        let width = self.size.x as u32;
+        let height = self.size.y as u32;
+        let x = index % width;
+        let y = index / width;
+
+        if x > 0 {
+            closure(index - 1);
+        }
+        if x < width - 1 {
+            closure(index + 1);
+        }
+        if y > 0 {
+            closure(index - width);
+        }
+        if y < height - 1 {
+            closure(index + width);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over all positions and their tile values.
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (U16Vec2, T)> + '_ {
+        (0..self.size.y).flat_map(move |y| {
+            (0..self.size.x).map(move |x| {
+                let pos = U16Vec2::new(x, y);
+                (pos, self[pos])
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over just the tile values.
+    pub fn iter_values(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = T> + '_ {
+        self.tiles.iter().copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over all positions in the map.
+    pub fn positions(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = U16Vec2> + '_ {
+        (0..self.size.y).flat_map(move |y| (0..self.size.x).map(move |x| U16Vec2::new(x, y)))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over tile indices, positions, and values.
+    pub fn enumerate(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, U16Vec2, T)> + '_ {
+        self.tiles.iter().enumerate().map(move |(idx, &value)| {
+            let pos = self.index_to_pos(idx as u32);
+            (idx, pos, value)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the underlying tile data as a slice.
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
+        &self.tiles
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the underlying tile data as a slice.
+    pub fn as_mut_slice(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
+        &mut self.tiles
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy + Default> TileMap<T> {
+    /// Creates a new TileMap with the specified dimensions, using T::default() for initialization.
+    pub fn new(size: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self::with_default(size, T::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> Index<U16Vec2> for TileMap<T> {
+    type Output = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, pos: U16Vec2) -> &Self::Output {
+        &self.tiles[self.pos_to_index(pos) as usize]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> IndexMut<U16Vec2> for TileMap<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, pos: U16Vec2) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        let idx = self.pos_to_index(pos) as usize;
+        &mut self.tiles[idx]
+    }
+}
+
+// Backward compatibility: allow indexing with UVec2
+impl<T: Copy> Index<UVec2> for TileMap<T> {
+    type Output = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, pos: UVec2) -> &Self::Output {
+        let pos16 = U16Vec2::new(pos.x as u16, pos.y as u16);
+        &self.tiles[self.pos_to_index(pos16) as usize]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> IndexMut<UVec2> for TileMap<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, pos: UVec2) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        let pos16 = U16Vec2::new(pos.x as u16, pos.y as u16);
+        let idx = self.pos_to_index(pos16) as usize;
+        &mut self.tiles[idx]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> Index<usize> for TileMap<T> {
+    type Output = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &Self::Output {
+        &self.tiles[index]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> IndexMut<usize> for TileMap<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: usize) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        &mut self.tiles[index]
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/lib.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db15c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+pub mod build_info;
+pub mod game;
+pub mod networking;
+pub mod telemetry;
+pub mod time;
+pub mod ui;
+
+use std::future::Future;
+
+/// Spawn an async task on the appropriate runtime for the platform.
+///
+/// On native targets, uses tokio::spawn for multi-threaded execution.
+/// On WASM targets, uses wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local for browser integration.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub fn spawn_task<F>(future: F)
+where
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
+{
+    tokio::spawn(future);
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+pub fn spawn_task<F>(future: F)
+where
+    F: Future<Output = ()> + 'static,
+{
+    wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(future);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub mod dns;
+
+pub mod prelude {
+    //! Prelude module for convenient imports in tests and examples
+    pub use crate::game::*;
+    pub use crate::networking::*;
+    pub use crate::spawn_task;
+    pub use crate::time::*;
+
+    // Re-export common external dependencies
+    pub use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+    pub use glam::*;
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/connection.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/connection.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e2f594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/connection.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+//! Unified connection abstraction for local and remote networking
+//!
+//! This module provides a generic `Connection` interface that abstracts away
+//! the transport mechanism (local channels vs network). Game systems interact
+//! with a single `Connection` resource regardless of whether the game is
+//! single-player or multiplayer.
+
+use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use flume::{Receiver, Sender};
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+
+use crate::game::NationId;
+use crate::networking::{Intent, Turn, protocol::NetMessage};
+
+/// Intent with tracking ID for confirmation
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TrackedIntent {
+    pub id: u64,
+    pub intent: Intent,
+}
+
+/// Resource for receiving tracked intents (local mode)
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct TrackedIntentReceiver {
+    pub rx: Receiver<TrackedIntent>,
+}
+
+/// Backend trait for connection implementations
+///
+/// This trait abstracts the transport mechanism, allowing both local
+/// and remote connections to be used interchangeably.
+pub trait ConnectionBackend: Send + Sync {
+    /// Send an intent with tracking ID
+    fn send_intent(&self, id: u64, intent: Intent);
+
+    /// Get the player ID for this connection
+    fn player_id(&self) -> Option<NationId>;
+
+    /// Try to receive a turn (non-blocking)
+    /// Returns None if no turn is available
+    fn try_recv_turn(&self) -> Option<Turn>;
+}
+
+/// Local backend implementation (single-player)
+pub struct LocalBackend {
+    intent_tx: Sender<TrackedIntent>,
+    turn_rx: Receiver<Turn>,
+    player_id: NationId,
+}
+
+impl LocalBackend {
+    pub fn new(intent_tx: Sender<TrackedIntent>, turn_rx: Receiver<Turn>, player_id: NationId) -> Self {
+        Self { intent_tx, turn_rx, player_id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ConnectionBackend for LocalBackend {
+    fn send_intent(&self, id: u64, intent: Intent) {
+        let tracked = TrackedIntent { id, intent };
+        if let Err(e) = self.intent_tx.try_send(tracked) {
+            warn!("Failed to send tracked intent: {:?}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn player_id(&self) -> Option<NationId> {
+        Some(self.player_id)
+    }
+
+    fn try_recv_turn(&self) -> Option<Turn> {
+        self.turn_rx.try_recv().ok()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Remote backend implementation (multiplayer)
+pub struct RemoteBackend {
+    intent_tx: Sender<NetMessage>,
+    net_message_rx: Receiver<NetMessage>,
+    player_id: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::RwLock<Option<NationId>>>,
+}
+
+impl RemoteBackend {
+    pub fn new(intent_tx: Sender<NetMessage>, net_message_rx: Receiver<NetMessage>) -> Self {
+        Self { intent_tx, net_message_rx, player_id: std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::RwLock::new(None)) }
+    }
+
+    /// Try to receive a NetMessage (for processing in receive system)
+    pub fn try_recv_message(&self) -> Option<NetMessage> {
+        self.net_message_rx.try_recv().ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Set player ID when ServerConfig is received
+    pub fn set_player_id(&self, player_id: NationId) {
+        if let Ok(mut guard) = self.player_id.write() {
+            *guard = Some(player_id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ConnectionBackend for RemoteBackend {
+    fn send_intent(&self, id: u64, intent: Intent) {
+        let msg = NetMessage::Intent { id, intent };
+        if let Err(e) = self.intent_tx.try_send(msg) {
+            warn!("Failed to send net intent: {:?}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn player_id(&self) -> Option<NationId> {
+        self.player_id.read().ok().and_then(|guard| *guard)
+    }
+
+    fn try_recv_turn(&self) -> Option<Turn> {
+        // For remote, turn reception is handled by receive_messages_system
+        // which processes NetMessage protocol
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pending intent tracking info
+pub struct PendingIntent {
+    pub intent: Intent,
+    pub sent_turn: u64,
+}
+
+/// Intent tracker for drop detection
+pub struct IntentTracker {
+    next_id: u64,
+    pending: HashMap<u64, PendingIntent>,
+    pending_ordered: VecDeque<u64>,
+    turn_buffer_size: usize,
+}
+
+impl IntentTracker {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            next_id: 1,
+            pending: HashMap::new(),
+            pending_ordered: VecDeque::new(),
+            turn_buffer_size: 5, // 500ms buffer at 100ms/turn
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_id(&mut self) -> u64 {
+        let id = self.next_id;
+        self.next_id += 1;
+        id
+    }
+
+    pub fn track_sent(&mut self, intent_id: u64, intent: Intent, current_turn: u64) {
+        self.pending.insert(intent_id, PendingIntent { intent, sent_turn: current_turn });
+        self.pending_ordered.push_back(intent_id);
+    }
+
+    pub fn confirm_intent(&mut self, intent_id: u64) -> bool {
+        self.pending.remove(&intent_id).is_some()
+    }
+
+    pub fn expire_old(&mut self, current_turn: u64) -> Vec<PendingIntent> {
+        let mut expired = Vec::new();
+
+        while let Some(&id) = self.pending_ordered.front() {
+            if let Some(pending) = self.pending.get(&id) {
+                // Check if still within buffer window
+                if current_turn.saturating_sub(pending.sent_turn) <= self.turn_buffer_size as u64 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Expired - remove and warn
+                expired.push(self.pending.remove(&id).unwrap());
+            }
+            // Either expired or already confirmed - remove from queue
+            self.pending_ordered.pop_front();
+        }
+
+        expired
+    }
+
+    pub fn turn_buffer_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.turn_buffer_size
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for IntentTracker {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Unified connection resource
+///
+/// This resource abstracts away local vs remote transport mechanisms.
+/// Game systems interact with this single resource regardless of network mode.
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct Connection {
+    backend: Box<dyn ConnectionBackend>,
+    tracker: IntentTracker,
+}
+
+impl Connection {
+    pub fn new(backend: Box<dyn ConnectionBackend>) -> Self {
+        Self { backend, tracker: IntentTracker::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_local(backend: LocalBackend) -> Self {
+        Self::new(Box::new(backend))
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_remote(backend: RemoteBackend) -> Self {
+        Self::new(Box::new(backend))
+    }
+
+    /// Send an intent with automatic tracking
+    pub fn send_intent(&mut self, intent: Intent, current_turn: u64) {
+        let intent_id = self.tracker.next_id();
+        self.tracker.track_sent(intent_id, intent.clone(), current_turn);
+        self.backend.send_intent(intent_id, intent);
+    }
+
+    /// Confirm receipt of an intent by ID
+    pub fn confirm_intent(&mut self, intent_id: u64) -> bool {
+        let confirmed = self.tracker.confirm_intent(intent_id);
+        if confirmed {
+            debug!("Confirmed intent {}", intent_id);
+        }
+        confirmed
+    }
+
+    /// Check for expired intents that weren't received
+    pub fn check_expired(&mut self, current_turn: u64) -> Vec<PendingIntent> {
+        self.tracker.expire_old(current_turn)
+    }
+
+    /// Get player ID for this connection
+    pub fn player_id(&self) -> Option<NationId> {
+        self.backend.player_id()
+    }
+
+    /// Try to receive a turn (works for local backend)
+    pub fn try_recv_turn(&self) -> Option<Turn> {
+        self.backend.try_recv_turn()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the turn buffer size for warning messages
+    pub fn turn_buffer_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.tracker.turn_buffer_size()
+    }
+
+    /// Get mutable access to backend (for downcasting)
+    pub fn backend_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn ConnectionBackend {
+        &mut *self.backend
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper trait for downcasting backends
+pub trait AsRemoteBackend {
+    fn as_remote(&self) -> Option<&RemoteBackend>;
+    fn as_remote_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut RemoteBackend>;
+}
+
+impl AsRemoteBackend for dyn ConnectionBackend {
+    fn as_remote(&self) -> Option<&RemoteBackend> {
+        // This is a simplified approach - in production you'd use Any trait
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn as_remote_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut RemoteBackend> {
+        // This is a simplified approach - in production you'd use Any trait
+        None
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e2e9b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+mod connection;
+mod systems;
+
+pub use connection::*;
+pub use systems::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/systems.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/systems.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae1d9ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/client/systems.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use super::connection::Connection;
+use crate::{
+    game::{SpawnManager, SpawnPoint, TerrainData, TerritoryManager, systems::turn::CurrentTurn},
+    networking::{IntentEvent, SpawnConfigEvent},
+};
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::{debug, info};
+
+/// Resource for receiving tracked intents from the client
+pub type IntentReceiver = super::connection::TrackedIntentReceiver;
+
+/// Unified intent sending system that works for both local and remote
+///
+/// Uses the generic `Connection` resource to abstract transport mechanism.
+pub fn send_intent_system(mut intent_events: MessageReader<IntentEvent>, mut connection: ResMut<Connection>, current_turn: Option<Res<CurrentTurn>>) {
+    let turn_number = current_turn.as_ref().map(|ct| ct.turn.turn_number).unwrap_or(0);
+
+    for event in intent_events.read() {
+        debug!("Sending intent: {:?}", event.0);
+        connection.send_intent(event.0.clone(), turn_number);
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to handle spawn configuration updates from server
+/// Updates local SpawnManager with remote player spawn positions
+pub fn handle_spawn_config_system(mut events: MessageReader<SpawnConfigEvent>, mut spawns: If<ResMut<SpawnManager>>, territory: Res<TerritoryManager>, terrain: Res<TerrainData>) {
+    for event in events.read() {
+        // Update player spawns from server
+        spawns.player_spawns.clear();
+        for (&player_id, &tile_index) in &event.0 {
+            spawns.player_spawns.push(SpawnPoint::new(player_id, tile_index));
+        }
+
+        // Recalculate bot spawns based on updated player positions
+        spawns.current_bot_spawns = crate::game::ai::bot::recalculate_spawns_with_players(spawns.initial_bot_spawns.clone(), &spawns.player_spawns, &territory, &terrain, spawns.rng_seed);
+
+        info!("Updated spawn manager with {} player spawns from server", spawns.player_spawns.len());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60b5be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//! Networking and multiplayer synchronization
+//!
+//! This module provides the core networking infrastructure for the game:
+//! - Shared protocol and data structures
+//! - Client-side connection and systems
+//! - Server-side turn generation and coordination
+
+// Public modules
+pub mod client;
+pub mod server;
+
+// Flattened public modules
+mod protocol;
+mod types;
+pub use protocol::*;
+pub use types::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/protocol.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/protocol.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2f60c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/protocol.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//! Network protocol for multiplayer client-server communication
+
+use rkyv::{Archive, Deserialize as RkyvDeserialize, Serialize as RkyvSerialize};
+
+use crate::{game::NationId, networking::Intent};
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+/// Intent wrapper with source nation ID assigned by server
+///
+/// The server wraps all intents with the authenticated source nation ID
+/// to prevent client spoofing. The intent_id is echoed back from the
+/// client for round-trip tracking.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct SourcedIntent {
+    /// Authenticated nation ID (assigned by server)
+    pub source: NationId,
+    /// Client-assigned ID for tracking (echoed back by server)
+    pub intent_id: u64,
+    /// The actual intent payload
+    pub intent: Intent,
+}
+
+/// Network message protocol for client-server communication
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+pub enum NetMessage {
+    /// Server assigns nation ID to client
+    ServerConfig { nation_id: NationId },
+    /// Client sends intent to server with tracking ID
+    Intent { id: u64, intent: Intent },
+    /// Server broadcasts turn to all clients with sourced intents
+    Turn { turn: u64, intents: Vec<SourcedIntent> },
+    /// Server broadcasts current spawn configuration during spawn phase
+    /// Maps nation_id -> tile_position for all nations who have chosen spawns
+    SpawnConfiguration { spawns: HashMap<NationId, U16Vec2> },
+}
+
+/// Shared constants across all binaries for deterministic behavior
+pub const NETWORK_SEED: u64 = 0xC0FFEE;
+pub const TICK_MS: u64 = 100;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/coordinator.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/coordinator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff7c03f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/coordinator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+use crate::game::terrain::TerrainData;
+use crate::game::{SpawnManager, TerritoryManager};
+use crate::time::Time;
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+use super::turn_generator::{SharedTurnGenerator, TurnOutput};
+use crate::game::LocalPlayerContext;
+use crate::networking::{Intent, ProcessTurnEvent, SourcedIntent, Turn};
+use flume::{Receiver, Sender};
+use std::sync::{
+    Arc,
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+};
+
+/// Resource for receiving tracked intents from the client
+/// This has replaced the old IntentReceiver that used plain Intent
+pub type IntentReceiver = crate::networking::client::TrackedIntentReceiver;
+
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct TurnReceiver {
+    pub turn_rx: Receiver<Turn>,
+}
+
+/// Local turn server control handle
+#[derive(Resource, Clone)]
+pub struct LocalTurnServerHandle {
+    pub paused: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    pub running: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+}
+
+impl LocalTurnServerHandle {
+    pub fn pause(&self) {
+        self.paused.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+
+    pub fn resume(&self) {
+        self.paused.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+
+    pub fn stop(&self) {
+        self.running.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_paused(&self) -> bool {
+        self.paused.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+        self.running.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resource wrapping the shared turn generator and output channel
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct TurnGenerator {
+    generator: SharedTurnGenerator,
+    turn_tx: Sender<Turn>,
+}
+
+impl TurnGenerator {
+    pub fn new(turn_tx: Sender<Turn>) -> Self {
+        Self { generator: SharedTurnGenerator::new(), turn_tx }
+    }
+
+    /// Skip spawn phase and start the game immediately
+    /// This is useful for tests that don't need the spawn phase
+    pub fn start_game_immediately(&mut self) {
+        self.generator.skip_spawn_phase();
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to generate turns using Bevy's Update loop
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn generate_turns_system(mut generator: If<ResMut<TurnGenerator>>, server_handle: If<Res<LocalTurnServerHandle>>, intent_receiver: If<Res<IntentReceiver>>, local_context: Option<Res<LocalPlayerContext>>, mut spawns: Option<ResMut<SpawnManager>>, time: Res<Time>, territory: Res<TerritoryManager>, terrain: Res<TerrainData>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("generate_turns").entered();
+    if !server_handle.is_running() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let is_paused = server_handle.paused.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+    // Get nation ID for wrapping intents (local single-player)
+    let Some(local_context) = local_context else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let nation_id = local_context.id;
+
+    // During spawn phase (paused), process intents and update SpawnManager
+    if is_paused {
+        while let Ok(tracked_intent) = intent_receiver.rx.try_recv() {
+            // Wrap tracked intent with nation_id for local single-player
+            let sourced_intent = SourcedIntent { source: nation_id, intent_id: tracked_intent.id, intent: tracked_intent.intent.clone() };
+
+            let output = generator.generator.process_intent(sourced_intent.clone());
+
+            // Update SpawnManager for SetSpawn intents (two-pass spawn system)
+            if let Intent::SetSpawn { tile_index } = sourced_intent.intent
+                && let Some(ref mut spawns) = spawns
+            {
+                spawns.update_player_spawn(sourced_intent.source, tile_index, &territory, &terrain);
+            }
+
+            // SpawnUpdate output is not used here - SpawnManager handles coordination
+            let _ = output;
+        }
+
+        // Tick the generator to check spawn timeout
+        let delta_ms = time.delta().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+        let output = generator.generator.tick(delta_ms, vec![]);
+
+        // Handle initial Turn(0) that starts the game
+        if let TurnOutput::Turn(turn) = output
+            && turn.turn_number == 0
+        {
+            if let Err(e) = generator.turn_tx.send(turn) {
+                warn!("Failed to send Turn(0): {}", e);
+            }
+            server_handle.resume();
+        }
+
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Normal turn generation (after game has started)
+    if !generator.generator.game_started() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Collect all pending intents and wrap them with nation_id
+    let mut sourced_intents = Vec::new();
+    while let Ok(tracked_intent) = intent_receiver.rx.try_recv() {
+        sourced_intents.push(SourcedIntent { source: nation_id, intent_id: tracked_intent.id, intent: tracked_intent.intent });
+    }
+
+    // Tick the generator with accumulated time and sourced intents
+    let delta_ms = time.delta().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+    let output = generator.generator.tick(delta_ms, sourced_intents);
+
+    // Handle Turn output
+    match output {
+        TurnOutput::Turn(turn) => {
+            if let Err(e) = generator.turn_tx.send(turn) {
+                warn!("Failed to send turn: {}", e);
+            }
+        }
+        TurnOutput::None | TurnOutput::SpawnUpdate(_) => {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to poll for turns from the local server and emit ProcessTurnEvent
+pub fn poll_turns_system(turn_receiver: If<Res<TurnReceiver>>, mut process_turn_writer: MessageWriter<ProcessTurnEvent>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("poll_turns").entered();
+    while let Ok(turn) = turn_receiver.turn_rx.try_recv() {
+        process_turn_writer.write(ProcessTurnEvent(turn));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6da4b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Server-side networking components
+//!
+//! This module contains server and local-mode server code:
+//! - Turn generation and coordination
+//! - Local server control (for single-player mode)
+
+mod coordinator;
+mod turn_generator;
+
+pub use coordinator::*;
+pub use turn_generator::*;
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/turn_generator.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/turn_generator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..676e556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/server/turn_generator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+use crate::game::NationId;
+use crate::networking::{Intent, SourcedIntent, Turn};
+use glam::U16Vec2;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+
+/// Spawn timeout duration (milliseconds)
+const SPAWN_TIMEOUT_MS: f64 = 5000.0;
+
+/// Output from the turn generator
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum TurnOutput {
+    /// No output this tick
+    None,
+    /// Spawn configuration was updated
+    SpawnUpdate(HashMap<NationId, U16Vec2>),
+    /// Game turn (includes initial Turn 0)
+    Turn(Turn),
+}
+
+/// Shared turn generation logic for both local coordinator and relay server
+pub struct SharedTurnGenerator {
+    turn_number: u64,
+    accumulated_time: f64,                // milliseconds
+    buffered_intents: Vec<SourcedIntent>, // Buffer intents across frames
+    spawn_config: HashMap<NationId, U16Vec2>,
+    spawn_timeout_accumulated: Option<f64>, // milliseconds since first spawn
+    game_started: bool,
+}
+
+impl SharedTurnGenerator {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { turn_number: 0, accumulated_time: 0.0, buffered_intents: Vec::new(), spawn_config: HashMap::new(), spawn_timeout_accumulated: None, game_started: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Process a single sourced intent, returns output if spawn config changed
+    pub fn process_intent(&mut self, sourced_intent: SourcedIntent) -> TurnOutput {
+        match sourced_intent.intent {
+            Intent::SetSpawn { tile_index } => {
+                if self.game_started {
+                    warn!("Received SetSpawn intent after game started - ignoring");
+                    return TurnOutput::None;
+                }
+
+                let nation_id = sourced_intent.source;
+                debug!("Nation {} set spawn at tile {}", nation_id, tile_index);
+                self.spawn_config.insert(nation_id, tile_index);
+
+                // Start timeout on first spawn
+                if self.spawn_timeout_accumulated.is_none() {
+                    self.spawn_timeout_accumulated = Some(0.0);
+                    debug!("Spawn timeout started ({}ms)", SPAWN_TIMEOUT_MS);
+                }
+
+                TurnOutput::SpawnUpdate(self.spawn_config.clone())
+            }
+            Intent::Action(_) => {
+                if !self.game_started {
+                    warn!("Received Action intent during spawn phase - ignoring");
+                }
+                TurnOutput::None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Tick with delta time (ms), returns turn if ready
+    /// During spawn phase, checks timeout. During game phase, accumulates time and generates turns.
+    pub fn tick(&mut self, delta_ms: f64, sourced_intents: Vec<SourcedIntent>) -> TurnOutput {
+        // Buffer incoming intents for the next turn (filter out SetSpawn during game phase)
+        if self.game_started {
+            for sourced_intent in sourced_intents {
+                match sourced_intent.intent {
+                    Intent::Action(_) => self.buffered_intents.push(sourced_intent),
+                    Intent::SetSpawn { .. } => {
+                        warn!("Received SetSpawn intent after game started - ignoring");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If game started and we're at turn 0, emit the initial turn immediately
+        if self.game_started && self.turn_number == 0 {
+            let start_turn = Turn { turn_number: 0, intents: Vec::new() };
+
+            self.turn_number = 1; // Next turn will be turn 1
+            info!("Turn(0) emitted - game starting");
+            return TurnOutput::Turn(start_turn);
+        }
+
+        // During spawn phase, handle timeout
+        if !self.game_started {
+            if let Some(ref mut accumulated) = self.spawn_timeout_accumulated {
+                *accumulated += delta_ms;
+
+                // Check if timeout expired
+                if *accumulated >= SPAWN_TIMEOUT_MS {
+                    debug!("Spawn timeout expired - starting game");
+
+                    // Create Turn(0) to start game
+                    let start_turn = Turn { turn_number: 0, intents: Vec::new() };
+
+                    info!("Turn(0) ready to start game (spawns already configured)");
+
+                    // Mark game as started and clear spawn phase
+                    self.game_started = true;
+                    self.spawn_config.clear();
+                    self.spawn_timeout_accumulated = None;
+                    self.turn_number = 1; // Next turn will be turn 1
+                    self.accumulated_time = 0.0; // Reset for clean turn timing
+
+                    info!("Spawn phase complete - game started, next turn will be Turn 1");
+
+                    return TurnOutput::Turn(start_turn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return TurnOutput::None;
+        }
+
+        // Normal turn generation (after game has started)
+        self.accumulated_time += delta_ms;
+
+        // Only generate turn if enough time has passed (100ms tick interval)
+        if self.accumulated_time < 100.0 {
+            return TurnOutput::None;
+        }
+
+        // Reset accumulated time
+        self.accumulated_time -= 100.0;
+
+        // Drain buffered intents into the turn
+        let turn_intents = std::mem::take(&mut self.buffered_intents);
+
+        // Create turn
+        let turn = Turn { turn_number: self.turn_number, intents: turn_intents };
+
+        self.turn_number += 1;
+
+        TurnOutput::Turn(turn)
+    }
+
+    /// Get current turn number
+    pub fn turn_number(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.turn_number
+    }
+
+    /// Check if game has started
+    pub fn game_started(&self) -> bool {
+        self.game_started
+    }
+
+    /// Get current spawn configuration
+    pub fn spawn_config(&self) -> &HashMap<NationId, U16Vec2> {
+        &self.spawn_config
+    }
+
+    /// Skip spawn phase and start the game immediately
+    /// The next call to tick() will emit Turn(0) to start the game
+    /// Useful for tests that don't need the spawn phase
+    pub fn skip_spawn_phase(&mut self) {
+        self.game_started = true;
+        self.turn_number = 0; // Next tick will emit Turn(0), then proceed to Turn(1)
+        self.spawn_timeout_accumulated = None;
+        self.spawn_config.clear();
+        self.buffered_intents.clear(); // Clear any buffered intents
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for SharedTurnGenerator {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/networking/types.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbbc866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/networking/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//! Shared networking types and events
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::Message;
+use rkyv::{Archive, Deserialize as RkyvDeserialize, Serialize as RkyvSerialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use super::protocol::SourcedIntent;
+use crate::{game::NationId, game::core::action::GameAction};
+
+/// Network mode configuration for the game
+pub enum NetworkMode {
+    /// Local single-player or hotseat mode
+    Local,
+    /// Remote multiplayer mode (non-WASM only)
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    Remote { server_address: String },
+}
+
+// Shared event types
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+pub struct IntentEvent(pub Intent);
+
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+pub struct ProcessTurnEvent(pub Turn);
+
+/// Event containing spawn configuration update from server (multiplayer)
+#[derive(Message, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SpawnConfigEvent(pub HashMap<NationId, glam::U16Vec2>);
+
+/// Network wrapper for player intents
+///
+/// Intent is the network-layer representation of player intents.
+/// It has two variants:
+/// - Action: State-recorded game actions that appear in game history (replays)
+/// - SetSpawn: Ephemeral spawn selection that doesn't pollute game history
+///
+/// Note: Bot actions are NOT sent as intents - they are calculated
+/// deterministically on each client during turn execution.
+///
+/// Player identity is derived from the connection (server-side) and wrapped
+/// in SourcedIntent to prevent spoofing.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+pub enum Intent {
+    /// State-recorded game action (appears in game history for replays)
+    Action(GameAction),
+    /// Ephemeral spawn selection (not recorded in history)
+    /// Only valid during spawn phase, ignored after game starts
+    /// Player ID is derived from connection by server
+    SetSpawn {
+        #[serde(with = "crate::game::utils::u16vec2_serde")]
+        tile_index: glam::U16Vec2,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Archive, RkyvSerialize, RkyvDeserialize)]
+#[rkyv(derive(Debug))]
+pub struct Turn {
+    pub turn_number: u64,
+    pub intents: Vec<SourcedIntent>,
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/client.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64c8b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+
+use futures::lock::Mutex;
+use hmac::{Hmac, Mac};
+use sha2::Sha256;
+use tracing::{debug, error, warn};
+
+use super::types::{BatchCaptureRequest, BatchEvent, TelemetryConfig, TelemetryEvent};
+use super::user_id::UserIdType;
+use crate::spawn_task;
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use super::user_id::get_or_create_user_id;
+
+type HmacSha256 = Hmac<Sha256>;
+
+/// Build an HTTP client with appropriate DNS resolver for the platform.
+///
+/// On non-WASM targets, attempts to use Hickory DNS with DoH support.
+/// Falls back to default client if DoH initialization fails.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn build_http_client() -> reqwest::Client {
+    match reqwest::Client::builder().dns_resolver(Arc::new(crate::dns::HickoryDnsResolver::new())).build() {
+        Ok(client) => {
+            debug!("HTTP client initialized with DoH resolver");
+            client
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            warn!("Failed to build HTTP client with DoH: {}, using default", e);
+            reqwest::Client::new()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+fn build_http_client() -> reqwest::Client {
+    reqwest::Client::new()
+}
+
+/// A simple telemetry client that batches events and sends them to PostHog.
+///
+/// This client works on both native and WASM targets by using reqwest
+/// with appropriate feature flags.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct TelemetryClient {
+    config: TelemetryConfig,
+    client: reqwest::Client,
+    /// Distinct ID for this client instance (anonymous user ID)
+    distinct_id: String,
+    /// Lightweight properties attached to every event
+    default_properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+    /// Event buffer for batching
+    buffer: Arc<Mutex<Vec<TelemetryEvent>>>,
+    /// Whether the flush task has been started
+    flush_task_started: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    /// Track in-flight batch sends (native only)
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    in_flight_sends: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<Vec<tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>>>>,
+}
+
+impl TelemetryClient {
+    /// Create a new telemetry client with the given configuration.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub fn new(config: TelemetryConfig) -> Self {
+        let (distinct_id, id_type) = get_or_create_user_id();
+        debug!("Telemetry client initialized (user ID type: {})", id_type.as_str());
+
+        let default_properties = build_default_properties(id_type);
+
+        Self { config, client: build_http_client(), distinct_id, default_properties, buffer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())), flush_task_started: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)), in_flight_sends: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(Vec::new())) }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new telemetry client with a pre-loaded user ID.
+    ///
+    /// This is used on WASM where user ID loading is async.
+    pub fn new_with_user_id(config: TelemetryConfig, distinct_id: String, id_type: UserIdType) -> Self {
+        debug!("Telemetry client initialized (user ID type: {})", id_type.as_str());
+
+        let default_properties = build_default_properties(id_type);
+
+        Self {
+            config,
+            client: build_http_client(),
+            distinct_id,
+            default_properties,
+            buffer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
+            flush_task_started: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            in_flight_sends: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Start a background task that periodically flushes events.
+    /// This ensures events are sent even if the batch size isn't reached.
+    ///
+    /// Only starts once, subsequent calls are no-ops.
+    fn ensure_flush_task_started(&self) {
+        // Check if already started (fast path)
+        if self.flush_task_started.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Try to start the task (only one thread will succeed)
+        if self.flush_task_started.compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::AcqRel, Ordering::Acquire).is_err() {
+            // Another thread beat us to it
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // We won the race, start the task
+        let client = self.clone();
+        let interval_secs = self.config.flush_interval_secs;
+
+        spawn_task(async move {
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            {
+                use std::time::Duration;
+                let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(interval_secs));
+                loop {
+                    interval.tick().await;
+                    client.flush().await;
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+            {
+                use gloo_timers::future::TimeoutFuture;
+                loop {
+                    TimeoutFuture::new((interval_secs * 1000) as u32).await;
+                    client.flush().await;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        debug!("Started periodic flush task (interval: {}s)", interval_secs);
+    }
+
+    /// Track a telemetry event. Events are buffered and sent in batches.
+    pub async fn track(&self, event: TelemetryEvent) {
+        // Ensure the periodic flush task is running (lazy start)
+        self.ensure_flush_task_started();
+
+        debug!("Buffering telemetry event: {}", event.event);
+
+        let mut buffer = self.buffer.lock().await;
+        buffer.push(event);
+
+        // Check if we should flush based on batch size
+        if buffer.len() >= self.config.batch_size {
+            debug!("Batch size reached ({}), flushing events", buffer.len());
+            let events_to_send = buffer.drain(..).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            drop(buffer); // Release lock before async operation
+
+            // Spawn a task to send in the background (non-blocking)
+            let client = self.clone();
+
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            {
+                let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    client.send_batch(events_to_send).await;
+                });
+                // Track the in-flight send and clean up completed tasks
+                let mut in_flight = self.in_flight_sends.lock().await;
+                in_flight.retain(|h| !h.is_finished());
+                in_flight.push(handle);
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+            spawn_task(async move {
+                client.send_batch(events_to_send).await;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Manually flush all buffered events.
+    ///
+    /// This method waits for all in-flight sends to complete, then sends any remaining buffered events.
+    pub async fn flush(&self) {
+        // First, wait for all in-flight background sends to complete
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        {
+            let handles = {
+                let mut in_flight = self.in_flight_sends.lock().await;
+                in_flight.drain(..).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            };
+
+            if !handles.is_empty() {
+                debug!("Waiting for {} in-flight batch sends to complete", handles.len());
+                for handle in handles {
+                    let _ = handle.await;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Then flush any remaining buffered events
+        let events_to_send = {
+            let mut buffer = self.buffer.lock().await;
+
+            if buffer.is_empty() {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let events = buffer.drain(..).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            debug!("Flushing {} buffered events", events.len());
+            events
+        };
+
+        // Send synchronously (wait for completion)
+        self.send_batch(events_to_send).await;
+    }
+
+    /// Generate HMAC-SHA256 signature for request payload.
+    ///
+    /// This prevents tampering and verifies request integrity.
+    fn sign_payload(&self, payload: &[u8]) -> String {
+        let mut mac = HmacSha256::new_from_slice(self.config.signing_key.as_bytes()).expect("HMAC can take key of any size");
+        mac.update(payload);
+
+        // Convert to hex string
+        let result = mac.finalize();
+        let bytes = result.into_bytes();
+        hex::encode(bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Send a batch of events to PostHog.
+    async fn send_batch(&self, events: Vec<TelemetryEvent>) {
+        if events.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let batch_events: Vec<BatchEvent> = events
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|mut event| {
+                // Merge default properties with event properties
+                // Event properties take precedence over defaults
+                for (key, value) in &self.default_properties {
+                    event.properties.entry(key.clone()).or_insert(value.clone());
+                }
+
+                BatchEvent { event: event.event, properties: event.properties, distinct_id: self.distinct_id.clone() }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let payload = BatchCaptureRequest { api_key: self.config.api_key.clone(), batch: batch_events };
+
+        // Serialize payload to JSON bytes
+        let payload_json = match serde_json::to_vec(&payload) {
+            Ok(json) => json,
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("Failed to serialize telemetry payload: {}", e);
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Generate signature
+        let signature = self.sign_payload(&payload_json);
+        let url = format!("https://{}/batch", self.config.api_host);
+
+        // Send request with signature header
+        match self.client.post(&url).header("X-Request-Signature", signature).header("Content-Type", "application/json").body(payload_json).send().await {
+            Ok(response) => {
+                let status = response.status();
+                if status.is_success() {
+                    debug!("Telemetry batch sent successfully");
+                } else {
+                    let body = response.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+                    warn!("PostHog returned status {}: {}", status, body);
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("Failed to send telemetry batch: {}", e);
+                if let Some(source) = e.source() {
+                    error!("Caused by: {}", source);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the distinct ID for this client (useful for debugging)
+    pub fn distinct_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.distinct_id
+    }
+
+    /// Get the user ID type for this client (useful for debugging)
+    pub fn user_id_type(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.default_properties.get("user_id_type").and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build the default properties that are attached to every event.
+fn build_default_properties(id_type: UserIdType) -> HashMap<String, serde_json::Value> {
+    use crate::build_info;
+    use serde_json::Value;
+
+    let mut props = HashMap::new();
+
+    let platform = if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+        "browser"
+    } else if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
+        "desktop-windows"
+    } else if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+        "desktop-macos"
+    } else if cfg!(target_os = "linux") {
+        "desktop-linux"
+    } else {
+        "desktop-unknown"
+    };
+
+    props.insert("platform".to_string(), Value::String(platform.to_string()));
+    props.insert("build_version".to_string(), Value::String(build_info::VERSION.to_string()));
+    props.insert("build_commit".to_string(), Value::String(build_info::git_commit_short().to_string()));
+    props.insert("user_id_type".to_string(), Value::String(id_type.as_str().to_string()));
+
+    props
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a034b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+//! Telemetry module for tracking analytics events.
+//!
+//! This module provides a simple, cross-platform telemetry client that works
+//! on both native (Tauri) and WASM targets. Events are batched and sent to
+//! PostHog via HTTP in a non-blocking manner.
+
+mod client;
+
+mod system_info;
+mod types;
+mod user_id;
+
+pub use client::*;
+pub use system_info::*;
+pub use types::*;
+pub use user_id::*;
+
+use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+/// Global telemetry client instance.
+static TELEMETRY_CLIENT: OnceCell<TelemetryClient> = OnceCell::new();
+
+/// Session start timestamp in milliseconds since epoch (for calculating session duration).
+static SESSION_START_MS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+/// Initialize the global telemetry client with the given configuration.
+///
+/// This should be called once at application startup.
+/// On WASM, this is async to load the user ID from IndexedDB.
+pub async fn init(config: TelemetryConfig) {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        let client = TelemetryClient::new(config);
+        if TELEMETRY_CLIENT.set(client).is_err() {
+            tracing::warn!("Telemetry client already initialized");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    {
+        let (user_id, id_type) = get_or_create_user_id_async().await;
+        let client = TelemetryClient::new_with_user_id(config, user_id, id_type);
+        if TELEMETRY_CLIENT.set(client).is_err() {
+            tracing::warn!("Telemetry client already initialized");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get a reference to the global telemetry client.
+///
+/// Returns None if the client hasn't been initialized yet.
+pub fn client() -> Option<&'static TelemetryClient> {
+    TELEMETRY_CLIENT.get()
+}
+
+/// Track a telemetry event using the global client.
+///
+/// This is a convenience function that will do nothing if the client
+/// hasn't been initialized.
+pub async fn track(event: TelemetryEvent) {
+    if let Some(client) = client() {
+        client.track(event).await;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Track a session start event with detailed system information.
+///
+/// Should be called once after telemetry initialization.
+pub async fn track_session_start() {
+    // Record session start time for duration calculation
+    let now_ms = current_time_ms();
+    SESSION_START_MS.store(now_ms, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+    let system_info = SystemInfo::collect();
+    let mut event = TelemetryEvent::new("session_start");
+
+    for (key, value) in system_info.to_properties() {
+        event.properties.insert(key, value);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    {
+        let (browser_name, browser_version) = system_info::get_browser_info();
+        event.properties.insert("browser_name".to_string(), serde_json::Value::String(browser_name));
+        event.properties.insert("browser_version".to_string(), serde_json::Value::String(browser_version));
+    }
+
+    track(event).await;
+}
+
+/// Track a session end event with session duration.
+///
+/// Should be called when the application is closing.
+pub async fn track_session_end() {
+    let start_ms = SESSION_START_MS.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+    if start_ms == 0 {
+        tracing::warn!("Session end tracked but no session start found");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let now_ms = current_time_ms();
+    let duration_ms = now_ms.saturating_sub(start_ms);
+    let duration_secs = duration_ms / 1000;
+
+    let event = TelemetryEvent::new("session_end").with_property("session_duration_ms", duration_ms).with_property("session_duration_secs", duration_secs);
+
+    track(event).await;
+}
+
+/// Get current time in milliseconds since Unix epoch.
+fn current_time_ms() -> u64 {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_millis() as u64
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    {
+        (js_sys::Date::now()) as u64
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/system_info.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/system_info.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..982a5e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/system_info.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+//! System information collection for analytics.
+//!
+//! Collects platform-specific system information for telemetry purposes.
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+/// Detailed system information collected once at session start.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SystemInfo {
+    pub os_name: String,
+    pub os_version: String,
+    pub arch: String,
+    pub cpu_brand: Option<String>,
+    pub cpu_cores: Option<usize>,
+    pub total_memory_mb: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+impl SystemInfo {
+    /// Collect system information for the current platform.
+    pub fn collect() -> Self {
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        {
+            Self::collect_native()
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        {
+            Self::collect_wasm()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert system info to a HashMap for inclusion in telemetry events.
+    pub fn to_properties(&self) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
+        let mut props = HashMap::new();
+        props.insert("os_name".to_string(), Value::String(self.os_name.clone()));
+        props.insert("os_version".to_string(), Value::String(self.os_version.clone()));
+        props.insert("arch".to_string(), Value::String(self.arch.clone()));
+
+        if let Some(brand) = &self.cpu_brand {
+            props.insert("cpu_brand".to_string(), Value::String(brand.clone()));
+        }
+        if let Some(cores) = self.cpu_cores {
+            props.insert("cpu_cores".to_string(), Value::Number(cores.into()));
+        }
+        if let Some(mem) = self.total_memory_mb {
+            props.insert("total_memory_mb".to_string(), Value::Number(mem.into()));
+        }
+
+        props
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    fn collect_native() -> Self {
+        use sysinfo::System;
+
+        let mut sys = System::new_all();
+        sys.refresh_all();
+
+        let os_name = System::name().unwrap_or_else(|| "Unknown".to_string());
+        let os_version = System::os_version().unwrap_or_else(|| "Unknown".to_string());
+        let arch = std::env::consts::ARCH.to_string();
+
+        let cpu_brand = sys.cpus().first().map(|cpu| cpu.brand().to_string());
+        let cpu_cores = sys.cpus().len();
+        let total_memory_mb = sys.total_memory() / 1024 / 1024;
+
+        Self { os_name, os_version, arch, cpu_brand, cpu_cores: Some(cpu_cores), total_memory_mb: Some(total_memory_mb) }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    fn collect_wasm() -> Self {
+        use wasm_bindgen::JsValue;
+
+        // In web workers, use the global scope instead of window
+        let global = js_sys::global();
+        let navigator = js_sys::Reflect::get(&global, &JsValue::from_str("navigator")).expect("navigator should be available");
+
+        // Call methods using Reflect to work with both Navigator and WorkerNavigator
+        let user_agent = js_sys::Reflect::get(&navigator, &JsValue::from_str("userAgent")).ok().and_then(|v| v.as_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+        let platform = js_sys::Reflect::get(&navigator, &JsValue::from_str("platform")).ok().and_then(|v| v.as_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let (os_name, os_version) = parse_user_agent(&user_agent);
+        let arch = platform;
+
+        let cpu_cores = js_sys::Reflect::get(&navigator, &JsValue::from_str("hardwareConcurrency")).ok().and_then(|v| v.as_f64()).and_then(|f| if f > 0.0 { Some(f as usize) } else { None });
+
+        let device_memory = js_sys::Reflect::get(&navigator, &JsValue::from_str("deviceMemory")).ok().and_then(|v| v.as_f64()).map(|gb| (gb * 1024.0) as u64);
+
+        Self { os_name, os_version, arch, cpu_brand: None, cpu_cores, total_memory_mb: device_memory }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse user agent string to extract OS name and version.
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+fn parse_user_agent(ua: &str) -> (String, String) {
+    if ua.contains("Windows NT 10.0") {
+        ("Windows".to_string(), "10/11".to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Windows NT 6.3") {
+        ("Windows".to_string(), "8.1".to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Windows NT 6.2") {
+        ("Windows".to_string(), "8".to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Windows NT 6.1") {
+        ("Windows".to_string(), "7".to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Mac OS X") {
+        let version = ua.split("Mac OS X ").nth(1).and_then(|s| s.split(')').next()).unwrap_or("Unknown");
+        ("macOS".to_string(), version.replace('_', "."))
+    } else if ua.contains("Android") {
+        let version = ua.split("Android ").nth(1).and_then(|s| s.split(';').next()).unwrap_or("Unknown");
+        ("Android".to_string(), version.to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Linux") {
+        ("Linux".to_string(), "Unknown".to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("iOS") || ua.contains("iPhone") || ua.contains("iPad") {
+        let version = ua.split("OS ").nth(1).and_then(|s| s.split(' ').next()).unwrap_or("Unknown");
+        ("iOS".to_string(), version.replace('_', "."))
+    } else {
+        ("Unknown".to_string(), "Unknown".to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get browser name and version from user agent.
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+pub fn get_browser_info() -> (String, String) {
+    use wasm_bindgen::JsValue;
+
+    // In web workers, use the global scope instead of window
+    let global = js_sys::global();
+    let navigator = js_sys::Reflect::get(&global, &JsValue::from_str("navigator")).expect("navigator should be available");
+
+    // Call methods using Reflect to work with both Navigator and WorkerNavigator
+    let ua = js_sys::Reflect::get(&navigator, &JsValue::from_str("userAgent")).ok().and_then(|v| v.as_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+
+    if ua.contains("Edg/") {
+        let version = ua.split("Edg/").nth(1).and_then(|s| s.split(' ').next()).unwrap_or("Unknown");
+        ("Edge".to_string(), version.to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Chrome/") {
+        let version = ua.split("Chrome/").nth(1).and_then(|s| s.split(' ').next()).unwrap_or("Unknown");
+        ("Chrome".to_string(), version.to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Firefox/") {
+        let version = ua.split("Firefox/").nth(1).and_then(|s| s.split(' ').next()).unwrap_or("Unknown");
+        ("Firefox".to_string(), version.to_string())
+    } else if ua.contains("Safari/") && !ua.contains("Chrome") {
+        let version = ua.split("Version/").nth(1).and_then(|s| s.split(' ').next()).unwrap_or("Unknown");
+        ("Safari".to_string(), version.to_string())
+    } else {
+        ("Unknown".to_string(), "Unknown".to_string())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/types.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7dbfcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+/// Represents a telemetry event to be sent to PostHog.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TelemetryEvent {
+    /// Unique event identifier (e.g., "app_started", "game_ended")
+    pub event: String,
+
+    /// Properties associated with this event
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "HashMap::is_empty")]
+    pub properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+}
+
+impl TelemetryEvent {
+    pub fn new(event: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self { event: event.into(), properties: HashMap::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_property(mut self, key: impl Into<String>, value: impl Into<serde_json::Value>) -> Self {
+        self.properties.insert(key.into(), value.into());
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Configuration for the telemetry client.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TelemetryConfig {
+    /// PostHog API key
+    pub api_key: String,
+
+    /// API host (e.g., "observe.borders.xevion.dev")
+    pub api_host: String,
+
+    /// Batch size - send events when this many are queued
+    pub batch_size: usize,
+
+    /// Flush interval in seconds
+    pub flush_interval_secs: u64,
+
+    /// HMAC signing key for request integrity verification
+    pub signing_key: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for TelemetryConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        // In development: send often with small batch size for fast feedback
+        // In production: batch events but flush periodically to avoid losing data
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        let (batch_size, flush_interval_secs) = (2, 5);
+        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+        let (batch_size, flush_interval_secs) = (10, 45);
+
+        Self {
+            api_key: "phc_VmL3M9Sn9hBCpNRExnKLWOZqlYO5SXSUkAAwl3gXJek".to_string(),
+            api_host: "observe.xevion.dev".to_string(),
+            batch_size,
+            flush_interval_secs,
+            // HMAC-SHA256 signing key for request integrity
+            signing_key: "borders_telemetry_hmac_key_v1_2025".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// PostHog batch capture request payload
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub(crate) struct BatchCaptureRequest {
+    pub api_key: String,
+    pub batch: Vec<BatchEvent>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub(crate) struct BatchEvent {
+    pub event: String,
+    pub properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+    pub distinct_id: String,
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/user_id.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/user_id.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b454280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/telemetry/user_id.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+use tracing::debug;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use tracing::warn;
+
+/// Type of user ID that was generated or loaded.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum UserIdType {
+    /// ID was loaded from storage (existing user)
+    Existing,
+    /// ID was generated from hardware components
+    Hardware,
+    /// ID was newly generated random UUID
+    New,
+}
+
+impl UserIdType {
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            UserIdType::Existing => "existing",
+            UserIdType::Hardware => "hardware",
+            UserIdType::New => "new",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get or create a persistent user ID (sync version for native platforms).
+///
+/// This function attempts to identify the user through multiple strategies:
+/// 1. Stored UUID (persisted across runs, most reliable)
+/// 2. Hardware-based ID (hashed for privacy, then stored for future use)
+/// 3. Generate new UUID (if nothing exists)
+///
+/// Returns a tuple of (user_id, id_type).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub fn get_or_create_user_id() -> (String, UserIdType) {
+    // Try to load stored ID first (most reliable)
+    if let Some(stored_id) = load_stored_id() {
+        debug!("Using stored user ID");
+        return (stored_id, UserIdType::Existing);
+    }
+
+    // Try hardware-based ID
+    if let Some(hw_id) = get_hardware_id() {
+        debug!("Generated hardware-based user ID");
+        // Store it for future reliability
+        if let Err(e) = store_user_id(&hw_id) {
+            warn!("Failed to store hardware-based user ID: {}", e);
+        }
+        return (hw_id, UserIdType::Hardware);
+    }
+
+    // Generate and store new ID
+    let new_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    debug!("Generated new user ID");
+
+    if let Err(e) = store_user_id(&new_id) {
+        warn!("Failed to store new user ID: {}", e);
+    }
+
+    (new_id, UserIdType::New)
+}
+
+/// Get or create a persistent user ID (async version for WASM).
+///
+/// This function attempts to identify the user through multiple strategies:
+/// 1. Stored UUID in localStorage (via main thread, persisted across runs)
+/// 2. Generate new UUID (if nothing exists)
+///
+/// Returns a tuple of (user_id, id_type).
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+pub async fn get_or_create_user_id_async() -> (String, UserIdType) {
+    // Try to load from localStorage via main thread
+    if let Some(stored_id) = load_from_localstorage().await {
+        debug!("Loaded user ID from localStorage");
+        return (stored_id, UserIdType::Existing);
+    }
+
+    // Generate and store new ID
+    let new_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    debug!("Generated new user ID");
+
+    // Try to store it (fire and forget)
+    store_user_id(&new_id).ok();
+
+    (new_id, UserIdType::New)
+}
+
+/// Attempt to get a hardware-based identifier.
+///
+/// Uses machineid-rs to build a stable ID from hardware components.
+/// The ID is hashed with SHA256 for privacy.
+///
+/// Only available on native platforms (not WASM).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn get_hardware_id() -> Option<String> {
+    use machineid_rs::{Encryption, HWIDComponent, IdBuilder};
+
+    match IdBuilder::new(Encryption::SHA256).add_component(HWIDComponent::SystemID).add_component(HWIDComponent::CPUCores).build("iron-borders") {
+        Ok(id) => {
+            debug!("Successfully generated hardware ID");
+            Some(id)
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            warn!("Failed to generate hardware ID: {}", e);
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Hardware IDs are not available on WASM.
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn get_hardware_id() -> Option<String> {
+    None
+}
+
+/// Load a previously stored user ID from platform-specific storage.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn load_stored_id() -> Option<String> {
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        load_from_registry()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    {
+        load_from_file()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Store a user ID to platform-specific storage.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn store_user_id(id: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        store_to_registry(id)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    {
+        store_to_file(id)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+fn store_user_id(id: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use wasm_bindgen::JsValue;
+    use web_sys::BroadcastChannel;
+
+    let channel = BroadcastChannel::new("user_id_storage").ok().ok_or("Failed to create channel")?;
+    let msg = format!(r#"{{"action":"save","id":"{}"}}"#, id);
+    channel.post_message(&JsValue::from_str(&msg)).ok().ok_or("Failed to post")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn load_from_registry() -> Option<String> {
+    use winreg::RegKey;
+    use winreg::enums::*;
+
+    let hkcu = RegKey::predef(HKEY_CURRENT_USER);
+
+    match hkcu.open_subkey("Software\\Iron Borders\\ClientCache") {
+        Ok(key) => match key.get_value::<String, _>("sid") {
+            Ok(id) => {
+                debug!("Loaded user ID from registry");
+                Some(id)
+            }
+            Err(_) => None,
+        },
+        Err(_) => None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn store_to_registry(id: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use winreg::RegKey;
+    use winreg::enums::*;
+
+    let hkcu = RegKey::predef(HKEY_CURRENT_USER);
+
+    let (key, _) = hkcu.create_subkey("Software\\Iron Borders\\ClientCache").map_err(|e| format!("Failed to create registry key: {}", e))?;
+
+    key.set_value("sid", &id).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to set registry value: {}", e))?;
+
+    debug!("Stored user ID to registry");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(windows)))]
+fn load_from_file() -> Option<String> {
+    use directories::ProjectDirs;
+    use std::fs;
+
+    let proj_dirs = ProjectDirs::from("", "", "iron-borders")?;
+    let data_dir = proj_dirs.data_dir();
+    let file_path = data_dir.join("client.dat");
+
+    match fs::read_to_string(&file_path) {
+        Ok(id) => {
+            debug!("Loaded user ID from file: {:?}", file_path);
+            Some(id.trim().to_string())
+        }
+        Err(_) => None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(windows)))]
+fn store_to_file(id: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use directories::ProjectDirs;
+    use std::fs;
+
+    let proj_dirs = ProjectDirs::from("", "", "iron-borders").ok_or("Failed to get project directories")?;
+
+    let data_dir = proj_dirs.data_dir();
+
+    // Create directory if it doesn't exist
+    fs::create_dir_all(data_dir).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to create data directory: {}", e))?;
+
+    let file_path = data_dir.join("client.dat");
+
+    fs::write(&file_path, id).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to write user ID file: {}", e))?;
+
+    debug!("Stored user ID to file: {:?}", file_path);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+async fn load_from_localstorage() -> Option<String> {
+    use gloo_timers::future::TimeoutFuture;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use std::sync::Mutex;
+    use wasm_bindgen::JsCast;
+    use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+    use web_sys::{BroadcastChannel, MessageEvent};
+
+    let channel = BroadcastChannel::new("user_id_storage").ok()?;
+    let result = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+    let result_clone = result.clone();
+
+    let callback = Closure::wrap(Box::new(move |event: MessageEvent| {
+        if let Some(data) = event.data().as_string()
+            && let Ok(parsed) = js_sys::JSON::parse(&data)
+            && let Some(obj) = parsed.dyn_ref::<js_sys::Object>()
+            && let Ok(action) = js_sys::Reflect::get(obj, &JsValue::from_str("action"))
+            && action.as_string().as_deref() == Some("load_response")
+            && let Ok(id_val) = js_sys::Reflect::get(obj, &JsValue::from_str("id"))
+            && let Some(id) = id_val.as_string()
+        {
+            *result_clone.lock().unwrap() = Some(id);
+        }
+    }) as Box<dyn FnMut(_)>);
+
+    channel.set_onmessage(Some(callback.as_ref().unchecked_ref()));
+
+    // Send load request
+    let msg = r#"{"action":"load"}"#;
+    channel.post_message(&JsValue::from_str(msg)).ok()?;
+
+    // Wait up to 100ms for response
+    TimeoutFuture::new(100).await;
+
+    callback.forget();
+
+    result.lock().unwrap().clone()
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/time.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/time.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..455dbd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/time.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+/// Time tracking resources for ECS
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::Resource;
+use quanta::{Clock as QuantaClock, Instant as QuantaInstant, Mock};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+/// Clock resource wrapping quanta::Clock for mockable time
+///
+/// This provides a unified time interface that works across all platforms
+/// (including WebAssembly) and supports mocking for deterministic tests.
+#[derive(Clone, Resource)]
+pub struct Clock {
+    inner: QuantaClock,
+}
+
+impl Clock {
+    /// Create a new clock using the system time
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { inner: QuantaClock::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current instant
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn now(&self) -> QuantaInstant {
+        self.inner.now()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the recent (cached) instant for ultra-low-overhead timing
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn recent(&self) -> QuantaInstant {
+        self.inner.recent()
+    }
+
+    /// Create a mock clock for testing
+    pub fn mock() -> (Self, Arc<Mock>) {
+        let (clock, mock) = QuantaClock::mock();
+        (Self { inner: clock }, mock)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Clock {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Clock {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Clock").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Time tracking resource for ECS with integrated clock source
+///
+/// This resource provides both frame timing (delta/elapsed) and the underlying
+/// clock source for mockable time in tests.
+#[derive(Clone, Resource)]
+pub struct Time {
+    clock: Clock,
+    last_instant: QuantaInstant,
+    creation_epoch_ms: u64, // Wall-clock time when Time was created (for epoch calculations)
+    delta: Duration,
+    elapsed: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Time {
+    /// Create a new Time resource with system clock
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let clock = Clock::new();
+        let now = clock.now();
+        let creation_epoch_ms = Self::get_wall_clock_epoch_ms();
+        Self { clock, last_instant: now, creation_epoch_ms, delta: Duration::ZERO, elapsed: Duration::ZERO }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a Time resource with a custom clock (for testing with mock clocks)
+    ///
+    /// The epoch_offset_ms parameter allows tests to set a specific epoch time.
+    /// Use 0 for tests that don't care about wall-clock time.
+    pub fn with_clock(clock: Clock, epoch_offset_ms: u64) -> Self {
+        let now = clock.now();
+        Self { clock, last_instant: now, creation_epoch_ms: epoch_offset_ms, delta: Duration::ZERO, elapsed: Duration::ZERO }
+    }
+
+    /// Get current wall-clock time in milliseconds since UNIX epoch
+    fn get_wall_clock_epoch_ms() -> u64 {
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        {
+            std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_millis() as u64
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        {
+            js_sys::Date::now() as u64
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Advance time by measuring delta since last tick
+    ///
+    /// This should be called once per frame by the game loop.
+    pub fn tick(&mut self) {
+        let now = self.clock.now();
+        self.delta = now.duration_since(self.last_instant);
+        self.elapsed += self.delta;
+        self.last_instant = now;
+    }
+
+    /// Get the time elapsed since the last frame
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn delta(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.delta
+    }
+
+    /// Get the time elapsed since the last frame in seconds
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn delta_secs(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.delta.as_secs_f32()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total time elapsed since Time was created
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn elapsed(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.elapsed
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total time elapsed since Time was created in seconds
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn elapsed_secs(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.elapsed.as_secs_f32()
+    }
+
+    /// Get current time in milliseconds since UNIX epoch
+    ///
+    /// This is mockable in tests - it returns creation_epoch + elapsed time.
+    /// For real usage, it gives actual wall-clock time.
+    /// For tests with mock clocks, it gives predictable time based on mock advancement.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn epoch_millis(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.creation_epoch_ms + self.elapsed.as_millis() as u64
+    }
+
+    /// Legacy method for compatibility - prefer using tick() instead
+    #[deprecated(note = "Use tick() instead - it measures delta automatically")]
+    pub fn update(&mut self, delta: Duration) {
+        self.delta = delta;
+        self.elapsed += delta;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Time {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Time {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Time").field("delta", &self.delta).field("elapsed", &self.elapsed).finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fixed timestep time resource
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Resource)]
+pub struct FixedTime {
+    timestep: Duration,
+}
+
+impl FixedTime {
+    pub fn from_seconds(seconds: f64) -> Self {
+        Self { timestep: Duration::from_secs_f64(seconds) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn timestep(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.timestep
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/ui/leaderboard.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/leaderboard.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9351bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/leaderboard.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+//! Shared leaderboard data structures and utilities
+//!
+//! This module contains types and systems for managing leaderboard data
+//! that are shared between desktop and WASM builds.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::game::ActiveAttacks;
+use crate::game::entities::{Dead, Troops};
+use crate::game::input::context::LocalPlayerContext;
+use crate::game::systems::turn::CurrentTurn;
+use crate::game::{NationColor, NationName, TerritoryManager, TerritorySize, world::NationId};
+
+use crate::time::Time;
+// Re-export UI types from protocol for convenience
+pub use crate::ui::protocol::{AttackEntry, AttacksUpdatePayload, BackendMessage, LeaderboardEntry, LeaderboardSnapshot};
+
+/// Convert RGBA color to hex string (without alpha)
+pub fn rgba_to_hex(color: [f32; 4]) -> String {
+    let r = (color[0] * 255.0) as u8;
+    let g = (color[1] * 255.0) as u8;
+    let b = (color[2] * 255.0) as u8;
+    format!("{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}", r, g, b)
+}
+
+/// Resolve a nation's display name with fallbacks for missing or empty names
+fn resolve_player_name(nation_id: NationId, client_nation_id: NationId, nation_data: Option<(&NationName, &NationColor)>) -> String {
+    nation_data.map(|(name, _)| if name.0.is_empty() { if nation_id == client_nation_id { "Player".to_string() } else { format!("Nation {}", nation_id) } } else { name.0.clone() }).unwrap_or_else(|| format!("Nation {}", nation_id))
+}
+
+/// Resource to track last emitted leaderboard state for deduplication
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct LastLeaderboardDigest {
+    pub entries: Vec<(NationId, String, u32, u32)>, // (id, name, tile_count, troops)
+    pub turn: u64,
+}
+
+/// Resource to track last emitted attacks state for deduplication
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct LastAttacksDigest {
+    pub entries: Vec<(NationId, Option<NationId>, u32, u64, bool)>, // (attacker_id, target_id, troops, id, is_outgoing)
+    pub turn: u64,
+    pub count: usize, // Track number of attacks to always detect add/remove
+}
+
+/// Resource to track display order update cycles (updates every 3rd tick)
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct DisplayOrderUpdateCounter {
+    pub tick: u32,
+}
+
+/// Resource to track last calculated display order for each nation
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct LastDisplayOrder {
+    pub order_map: HashMap<NationId, usize>,
+}
+
+/// Resource to throttle leaderboard snapshot emissions
+#[derive(Resource, Debug)]
+pub struct LeaderboardThrottle {
+    last_emission_elapsed: Option<Duration>,
+    throttle_duration: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Default for LeaderboardThrottle {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            last_emission_elapsed: None,
+            throttle_duration: Duration::from_millis(420), // 420ms (3x faster, display order updates every 3rd tick)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a complete leaderboard snapshot from current game state
+/// Returns None if nothing has changed since last_digest
+pub fn build_leaderboard_snapshot(
+    turn_number: u64,
+    total_land_tiles: u32,
+    nation_stats: &[(NationId, u32, u32)], // (id, tile_count, troops)
+    client_nation_id: NationId,
+    nations_by_id: &HashMap<NationId, (&NationName, &NationColor)>,
+    last_digest: &mut LastLeaderboardDigest,
+    display_order_map: &HashMap<NationId, usize>,
+) -> Option<LeaderboardSnapshot> {
+    // Build current digest for comparison (includes names now), filter out eliminated nations
+    let current_entries: Vec<(NationId, String, u32, u32)> = nation_stats
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(_, tile_count, _)| *tile_count > 0) // Exclude eliminated nations
+        .map(|(id, tile_count, troops)| {
+            let nation_data = nations_by_id.get(id).copied();
+            let name = resolve_player_name(*id, client_nation_id, nation_data);
+            (*id, name, *tile_count, *troops)
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Check if anything has changed (stats OR names)
+    if current_entries == last_digest.entries && turn_number == last_digest.turn {
+        return None; // No changes
+    }
+
+    // Update digest
+    last_digest.entries = current_entries;
+    last_digest.turn = turn_number;
+
+    // Build complete leaderboard entries (names + colors + stats), filter out eliminated nations
+    let mut entries: Vec<LeaderboardEntry> = nation_stats
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(_, tile_count, _)| *tile_count > 0) // Exclude eliminated nations
+        .map(|(id, tile_count, troops)| {
+            let nation_data = nations_by_id.get(id).copied();
+
+            let name = resolve_player_name(*id, client_nation_id, nation_data);
+
+            let color = nation_data.map(|(_, color)| rgba_to_hex(color.0.to_rgba())).unwrap_or_else(|| "808080".to_string()); // Gray fallback
+
+            let territory_percent = if total_land_tiles > 0 { *tile_count as f32 / total_land_tiles as f32 } else { 0.0 };
+
+            LeaderboardEntry {
+                id: *id,
+                name,
+                color,
+                tile_count: *tile_count,
+                troops: *troops,
+                territory_percent,
+                rank: 0,          // Assigned after sorting
+                display_order: 0, // Assigned after sorting
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Sort by tile count descending
+    entries.sort_by(|a, b| b.tile_count.cmp(&a.tile_count));
+
+    // Assign rank and display_order after sorting
+    for (idx, entry) in entries.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        entry.rank = idx + 1; // 1-indexed rank
+
+        // Use display_order from map, or fallback to current rank position
+        // TODO: Handle mid-game joins by initializing display_order for new players
+        entry.display_order = display_order_map.get(&entry.id).copied().unwrap_or(idx);
+    }
+
+    Some(LeaderboardSnapshot { turn: turn_number, total_land_tiles, entries, client_nation_id })
+}
+
+/// Bevy system that emits leaderboard snapshot events
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn emit_leaderboard_snapshot_system(time: Res<Time>, current_turn: Option<Res<CurrentTurn>>, local_context: If<Res<LocalPlayerContext>>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, nations: Query<(&NationId, &NationName, &NationColor)>, nation_stats: Query<(&NationId, &TerritorySize, &Troops), Without<Dead>>, mut last_digest: If<ResMut<LastLeaderboardDigest>>, mut throttle: If<ResMut<LeaderboardThrottle>>, mut counter: If<ResMut<DisplayOrderUpdateCounter>>, mut last_display_order: If<ResMut<LastDisplayOrder>>, mut backend_messages: MessageWriter<BackendMessage>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("emit_leaderboard_snapshot").entered();
+    let Some(current_turn) = current_turn else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Check if enough time has passed since last emission
+    let current_elapsed = time.elapsed();
+    let should_emit = throttle.last_emission_elapsed.map(|last| current_elapsed.saturating_sub(last) >= throttle.throttle_duration).unwrap_or(true); // Emit on first call
+
+    if !should_emit {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Build nation lookup map from ECS components
+    let nations_by_id: HashMap<NationId, (&NationName, &NationColor)> = nations.iter().map(|(nation_id, name, color)| (*nation_id, (name, color))).collect();
+
+    // Collect nation stats from ECS
+    let nation_stats_data: Vec<(NationId, u32, u32)> = nation_stats.iter().map(|(nation_id, territory_size, troops)| (*nation_id, territory_size.0, troops.0 as u32)).collect();
+
+    // Calculate total land tiles
+    let total_land_tiles = crate::game::queries::count_land_tiles(&territory_manager);
+
+    // Increment tick counter (wraps on overflow)
+    counter.tick = counter.tick.wrapping_add(1);
+
+    // Every 3rd tick, recalculate display order from current rankings
+    if counter.tick.is_multiple_of(3) {
+        // Build temporary sorted list to determine new display order
+        let mut sorted_nations: Vec<_> = nation_stats_data
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, tile_count, _)| *tile_count > 0) // Exclude eliminated nations
+            .collect();
+        sorted_nations.sort_by(|a, b| b.1.cmp(&a.1));
+
+        // Update display order map with current rankings
+        last_display_order.order_map.clear();
+        for (idx, (nation_id, _, _)) in sorted_nations.iter().enumerate() {
+            last_display_order.order_map.insert(*nation_id, idx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(snapshot) = build_leaderboard_snapshot(current_turn.turn.turn_number, total_land_tiles, &nation_stats_data, local_context.id, &nations_by_id, &mut last_digest, &last_display_order.order_map) {
+        backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::LeaderboardSnapshot(snapshot));
+        throttle.last_emission_elapsed = Some(current_elapsed);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build an attacks update payload from current game state
+/// Always returns the current state (digest is used to prevent duplicate emissions)
+pub fn build_attacks_update(active_attacks: &ActiveAttacks, turn_number: u64, client_nation_id: NationId, last_digest: &mut LastAttacksDigest) -> Option<AttacksUpdatePayload> {
+    // Get attacks for the client nation
+    let raw_attacks = active_attacks.get_attacks_for_nation(client_nation_id);
+
+    // Build current digest for comparison
+    let current_entries = raw_attacks.iter().map(|&(attacker_id, target_id, troops, id, is_outgoing)| (attacker_id, target_id, troops as u32, id, is_outgoing)).collect();
+
+    let current_count = raw_attacks.len();
+
+    // Always send update if attack count changed (add/remove)
+    let count_changed = current_count != last_digest.count;
+
+    // Check if digest changed (troop counts, etc.)
+    let digest_changed = current_entries != last_digest.entries;
+
+    if !count_changed && !digest_changed {
+        return None; // No changes at all
+    }
+
+    // Update digest
+    last_digest.entries = current_entries;
+    last_digest.turn = turn_number;
+    last_digest.count = current_count;
+
+    // Build attack entries
+    let entries: Vec<AttackEntry> = raw_attacks.into_iter().map(|(attacker_id, target_id, troops, id, is_outgoing)| AttackEntry { id, attacker_id, target_id, troops: troops as u32, is_outgoing }).collect();
+
+    Some(AttacksUpdatePayload { turn: turn_number, entries })
+}
+
+/// Bevy system that emits attacks update events
+pub fn emit_attacks_update_system(active_attacks: Res<ActiveAttacks>, current_turn: Option<Res<CurrentTurn>>, local_context: If<Res<LocalPlayerContext>>, mut last_digest: If<ResMut<LastAttacksDigest>>, mut backend_messages: MessageWriter<BackendMessage>) {
+    let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("emit_attacks_update").entered();
+
+    let Some(current_turn) = current_turn else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if let Some(payload) = build_attacks_update(&active_attacks, current_turn.turn.turn_number, local_context.id, &mut last_digest) {
+        backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::AttacksUpdate(payload));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/ui/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32e51d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//! UI/Frontend module for rendering and user interaction
+//!
+//! This module contains all frontend-related concerns including:
+//! - Protocol definitions for frontend-backend communication
+//! - Leaderboard management
+//! - Platform transport abstraction
+
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use bevy_ecs::hierarchy::ChildOf;
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::game::input::MouseMotionMessage;
+use crate::game::systems::turn::CurrentTurn;
+use crate::game::{NationId, Ship, TerritoryManager};
+
+pub mod leaderboard;
+pub mod protocol;
+pub mod transport;
+
+// Re-export commonly used types
+pub use leaderboard::*;
+pub use protocol::*;
+pub use transport::*;
+
+/// Resource to track currently highlighted nation for visual feedback
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct NationHighlightState {
+    pub highlighted_nation: Option<NationId>,
+}
+
+/// System that tracks hovered nation and emits highlight events
+pub fn emit_nation_highlight_system(mut mouse_motion: MessageReader<MouseMotionMessage>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, mut highlight_state: If<ResMut<NationHighlightState>>, mut backend_messages: MessageWriter<BackendMessage>) {
+    // Get the latest mouse motion event
+    let latest_motion = mouse_motion.read().last();
+
+    let new_highlighted = if let Some(motion) = latest_motion {
+        if let Some(tile_coord) = motion.tile {
+            let ownership = territory_manager.get_ownership(tile_coord);
+            ownership.nation_id()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    } else {
+        // No motion events this frame, keep current highlight
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Only emit if highlight changed
+    if new_highlighted != highlight_state.highlighted_nation {
+        highlight_state.highlighted_nation = new_highlighted;
+        backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::HighlightNation { nation_id: new_highlighted });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resource to track previous ship states for delta updates
+#[derive(Resource, Default)]
+pub struct ShipStateTracker {
+    /// Map of ship ID to current_path_index
+    ship_indices: HashMap<u32, u32>,
+}
+
+/// System that emits ship update variants to the frontend (delta-based)
+/// - Create: sent when ship first appears
+/// - Move: sent only when current_path_index changes
+/// - Destroy: sent when ship disappears
+pub fn emit_ships_update_system(current_turn: Option<Res<CurrentTurn>>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, ships: Query<(&Ship, &ChildOf)>, player_query: Query<&NationId>, mut ship_tracker: ResMut<ShipStateTracker>, mut backend_messages: MessageWriter<BackendMessage>) {
+    let Some(current_turn) = current_turn else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let current_ship_ids: HashSet<u32> = ships.iter().map(|(ship, _)| ship.id).collect();
+
+    let mut updates = Vec::new();
+
+    // Detect destroyed ships
+    for &ship_id in ship_tracker.ship_indices.keys() {
+        if !current_ship_ids.contains(&ship_id) {
+            updates.push(ShipUpdateVariant::Destroy { id: ship_id });
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Detect new ships and moved ships
+    for (ship, parent) in ships.iter() {
+        let owner_id = player_query.get(parent.0).copied().unwrap_or(NationId::ZERO);
+
+        // Convert path from U16Vec2 to tile indices
+        let path: Vec<u32> = ship.path.iter().map(|pos| territory_manager.pos_to_index(*pos)).collect();
+
+        match ship_tracker.ship_indices.get(&ship.id) {
+            None => {
+                // New ship - send Create
+                updates.push(ShipUpdateVariant::Create { id: ship.id, owner_id, path, troops: ship.troops });
+                ship_tracker.ship_indices.insert(ship.id, ship.current_path_index as u32);
+            }
+            Some(&prev_index) if prev_index != ship.current_path_index as u32 => {
+                // Ship moved to next tile - send Move
+                updates.push(ShipUpdateVariant::Move { id: ship.id, current_path_index: ship.current_path_index as u32 });
+                ship_tracker.ship_indices.insert(ship.id, ship.current_path_index as u32);
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // No change, do nothing
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Clean up destroyed ships from tracker
+    ship_tracker.ship_indices.retain(|id, _| current_ship_ids.contains(id));
+
+    // Only send if there are updates
+    if !updates.is_empty() {
+        backend_messages.write(BackendMessage::ShipsUpdate(ShipsUpdatePayload { turn: current_turn.turn.turn_number, updates }));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/ui/protocol.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/protocol.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a64a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/protocol.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+//! Protocol for frontend-backend communication
+//!
+//! This module defines the bidirectional message protocol used for communication
+//! between the game core (Bevy/Rust) and the frontend (PixiJS/TypeScript).
+
+use bevy_ecs::message::Message;
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use glam::Vec2;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::game::{NationId, input::AttackControls};
+
+// Re-export input types for TypeScript generation
+pub use crate::game::input::{
+    events::InputEvent,
+    types::{ButtonState, KeyCode, MouseButton},
+};
+
+/// All messages sent from backend to frontend
+/// Binary data (terrain, territory, nation palette, deltas) are sent via separate binary channels
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Message)]
+#[serde(tag = "msg_type")]
+pub enum BackendMessage {
+    /// Complete leaderboard snapshot (includes names, colors, and stats)
+    LeaderboardSnapshot(LeaderboardSnapshot),
+    /// Dynamic attacks updates
+    AttacksUpdate(AttacksUpdatePayload),
+    /// Active ships on the map
+    ShipsUpdate(ShipsUpdatePayload),
+    /// Game has ended with the specified outcome
+    GameEnded { outcome: GameOutcome },
+    /// Spawn phase update
+    /// - countdown: None = phase active, waiting for first spawn
+    /// - countdown: Some = countdown in progress with epoch timestamp
+    SpawnPhaseUpdate { countdown: Option<SpawnCountdown> },
+    /// Spawn phase has ended, game is now active
+    SpawnPhaseEnded,
+    /// Highlight a specific nation (None to clear)
+    HighlightNation { nation_id: Option<NationId> },
+}
+
+/// All messages sent from frontend to backend
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Message)]
+#[serde(tag = "msg_type")]
+pub enum FrontendMessage {
+    /// Start a new game
+    StartGame,
+    /// Quit the current game and return to menu
+    QuitGame,
+    /// Set attack ratio (percentage of troops to use when attacking)
+    SetAttackRatio { ratio: f32 },
+}
+
+/// Terrain types for map tiles
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum TerrainType {
+    Water = 0,
+    Land = 1,
+    Mountain = 2,
+}
+
+/// Binary message types for unified binary channel
+///
+/// Uses #[repr(u8)] to provide idiomatic conversion to/from bytes.
+/// Constants are defined only once here and accessed via `as u8` cast.
+#[repr(u8)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BinaryMessageType {
+    /// Initial game state (terrain + territory + nation palette)
+    Init = 0,
+    /// Territory delta (changed tiles only)
+    Delta = 1,
+}
+
+impl BinaryMessageType {
+    /// Convert a byte to a BinaryMessageType
+    ///
+    /// Returns None if the byte doesn't correspond to a known message type.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_u8(value: u8) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            0 => Some(Self::Init),
+            1 => Some(Self::Delta),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Encode a binary message with type tag envelope
+///
+/// Format: [type:1][payload:N]
+///
+/// The type byte discriminates between Init and Delta messages,
+/// allowing both to be sent through a unified binary channel.
+pub fn encode_binary_message(msg_type: BinaryMessageType, payload: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(1 + payload.len());
+    data.push(msg_type as u8);
+    data.extend_from_slice(&payload);
+    data
+}
+
+/// Decode a binary message envelope
+///
+/// Returns the message type and payload slice, or None if the envelope is invalid.
+pub fn decode_binary_envelope(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(BinaryMessageType, &[u8])> {
+    if data.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let msg_type = BinaryMessageType::from_u8(data[0])?;
+    Some((msg_type, &data[1..]))
+}
+
+/// Encode complete initialization data into binary format for channel streaming
+///
+/// This combines terrain, territory, and nation palette data into a single atomic payload
+/// to avoid synchronization issues with multiple messages.
+///
+/// Format: [terrain_len:4][terrain_data][territory_len:4][territory_data][nation_palette_count:2][nation_palette_rgb:N*3]
+///
+/// Terrain data format: [width:2][height:2][tile_ids:N][palette_count:2][palette_rgb:N*3]
+/// Territory data format: [count:4][tiles...] where tiles = [index:4][owner:2]
+///
+/// All integers are little-endian
+pub fn encode_init_binary(size: glam::U16Vec2, tile_ids: &[u8], terrain_palette: &[RgbColor], territories: &[crate::game::TileOwnership], nation_palette: &[RgbColor]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let tile_count = (size.x as usize) * (size.y as usize);
+    assert_eq!(tile_ids.len(), tile_count, "Tile ID count mismatch");
+
+    let terrain_palette_count = terrain_palette.len();
+    assert!(terrain_palette_count <= u16::MAX as usize, "Terrain palette too large");
+
+    // Build terrain data
+    let terrain_size = 2 + 2 + tile_count + 2 + (terrain_palette_count * 3);
+    let mut terrain_data = Vec::with_capacity(terrain_size);
+
+    terrain_data.extend_from_slice(&size.x.to_le_bytes());
+    terrain_data.extend_from_slice(&size.y.to_le_bytes());
+    terrain_data.extend_from_slice(tile_ids);
+    terrain_data.extend_from_slice(&(terrain_palette_count as u16).to_le_bytes());
+    for color in terrain_palette {
+        terrain_data.extend_from_slice(&[color.r, color.g, color.b]);
+    }
+
+    // Build territory data (only nation-owned tiles, filter out unclaimed)
+    let claimed_tiles: Vec<(u32, u16)> = territories.iter().enumerate().filter_map(|(index, &ownership)| ownership.nation_id().map(|nation_id| (index as u32, nation_id.get()))).collect();
+
+    let territory_count = claimed_tiles.len() as u32;
+    let territory_size = 4 + (claimed_tiles.len() * 6);
+    let mut territory_data = Vec::with_capacity(territory_size);
+
+    territory_data.extend_from_slice(&territory_count.to_le_bytes());
+    for (index, owner) in claimed_tiles {
+        territory_data.extend_from_slice(&index.to_le_bytes());
+        territory_data.extend_from_slice(&owner.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    // Build nation palette data
+    let nation_palette_count = nation_palette.len();
+    assert!(nation_palette_count <= u16::MAX as usize, "Nation palette too large");
+
+    // Combine into single payload with length prefixes
+    let total_size = 4 + terrain_data.len() + 4 + territory_data.len() + 2 + (nation_palette_count * 3);
+    let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(total_size);
+
+    data.extend_from_slice(&(terrain_data.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    data.extend_from_slice(&terrain_data);
+    data.extend_from_slice(&(territory_data.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    data.extend_from_slice(&territory_data);
+
+    // Append nation palette
+    data.extend_from_slice(&(nation_palette_count as u16).to_le_bytes());
+    for color in nation_palette {
+        data.extend_from_slice(&[color.r, color.g, color.b]);
+    }
+
+    data
+}
+
+/// A single tile change in the territory map
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TileChange {
+    /// Tile index (row * width + col)
+    pub index: u32,
+    /// New owner ID (0-65534 for nations, 65535 for unclaimed)
+    pub owner_id: u16,
+}
+
+/// Binary format for efficient territory delta streaming
+/// This is for the pixel streaming channel, separate from JSON messages
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BinaryTerritoryDelta {
+    /// Raw bytes: [turn:8][count:4][changes...]
+    /// Each change: [index:4][owner:2] = 6 bytes
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl BinaryTerritoryDelta {
+    /// Create binary delta from territory changes
+    pub fn encode(turn: u64, changes: &[TileChange]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let count = changes.len() as u32;
+        let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(12 + changes.len() * 6);
+
+        // Header: turn (8 bytes) + count (4 bytes)
+        data.extend_from_slice(&turn.to_le_bytes());
+        data.extend_from_slice(&count.to_le_bytes());
+
+        // Changes: each is index (4 bytes) + owner (2 bytes)
+        for change in changes {
+            data.extend_from_slice(&change.index.to_le_bytes());
+            data.extend_from_slice(&change.owner_id.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+
+        data
+    }
+
+    /// Decode binary delta back to structured format
+    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(u64, Vec<TileChange>)> {
+        if data.len() < 12 {
+            return None; // Not enough data for header
+        }
+
+        let turn = u64::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4], data[5], data[6], data[7]]);
+
+        let count = u32::from_le_bytes([data[8], data[9], data[10], data[11]]) as usize;
+
+        let expected_size = 12 + count * 6;
+        if data.len() != expected_size {
+            return None; // Invalid size
+        }
+
+        let mut changes = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+        for i in 0..count {
+            let offset = 12 + i * 6;
+            let index = u32::from_le_bytes([data[offset], data[offset + 1], data[offset + 2], data[offset + 3]]);
+            let owner_id = u16::from_le_bytes([data[offset + 4], data[offset + 5]]);
+            changes.push(TileChange { index, owner_id });
+        }
+
+        Some((turn, changes))
+    }
+}
+
+/// RGB color for nation palette
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct RgbColor {
+    pub r: u8,
+    pub g: u8,
+    pub b: u8,
+}
+
+/// Queries sent from frontend to backend about the map
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type")]
+pub enum MapQuery {
+    /// Get owner of tile at world coordinates
+    GetOwnerAt { pos: Vec2 },
+    /// Get detailed tile info by index
+    GetTileInfo { tile_index: u32 },
+    /// Find any tile owned by nation (for camera centering)
+    FindPlayerTerritory { nation_id: NationId },
+    /// Convert screen coordinates to tile index
+    ScreenToTile { screen_pos: Vec2 },
+}
+
+/// Unified leaderboard entry containing both static and dynamic data
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LeaderboardEntry {
+    pub id: NationId,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub color: String, // Hex color without alpha, e.g. "0A44FF"
+    pub tile_count: u32,
+    pub troops: u32,
+    pub territory_percent: f32,
+    pub rank: usize,          // Current rank (1-indexed, updates every tick)
+    pub display_order: usize, // Visual position (0-indexed, updates every 3rd tick)
+}
+
+/// Complete leaderboard snapshot (replaces separate Init/Update)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LeaderboardSnapshot {
+    pub turn: u64,
+    pub total_land_tiles: u32,
+    pub entries: Vec<LeaderboardEntry>,
+    pub client_nation_id: NationId,
+}
+
+/// Outcome of the game
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum GameOutcome {
+    /// Player won the game
+    Victory,
+    /// Player lost the game
+    Defeat,
+}
+
+/// Single attack entry for attacks UI
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AttackEntry {
+    pub id: u64,
+    pub attacker_id: NationId,
+    pub target_id: Option<NationId>, // None for unclaimed territory
+    pub troops: u32,
+    pub is_outgoing: bool,
+}
+
+/// Attacks update payload
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AttacksUpdatePayload {
+    pub turn: u64,
+    pub entries: Vec<AttackEntry>,
+}
+
+/// Ships update payload with lifecycle variants
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ShipsUpdatePayload {
+    pub turn: u64,
+    pub updates: Vec<ShipUpdateVariant>,
+}
+
+/// Ship update variants for efficient delta updates
+/// NOTE: SHIP_TICKS_PER_TILE (1) must be synchronized between backend and frontend
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type")]
+pub enum ShipUpdateVariant {
+    /// Ship created - full initial state
+    Create {
+        id: u32,
+        owner_id: NationId,
+        path: Vec<u32>,
+        troops: u32, // Static value, currently unused for rendering
+    },
+    /// Ship moved to next tile in path
+    Move { id: u32, current_path_index: u32 },
+    /// Ship destroyed (arrived or cancelled)
+    Destroy { id: u32 },
+}
+
+// TODO: On client reconnection/late-join, send Create variants for all active ships
+
+/// Countdown state for spawn phase
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SpawnCountdown {
+    pub started_at_ms: u64,
+    pub duration_secs: f32,
+}
+
+/// System to handle FrontendMessage events
+///
+/// NOTE: StartGame and QuitGame are handled directly in main.rs (desktop) or game.worker.ts (browser)
+/// to control World creation/destruction at the application level.
+pub fn handle_frontend_messages_system(mut frontend_messages: MessageReader<FrontendMessage>, mut attack_controls: ResMut<AttackControls>) {
+    for message in frontend_messages.read() {
+        match message {
+            FrontendMessage::StartGame | FrontendMessage::QuitGame => {
+                // These are handled at the application level (main.rs for desktop, game.worker.ts for browser)
+                // They control World creation/destruction and should never reach this system
+                tracing::trace!("Ignoring {:?} - handled at application level", message);
+            }
+            FrontendMessage::SetAttackRatio { ratio } => {
+                attack_controls.attack_ratio = ratio.clamp(0.01, 1.0);
+                tracing::debug!("Attack ratio set to {:.1}%", attack_controls.attack_ratio * 100.0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/src/ui/transport.rs b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/transport.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7353d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/src/ui/transport.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+//! Shared render bridge infrastructure for platform-agnostic rendering
+//!
+//! This module provides the common logic for rendering bridges across platforms
+//! (WASM, Tauri, etc.), with platform-specific transport mechanisms abstracted
+//! behind the RenderBridgeTransport trait.
+
+use crate::game::builder::PreviousSpawnState;
+use crate::game::entities::{Dead, NationColor};
+use crate::game::input::handlers::SpawnPhase;
+use crate::game::systems::turn::ActiveTurn;
+use crate::game::{NationId, SpawnManager, TerritoryManager, TileOwnership};
+use crate::prelude::TerrainData;
+use crate::ui::protocol::{BackendMessage, BinaryMessageType, BinaryTerritoryDelta, FrontendMessage, RgbColor, TileChange};
+use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
+use tracing::{error, info, trace, warn};
+
+/// Trait for platform-specific frontend communication
+///
+/// This abstracts the actual mechanism for bidirectional frontend communication,
+/// allowing WASM (JS callbacks), Tauri (channels), and other platforms to implement
+/// their own transport while sharing the core logic.
+///
+/// All platforms use binary channels for terrain/territory data to ensure
+/// consistent encoding/decoding and optimal performance.
+pub trait FrontendTransport: Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Send a message from backend to frontend (JSON-serialized control messages)
+    fn send_backend_message(&self, message: &BackendMessage) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Send binary data (init or delta) through unified channel
+    ///
+    /// Format: [type:1][payload:N]
+    /// - type = 0: Init (terrain + territory + nation palette)
+    /// - type = 1: Delta (territory changes only)
+    ///
+    /// See `encode_binary_message` for envelope format details.
+    fn send_binary(&self, msg_type: BinaryMessageType, payload: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), String>;
+
+    /// Try to receive a message from the frontend
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Some(message)` if a message is available, `None` if not.
+    /// This should be non-blocking and called frequently (e.g., every frame).
+    fn try_recv_frontend_message(&self) -> Option<FrontendMessage>;
+}
+
+/// Resource for managing frontend communication state
+#[derive(Resource)]
+pub struct RenderBridge {
+    pub transport: std::sync::Arc<dyn FrontendTransport>,
+    /// Track if we've sent initial data
+    pub(crate) initialized: bool,
+}
+
+impl RenderBridge {
+    pub fn new(transport: std::sync::Arc<dyn FrontendTransport>) -> Self {
+        Self { transport, initialized: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the bridge to allow re-initialization
+    /// This should be called when a game is quit to ensure fresh data is sent on next game start
+    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.initialized = false;
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to send initial render data (terrain, palette, initial territories)
+pub fn send_initial_render_data(territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, terrain_data: Res<TerrainData>, nations: Query<(&NationId, &NationColor), Without<Dead>>, mut bridge: If<ResMut<RenderBridge>>) {
+    // Early return if already initialized - prevents duplicate sends
+    if bridge.initialized {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Don't send initial data for empty state
+    let nation_count = nations.iter().count();
+    if territory_manager.width() == 0 || territory_manager.height() == 0 || nation_count == 0 {
+        trace!("send_initial_render_data: Game not yet populated, waiting...");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let _guard = tracing::debug_span!(
+        "send_initial_render_data",
+        size = ?territory_manager.size(),
+        nation_count = nation_count
+    )
+    .entered();
+
+    // Mark as initialized FIRST to prevent re-execution even if send fails
+    // This is important because the frontend callback might not be registered yet
+    // on the first few frames, causing send to fail but we don't want to rebuild
+    // the expensive RenderInit message multiple times
+    bridge.initialized = true;
+
+    // Prepare terrain data
+    let size = territory_manager.size();
+    let tile_ids = terrain_data.get_tile_ids();
+    let palette_colors: Vec<RgbColor> = terrain_data.get_terrain_palette_colors().into_iter().map(|[r, g, b]| RgbColor { r, g, b }).collect();
+
+    info!("Terrain palette: {} colors", palette_colors.len());
+
+    // Build nation palette from ECS
+    let nation_palette = {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("build_nation_palette").entered();
+
+        // Allocate only enough space for active nations + a small buffer
+        let max_nation_id = nations.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.get()).max().unwrap_or(0) as usize;
+
+        // Allocate palette size as: max(256, max_nation_id + 1) to handle typical nation counts
+        let palette_size = (max_nation_id + 1).max(256);
+        let mut colors = vec![RgbColor { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0 }; palette_size];
+
+        for (nation_id, nation_color) in nations.iter() {
+            let rgba = nation_color.0.to_rgba();
+            colors[nation_id.get() as usize] = RgbColor { r: (rgba[0] * 255.0) as u8, g: (rgba[1] * 255.0) as u8, b: (rgba[2] * 255.0) as u8 };
+        }
+        colors
+    };
+
+    // Send terrain, territory, and nation palette via binary channel (both WASM and Tauri)
+    {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("send_init_binary", terrain_size = tile_ids.len(), territory_size = territory_manager.as_slice().len(), nation_palette_size = nation_palette.len()).entered();
+
+        let binary_init = crate::ui::protocol::encode_init_binary(size, tile_ids, &palette_colors, territory_manager.as_slice(), &nation_palette);
+
+        if let Err(e) = bridge.transport.send_binary(BinaryMessageType::Init, binary_init) {
+            error!("Failed to send init binary data: {}", e);
+            bridge.initialized = false;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!("Initialization data sent successfully via binary channel (terrain + territory + nation palette)");
+}
+
+/// System to detect and stream territory changes
+/// Uses If<Res<ActiveTurn>> to skip when no active turn
+pub fn stream_territory_deltas(current_turn: If<Res<ActiveTurn>>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, bridge: If<Res<RenderBridge>>) {
+    // Gate: Don't send deltas until initial render data has been sent
+    if !bridge.initialized {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Skip if TerritoryManager has no changes in its internal buffer
+    if !territory_manager.has_changes() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("stream_territory_deltas").entered();
+
+    // Build delta from the pre-tracked changes in TerritoryManager
+    // Include ALL changed tiles, both owned and unclaimed (65535)
+    let changes: Vec<TileChange> = territory_manager
+        .iter_changes()
+        .map(|pos| {
+            let index = territory_manager.pos_to_index(pos);
+            let ownership = territory_manager.get_ownership(pos);
+            let owner_id: u16 = ownership.into();
+            TileChange { index, owner_id }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if !changes.is_empty() {
+        let turn = current_turn.turn_number;
+
+        // Send binary delta through unified channel
+        let binary_data = BinaryTerritoryDelta::encode(turn, &changes);
+        if let Err(e) = bridge.transport.send_binary(BinaryMessageType::Delta, binary_data) {
+            error!("Failed to send binary territory delta: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// System to stream spawn preview during spawn phase
+///
+/// Sends spawn territories (5x5 areas) as temporary territory ownership so players can see
+/// their spawn and bot spawns before Turn(0) processes. Uses incremental updates
+/// by comparing with previous state to send only changed tiles.
+pub fn stream_spawn_preview_deltas(spawn_phase: Res<SpawnPhase>, spawn_manager: Option<Res<SpawnManager>>, territory_manager: Res<TerritoryManager>, terrain_data: Res<TerrainData>, mut previous_state: If<ResMut<PreviousSpawnState>>, bridge: If<Res<RenderBridge>>) {
+    // Only run during spawn phase
+    if !spawn_phase.active {
+        // Clear previous state when spawn phase ends
+        if !previous_state.spawns.is_empty() {
+            previous_state.spawns.clear();
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Don't send until initial render data has been sent
+    if !bridge.initialized {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Some(spawn_manager) = spawn_manager else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("stream_spawn_preview").entered();
+
+    // Get current spawns (player + bot spawns)
+    let current_spawns = spawn_manager.get_all_spawns();
+
+    // Check if spawns have changed by comparing with previous state
+    let spawns_changed = current_spawns.len() != previous_state.spawns.len() || current_spawns.iter().zip(previous_state.spawns.iter()).any(|(a, b)| a.nation != b.nation || a.tile != b.tile);
+
+    if !spawns_changed {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let map_size = territory_manager.size();
+
+    // Build territories for previous spawns
+    let mut old_territories: Vec<TileOwnership> = vec![crate::game::TileOwnership::Unclaimed; (map_size.x as usize) * (map_size.y as usize)];
+    for spawn in &previous_state.spawns {
+        crate::game::systems::spawn_territory::claim_spawn_territory(spawn.tile, spawn.nation, &mut old_territories, &terrain_data, map_size);
+    }
+
+    // Build territories for current spawns
+    let mut new_territories: Vec<TileOwnership> = vec![crate::game::TileOwnership::Unclaimed; (map_size.x as usize) * (map_size.y as usize)];
+    for spawn in &current_spawns {
+        crate::game::systems::spawn_territory::claim_spawn_territory(spawn.tile, spawn.nation, &mut new_territories, &terrain_data, map_size);
+    }
+
+    // Compute changed tiles by comparing old vs new territories
+    let changes: Vec<TileChange> = old_territories
+        .iter()
+        .zip(new_territories.iter())
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter_map(|(idx, (old, new))| {
+            if old != new {
+                let owner_id: u16 = (*new).into();
+                Some(TileChange { index: idx as u32, owner_id })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if !changes.is_empty() {
+        // Use turn 0 for spawn preview (before game actually starts)
+        let binary_data = BinaryTerritoryDelta::encode(0, &changes);
+        if let Err(e) = bridge.transport.send_binary(BinaryMessageType::Delta, binary_data) {
+            error!("Failed to send spawn preview delta: {}", e);
+        } else {
+            trace!("Sent spawn preview with {} changed tile(s) (sample: {:?})", changes.len(), &changes[..changes.len().min(10)]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Update previous state
+    previous_state.spawns = current_spawns;
+}
+
+/// System that reads BackendMessage events and sends them through the transport
+pub(crate) fn emit_backend_messages_system(mut events: MessageReader<BackendMessage>, bridge: Res<RenderBridge>) {
+    for event in events.read() {
+        if let Err(e) = bridge.transport.send_backend_message(event) {
+            warn!("Failed to send backend message through transport: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// System that polls the transport for incoming frontend messages and emits them as events
+pub(crate) fn ingest_frontend_messages_system(mut messages: MessageWriter<FrontendMessage>, bridge: Res<RenderBridge>) {
+    while let Some(message) = bridge.transport.try_recv_frontend_message() {
+        messages.write(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/attack_system_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/attack_system_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc7e08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/attack_system_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Attack system behavior is tested through integration tests and turn execution.
+// Direct unit testing is blocked by ECS borrow checker constraints.
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/binary_envelope_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/binary_envelope_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a269702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/binary_envelope_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//! Tests for binary envelope encoding and decoding
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::ui::protocol::{BinaryMessageType, decode_binary_envelope, encode_binary_message};
+use rstest::rstest;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_message_type_constants() {
+    // Verify that the enum values match the expected constants
+    assert!(BinaryMessageType::Init as u8 == 0);
+    assert!(BinaryMessageType::Delta as u8 == 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_message_type_from_u8() {
+    assert!(BinaryMessageType::from_u8(0) == Some(BinaryMessageType::Init));
+    assert!(BinaryMessageType::from_u8(1) == Some(BinaryMessageType::Delta));
+    assert!(BinaryMessageType::from_u8(2).is_none());
+    assert!(BinaryMessageType::from_u8(255).is_none());
+}
+
+/// Test encoding binary messages for different message types
+///
+/// Verifies the structure: [type:1 byte][payload:N bytes]
+#[rstest]
+#[case::init(BinaryMessageType::Init, vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0)]
+#[case::delta(BinaryMessageType::Delta, vec![10, 20, 30], 1)]
+fn test_encode_binary_message(#[case] msg_type: BinaryMessageType, #[case] payload: Vec<u8>, #[case] expected_type_byte: u8) {
+    let encoded = encode_binary_message(msg_type, payload.clone());
+
+    // Check structure: [type:1][payload:N]
+    assert!(encoded.len() == 1 + payload.len());
+    assert!(encoded[0] == expected_type_byte);
+    assert!(&encoded[1..] == &payload[..]);
+}
+
+/// Test encode-decode roundtrip for different message types
+///
+/// Verifies that messages can be encoded and then decoded back to their original form
+#[rstest]
+#[case::init(BinaryMessageType::Init, vec![42, 43, 44, 45])]
+#[case::delta(BinaryMessageType::Delta, vec![100, 101, 102])]
+fn test_encode_decode_roundtrip(#[case] msg_type: BinaryMessageType, #[case] original_payload: Vec<u8>) {
+    let encoded = encode_binary_message(msg_type, original_payload.clone());
+
+    let decoded = decode_binary_envelope(&encoded);
+    assert!(decoded.is_some());
+
+    let (decoded_type, decoded_payload) = decoded.unwrap();
+    assert!(decoded_type == msg_type);
+    assert!(decoded_payload == &original_payload[..]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_decode_empty_data() {
+    let empty: &[u8] = &[];
+    assert!(decode_binary_envelope(empty).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_decode_invalid_type() {
+    let invalid = vec![99, 1, 2, 3]; // type = 99 (invalid)
+    assert!(decode_binary_envelope(&invalid).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_decode_type_only() {
+    // Valid type with no payload
+    let init_only = vec![0];
+    let decoded = decode_binary_envelope(&init_only);
+    assert!(decoded.is_some());
+
+    let (msg_type, payload) = decoded.unwrap();
+    assert!(msg_type == BinaryMessageType::Init);
+    assert!(payload.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_encode_large_payload() {
+    // Test with a large payload to ensure no issues with size
+    let large_payload = vec![42; 100_000];
+    let encoded = encode_binary_message(BinaryMessageType::Init, large_payload.clone());
+
+    assert!(encoded.len() == 1 + large_payload.len());
+    assert!(encoded[0] == 0);
+
+    let decoded = decode_binary_envelope(&encoded);
+    assert!(decoded.is_some());
+
+    let (msg_type, payload) = decoded.unwrap();
+    assert!(msg_type == BinaryMessageType::Init);
+    assert!(payload.len() == large_payload.len());
+    assert!(payload == &large_payload[..]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/border_system_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/border_system_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..403d29a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/border_system_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,781 @@
+// Border system tests: border calculation, system integration, and cache synchronization
+//
+// Note: The border system uses 4-directional (cardinal) neighbors only.
+// A tile is considered a border if any of its 4 cardinal neighbors (N, S, E, W)
+// is owned by a different nation or is unclaimed. Diagonal neighbors are NOT considered.
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::game::builder::GameBuilder;
+use borders_core::networking::NetworkMode;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use common::{GameAssertExt, GameBuilderTestExt, GameTestExt};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+/// Test single isolated tile is marked as border across various map sizes
+///
+/// Verifies that a single conquered tile is correctly identified as a border tile
+/// regardless of map dimensions (5x5, 10x10, 20x20, 100x100, 1000x1000).
+#[rstest]
+fn test_single_tile_border_detection(
+    #[values(
+        (5, 5),
+        (10, 10),
+        (20, 20),
+        (100, 100),
+        (1000, 1000)
+    )]
+    map_size: (u16, u16),
+) {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(map_size.0, map_size.1).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Conquer center tile
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(map_size.0 / 2, map_size.1 / 2);
+    game.conquer_tile(center, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Single isolated tile should be a border (all neighbors different)
+    game.assert().is_border(center).border_count(nation, 1);
+
+    let nation_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation);
+    assert!(nation_borders.contains(&center));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_tile_all_borders() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(center, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Single isolated tile should be a border (all neighbors different)
+    game.assert().is_border(center).border_count(nation, 1);
+
+    let nation_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation);
+    assert!(nation_borders.contains(&center));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_3x3_region_interior_and_edges() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_region(center, 1, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Center should be interior (all neighbors owned by same nation)
+    game.assert().not_border(center);
+
+    // All 8 surrounding tiles should be borders
+    let expected_borders: HashSet<U16Vec2> = vec![U16Vec2::new(4, 4), U16Vec2::new(5, 4), U16Vec2::new(6, 4), U16Vec2::new(4, 5), U16Vec2::new(6, 5), U16Vec2::new(4, 6), U16Vec2::new(5, 6), U16Vec2::new(6, 6)].into_iter().collect();
+
+    for tile in &expected_borders {
+        game.assert().is_border(*tile);
+    }
+
+    assert!(game.get_nation_borders(nation) == expected_borders);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_map_edge_handling() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Conquer corners and edges
+    let corners = vec![U16Vec2::new(0, 0), U16Vec2::new(9, 0), U16Vec2::new(0, 9), U16Vec2::new(9, 9)];
+    game.conquer_tiles(&corners, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All corner tiles should be borders (map edges count as different owners)
+    for corner in corners {
+        game.assert().is_border(corner);
+    }
+
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multiple_disconnected_territories() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(20, 20).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Create two separate territories
+    let territory1 = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    let territory2 = U16Vec2::new(15, 15);
+
+    game.conquer_region(territory1, 1, nation);
+    game.conquer_region(territory2, 1, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Each 3x3 region has 8 border tiles (outer ring)
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 16);
+
+    // Centers should be interior
+    game.assert().not_border(territory1).not_border(territory2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_two_player_adjacent_borders() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(20, 20).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Nation 1 owns left side
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(5, 10), 2, nation1);
+
+    // Nation 2 owns right side (adjacent)
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(10, 10), 2, nation2);
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Tiles adjacent to the border should be border tiles
+    let player1_border = U16Vec2::new(7, 10);
+    let player2_border = U16Vec2::new(8, 10);
+
+    game.assert().is_border(player1_border).is_border(player2_border);
+
+    // Both players should have borders (including the ones adjacent to each other)
+    assert!(game.get_nation_borders(nation1).contains(&player1_border));
+    assert!(game.get_nation_borders(nation2).contains(&player2_border));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_update_system_modifies_components() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Initially no borders
+    game.assert().no_border_tiles(nation);
+
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+
+    // Before update, component not modified
+    game.assert().no_border_tiles(nation);
+
+    // After update, component should reflect border
+    game.update_borders();
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 1);
+
+    let borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation);
+    assert!(borders.contains(&tile));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_border_component_updated() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Component should be updated
+    let component_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation);
+    assert!(component_borders.contains(&tile));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_system_handles_no_changes_gracefully() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    let initial_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation);
+
+    // Clear changes and update again - should be no-op
+    game.clear_territory_changes();
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    let final_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation);
+    assert!(initial_borders == final_borders);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_system_handles_multiple_players() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+    let nation3 = NationId::new(2).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(30, 30).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation3, 100.0);
+
+    // Each nation gets a region
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(5, 5), 1, nation1);
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(15, 15), 1, nation2);
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(25, 25), 1, nation3);
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All players should have borders
+    game.assert().border_count(nation1, 8).border_count(nation2, 8).border_count(nation3, 8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_system_processes_all_changes() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Make multiple changes
+    let tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(3, 3), U16Vec2::new(5, 5), U16Vec2::new(7, 7)];
+    game.conquer_tiles(&tiles, nation);
+
+    game.assert().has_territory_changes();
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All changed tiles should be borders
+    for tile in tiles {
+        game.assert().is_border(tile);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_affected_tiles_include_neighbors() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Nation 1 owns center
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(center, nation1);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Nation 2 conquers neighbor
+    let neighbor = U16Vec2::new(6, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(neighbor, nation2);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Both tiles should be borders (they neighbor each other)
+    game.assert().is_border(center).is_border(neighbor);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_duplicate_changes_handled() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+
+    // Make the same change multiple times
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Should still work correctly
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 1).is_border(tile);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_clear_changes_system() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(5, 5), nation);
+    game.assert().has_territory_changes();
+
+    game.clear_borders_changes();
+    game.assert().no_territory_changes();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_large_batch_of_changes() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(100, 100).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Conquer 100 tiles scattered across the map
+    for i in 0..10 {
+        for j in 0..10 {
+            game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(i * 10, j * 10), nation);
+        }
+    }
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All 100 tiles should be borders (isolated tiles)
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 100);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_group_tiles_by_owner_correctness() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+    let nation3 = NationId::new(2).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(20, 20).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation3, 100.0);
+
+    // Each nation conquers different regions
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(5, 5), 1, nation1);
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(10, 10), 1, nation2);
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(15, 15), 1, nation3);
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All players should have correct borders
+    game.assert().border_count(nation1, 8).border_count(nation2, 8).border_count(nation3, 8);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_overlapping_affected_zones() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(20, 20).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Create two adjacent regions with a gap between them
+    // conquer_region(center, radius, nation) creates a square of side length (2*radius + 1)
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(10, 8), 2, nation1); // 5x5 region: tiles (8,6) to (12,10)
+    game.conquer_region(U16Vec2::new(10, 15), 2, nation2); // 5x5 region: tiles (8,13) to (12,17)
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Both players should have borders where they face each other
+    let borders1 = game.get_nation_borders(nation1);
+    let borders2 = game.get_nation_borders(nation2);
+
+    assert!(!borders1.is_empty());
+    assert!(!borders2.is_empty());
+
+    // Nation 1's region ends at y=10, so southern border tiles should be at y>=9 (edge and near-edge)
+    let player1_border_near_contact = borders1.iter().any(|&tile| tile.y >= 9);
+    // Nation 2's region starts at y=13, so northern border tiles should be at y<=14 (edge and near-edge)
+    let player2_border_near_contact = borders2.iter().any(|&tile| tile.y <= 14);
+
+    assert!(player1_border_near_contact);
+    assert!(player2_border_near_contact);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_border_to_interior_transition() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(center, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Center is a border (all neighbors unclaimed)
+    game.assert().is_border(center);
+
+    // Conquer all 4 neighbors
+    game.conquer_neighbors(center, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Center should now be interior
+    game.assert().not_border(center);
+
+    // The 4 neighbors should be borders
+    let expected_border_count = 4;
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, expected_border_count);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_interior_to_border_transition() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+
+    // Start with 3x3 region (center is interior)
+    game.conquer_region(center, 1, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+    game.assert().not_border(center);
+
+    // Clear one neighbor
+    let neighbor = U16Vec2::new(6, 5);
+    game.clear_tile(neighbor);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Center should now be a border
+    game.assert().is_border(center);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_territory_handoff_updates_both_players() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Nation 1 owns a horizontal line of tiles
+    let tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(3, 5), U16Vec2::new(4, 5), U16Vec2::new(5, 5), U16Vec2::new(6, 5), U16Vec2::new(7, 5)];
+    game.conquer_tiles(&tiles, nation1);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Initially, all tiles are borders (single-width strip)
+    game.assert().border_count(nation1, 5);
+
+    // Nation 2 conquers the middle tile
+    let captured_tile = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(captured_tile, nation2);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // When the middle tile is captured, nation 1 loses that tile but keeps the others as borders
+    // The captured tile should no longer be in nation 1's borders
+    assert!(!game.get_nation_borders(nation1).contains(&captured_tile));
+
+    // Nation 2 should have the captured tile as a border (surrounded by enemy/neutral tiles)
+    assert!(game.get_nation_borders(nation2).contains(&captured_tile));
+}
+
+// Edge case tests
+
+#[test]
+fn test_1x1_map_single_tile() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(1, 1).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(0, 0);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Single tile on 1x1 map has no neighbors
+    // The tile is marked as a border but not included in the nation's border set
+    // This appears to be an edge case behavior in the border system
+    game.assert().is_border(tile);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_2x2_map_all_patterns() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(2, 2).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Test pattern: diagonal ownership
+    game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(0, 0), nation1);
+    game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(1, 1), nation1);
+    game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(1, 0), nation2);
+    game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(0, 1), nation2);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All tiles should be borders (each has neighbors owned by different nation or neutral)
+    game.assert().border_count(nation1, 2).border_count(nation2, 2);
+
+    for y in 0..2 {
+        for x in 0..2 {
+            game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(x, y));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_empty_map_no_borders() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Empty map with no conquered tiles should have no borders
+    game.assert().no_border_tiles(nation);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_player_loses_all_territory() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Player conquers some territory
+    let tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(5, 5), U16Vec2::new(5, 6), U16Vec2::new(6, 5)];
+    game.conquer_tiles(&tiles, nation);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 3);
+
+    // Player loses all territory
+    for tile in &tiles {
+        game.clear_tile(*tile);
+    }
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Player should have no borders after losing all territory
+    game.assert().no_border_tiles(nation);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_clear_to_neutral_updates_neighbors() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Nation 1 owns a 3x3 region
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    game.conquer_region(center, 1, nation1);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Center is interior
+    game.assert().not_border(center);
+
+    // Nation 2 conquers an adjacent tile
+    let adjacent = U16Vec2::new(7, 5);
+    game.conquer_tile(adjacent, nation2);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Tile at (6,5) should now be a border (neighbor changed)
+    game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(6, 5));
+
+    // Clear nation 2's tile back to neutral
+    game.clear_tile(adjacent);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Tile at (6,5) should still be a border (facing neutral territory)
+    game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(6, 5));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rapid_conquest_loss_cycles() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    let contested_tile = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+
+    // Rapid ownership changes
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        game.conquer_tile(contested_tile, nation1);
+        game.update_borders();
+        game.assert().is_border(contested_tile);
+
+        game.conquer_tile(contested_tile, nation2);
+        game.update_borders();
+        game.assert().is_border(contested_tile);
+
+        game.clear_tile(contested_tile);
+        game.update_borders();
+    }
+
+    // Final state: tile is neutral, both nations have no borders
+    game.assert().no_border_tiles(nation1).no_border_tiles(nation2);
+}
+
+// Complex geometry tests
+
+#[test]
+fn test_donut_enclosed_territory() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(15, 15).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Nation 1 creates a donut: 5x5 region with hollow center
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(7, 7);
+    game.conquer_region(center, 2, nation1); // 5x5 square
+
+    // Remove the center tile to create a hole
+    game.clear_tile(center);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Tiles adjacent to the neutral center should now be borders for nation 1
+    for neighbor_pos in [U16Vec2::new(6, 7), U16Vec2::new(8, 7), U16Vec2::new(7, 6), U16Vec2::new(7, 8)] {
+        game.assert().is_border(neighbor_pos);
+    }
+
+    // Nation 2 conquers the enclosed neutral tile
+    game.conquer_tile(center, nation2);
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Nation 2's tile is completely surrounded by nation 1, so it's a border
+    game.assert().is_border(center).border_count(nation2, 1);
+
+    // Tiles adjacent to center (owned by nation 1) should now be borders
+    for neighbor_pos in [U16Vec2::new(6, 7), U16Vec2::new(8, 7), U16Vec2::new(7, 6), U16Vec2::new(7, 8)] {
+        game.assert().is_border(neighbor_pos);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_thin_corridor_one_tile_wide() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(20, 20).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Create a long horizontal corridor (1 tile wide, 10 tiles long)
+    let corridor_y = 10;
+    for x in 5..15 {
+        game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, corridor_y), nation);
+    }
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All tiles in the corridor should be borders (only connected via cardinal neighbors)
+    for x in 5..15 {
+        game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(x, corridor_y));
+    }
+
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 10);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_checkerboard_ownership_pattern() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(10, 10).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Create checkerboard pattern in 6x6 region
+    for y in 2..8 {
+        for x in 2..8 {
+            let owner = if (x + y) % 2 == 0 { nation1 } else { nation2 };
+            game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, y), owner);
+        }
+    }
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // In a checkerboard, every tile has cardinal neighbors of different ownership
+    // So all tiles should be borders
+    for y in 2..8 {
+        for x in 2..8 {
+            game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(x, y));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Each nation should have 18 tiles (half of 6x6 = 36 tiles)
+    game.assert().border_count(nation1, 18).border_count(nation2, 18);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_l_shaped_territory() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(15, 15).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Create L-shaped territory:
+    // Vertical arm: x=5, y=5 to y=10 (6 tiles)
+    for y in 5..=10 {
+        game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(5, y), nation);
+    }
+    // Horizontal arm: x=5 to x=10, y=10 (5 more tiles)
+    for x in 6..=10 {
+        game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, 10), nation);
+    }
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // The corner tile (5, 10) has 2 friendly neighbors, but is still a border
+    game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(5, 10));
+
+    // All tiles in the L-shape should be borders (facing neutral territory on at least one side)
+    for y in 5..=10 {
+        game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(5, y));
+    }
+    for x in 6..=10 {
+        game.assert().is_border(U16Vec2::new(x, 10));
+    }
+
+    // Total: 11 tiles (6 vertical + 5 horizontal)
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 11);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_large_map_scattered_territories() {
+    let nation = NationId::ZERO;
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(1000, 1000).with_nation(nation, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Conquer 10,000 scattered tiles (every 10th tile in a grid pattern)
+    for y in (0..1000).step_by(10) {
+        for x in (0..1000).step_by(10) {
+            game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, y), nation);
+        }
+    }
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // All 10,000 tiles should be borders (isolated tiles)
+    game.assert().border_count(nation, 10_000);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_large_map_contiguous_regions() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(1000, 1000).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Nation 1 conquers left half (500x1000 = 500k tiles)
+    for y in 0..1000 {
+        for x in 0..500 {
+            game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, y), nation1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Nation 2 conquers right half (500x1000 = 500k tiles)
+    for y in 0..1000 {
+        for x in 500..1000 {
+            game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, y), nation2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Each nation should have borders along the contact line
+    // Contact border: 1000 tiles each (vertical line at x=499 and x=500)
+    // Map edges don't count as borders unless tiles have different neighbors
+    let p1_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation1);
+    let p2_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation2);
+
+    // Verify we have a reasonable number of borders (not all tiles are borders)
+    assert!(p1_borders.len() < 10_000); // Much less than total territory
+    assert!(p2_borders.len() < 10_000);
+    assert!(p1_borders.len() >= 1000); // At least the contact line (1000 tiles)
+    assert!(p2_borders.len() >= 1000);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_massive_batch_changes() {
+    let nation1 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation2 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(200, 200).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    game.spawn_test_nation(nation2, 100.0);
+
+    // Create initial territory for nation 1
+    for y in 0..100 {
+        for x in 0..100 {
+            game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, y), nation1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    game.update_borders();
+    let initial_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation1).len();
+
+    // Make 10,000+ changes: nation 2 conquers a large region
+    for y in 50..150 {
+        for x in 50..150 {
+            game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(x, y), nation2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    game.update_borders();
+
+    // Verify both players have borders after massive territorial change
+    let p1_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation1);
+    let p2_borders = game.get_nation_borders(nation2);
+
+    assert!(!p1_borders.is_empty());
+    assert!(!p2_borders.is_empty());
+
+    // Nation 1 lost significant territory, so borders should change
+    assert!(p1_borders.len() != initial_borders);
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/coastal_tiles_test.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/coastal_tiles_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3ec9d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/coastal_tiles_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use common::WaterPattern;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+/// Helper to create terrain data for testing
+fn create_terrain(water_tiles: &[U16Vec2], size: U16Vec2) -> TerrainData {
+    let capacity = size.as_usizevec2().element_product();
+
+    // Create two tile types: land (0) and water (1)
+    let tile_types = vec![TileType { name: "Land".to_string(), color_base: "grass".to_string(), color_variant: 0, conquerable: true, navigable: false, expansion_time: 50, expansion_cost: 50 }, TileType { name: "Water".to_string(), color_base: "water".to_string(), color_variant: 0, conquerable: false, navigable: true, expansion_time: 50, expansion_cost: 50 }];
+
+    // Create water tiles set for fast lookup
+    let water_set: HashSet<U16Vec2> = water_tiles.iter().copied().collect();
+
+    // Build terrain_data (legacy format) and tiles (new format)
+    let mut terrain_data_raw = vec![0u8; capacity];
+    let mut tiles = vec![0u8; capacity];
+
+    for y in 0..size.y {
+        for x in 0..size.x {
+            let pos = U16Vec2::new(x, y);
+            let idx = (y as usize * size.x as usize) + x as usize;
+
+            if water_set.contains(&pos) {
+                // Water tile: type index 1, no bit 7
+                tiles[idx] = 1;
+                terrain_data_raw[idx] = 0;
+            } else {
+                // Land tile: type index 0, bit 7 set
+                tiles[idx] = 0;
+                terrain_data_raw[idx] = 0x80;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let num_land_tiles = terrain_data_raw.iter().filter(|&&b| b & 0x80 != 0).count();
+
+    TerrainData { _manifest: MapManifest { name: "Test".to_string(), map: MapMetadata { size, num_land_tiles }, nations: vec![] }, terrain_data: TileMap::from_vec(size, terrain_data_raw), tiles, tile_types }
+}
+
+/// Test empty state configurations where no coastal tiles should exist
+///
+/// This covers edge cases where either all tiles are land or all are water
+#[rstest]
+#[case::no_water(WaterPattern::no_water(), "no water tiles")]
+#[case::all_water(WaterPattern::all_water(), "all water tiles")]
+fn test_empty_coastal_states(#[case] pattern: WaterPattern, #[case] _description: &str) {
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(pattern.map_size.0, pattern.map_size.1);
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&pattern.water_tiles, size);
+
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    assert!(coastal.is_empty());
+    assert!(coastal.len() == 0);
+    assert!(coastal.tiles().is_empty());
+}
+
+/// Test single water tile configurations in different positions
+///
+/// Verifies coastal tile count and that water tiles themselves are not marked coastal
+#[rstest]
+#[case::center(WaterPattern::single_center())]
+#[case::edge(WaterPattern::single_edge())]
+#[case::corner(WaterPattern::single_corner())]
+fn test_single_water_tile_positions(#[case] pattern: WaterPattern) {
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(pattern.map_size.0, pattern.map_size.1);
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&pattern.water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    assert!(!coastal.is_empty());
+    assert!(coastal.len() == pattern.expected_coastal_count);
+
+    // Water tiles themselves should never be coastal
+    for water_tile in &pattern.water_tiles {
+        assert!(!coastal.contains(*water_tile));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Test complex water patterns generate correct coastal tile counts
+///
+/// Covers various geometric patterns: islands, L-shapes, lines, channels, checkerboards
+#[rstest]
+#[case::small_island(WaterPattern::small_island())]
+#[case::l_shape(WaterPattern::l_shape())]
+#[case::diagonal_line(WaterPattern::diagonal_line())]
+#[case::horizontal_channel(WaterPattern::horizontal_channel())]
+#[case::checkerboard(WaterPattern::checkerboard())]
+fn test_complex_water_patterns(#[case] pattern: WaterPattern) {
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(pattern.map_size.0, pattern.map_size.1);
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&pattern.water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    assert!(!coastal.is_empty());
+    assert!(coastal.len() == pattern.expected_coastal_count);
+
+    // Water tiles themselves should never be coastal
+    for water_tile in &pattern.water_tiles {
+        assert!(!coastal.contains(*water_tile));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_edge_water_creates_coastal_tiles() {
+    // 5x5 grid with water along the top edge
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    let water_tiles: Vec<U16Vec2> = (0..5).map(|x| U16Vec2::new(x, 0)).collect();
+
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    assert!(!coastal.is_empty());
+    assert!(coastal.len() == 5);
+
+    // All tiles in row 1 should be coastal
+    for x in 0..5 {
+        assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(x, 1)));
+    }
+
+    // Water tiles themselves should not be coastal
+    for x in 0..5 {
+        assert!(!coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(x, 0)));
+    }
+
+    // Tiles further inland should not be coastal
+    for x in 0..5 {
+        assert!(!coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(x, 2)));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_island_configuration() {
+    // 5x5 grid with water around the edges and land in the middle
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    let mut water_tiles = Vec::new();
+
+    // Top and bottom edges
+    for x in 0..5 {
+        water_tiles.push(U16Vec2::new(x, 0));
+        water_tiles.push(U16Vec2::new(x, 4));
+    }
+
+    // Left and right edges
+    for y in 1..4 {
+        water_tiles.push(U16Vec2::new(0, y));
+        water_tiles.push(U16Vec2::new(4, y));
+    }
+
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    // The inner ring of land tiles (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), (1,2), (3,2), (1,3), (2,3), (3,3)
+    // should be coastal, but (2,2) should not be
+    assert!(!coastal.is_empty());
+    assert!(coastal.len() == 8);
+
+    // Check the outer ring of land is coastal
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(1, 1)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(2, 1)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(3, 1)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(1, 2)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(3, 2)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(1, 3)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(2, 3)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(3, 3)));
+
+    // Center tile should not be coastal (no water neighbors)
+    assert!(!coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(2, 2)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tiles_returns_correct_set() {
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(3, 3);
+    let water_tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(1, 1)];
+
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    let tiles = coastal.tiles();
+
+    // Verify it's the correct type and contains the right tiles
+    let expected: HashSet<U16Vec2> = vec![U16Vec2::new(1, 0), U16Vec2::new(0, 1), U16Vec2::new(2, 1), U16Vec2::new(1, 2)].into_iter().collect();
+
+    assert!(tiles == &expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_len_with_various_sizes() {
+    // Test that len() returns accurate counts
+
+    // Empty case
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(3, 3);
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&[], size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+    assert!(coastal.len() == 0);
+
+    // Single water tile -> 4 coastal tiles
+    let water_tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(1, 1)];
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+    assert!(coastal.len() == 4);
+
+    // Two adjacent water tiles -> 6 coastal tiles
+    // Water at (1,1) and (2,1) creates coastal tiles at (1,0), (0,1), (2,0), (3,1), (1,2), (2,2)
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(4, 3);
+    let water_tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(1, 1), U16Vec2::new(2, 1)];
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+    assert!(coastal.len() == 6);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_contains_with_out_of_bounds() {
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(3, 3);
+    let water_tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(0, 0)];
+
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    // Valid coastal tile
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(1, 0)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(0, 1)));
+
+    // Out of bounds tiles should not be in the set
+    assert!(!coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(100, 100)));
+    assert!(!coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(5, 5)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_empty_true_and_false() {
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(3, 3);
+
+    // Empty case - no water
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&[], size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+    assert!(coastal.is_empty());
+
+    // Non-empty case - has water
+    let water_tiles = vec![U16Vec2::new(1, 1)];
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+    assert!(!coastal.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multiple_disconnected_water_bodies() {
+    // Test multiple separate water bodies
+    let size = U16Vec2::new(5, 5);
+    let water_tiles = vec![
+        U16Vec2::new(1, 1), // First water body
+        U16Vec2::new(3, 3), // Second water body
+    ];
+
+    let terrain = create_terrain(&water_tiles, size);
+    let coastal = CoastalTiles::compute(&terrain, size);
+
+    // Each water tile should create coastal tiles around it
+    assert!(!coastal.is_empty());
+
+    // Check coastal tiles around first water body
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(1, 0)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(0, 1)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(2, 1)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(1, 2)));
+
+    // Check coastal tiles around second water body
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(3, 2)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(2, 3)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(4, 3)));
+    assert!(coastal.contains(U16Vec2::new(3, 4)));
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/common/assertions.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/assertions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..178bc05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/assertions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+//! Fluent assertion API for testing Bevy ECS Game state
+//!
+//! Provides chainable assertion methods that test behavior through public interfaces.
+//!
+//! Tests should use GameAssertExt on Game instances. WorldAssertExt is internal.
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::game::Game;
+use extension_traits::extension;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+
+/// Internal fluent assertion builder for World state
+///
+/// Tests should use GameAssertions instead via `game.assert()`.
+pub(crate) struct WorldAssertions<'w> {
+    world: &'w World,
+}
+
+/// Internal extension trait to add assertion capabilities to World
+///
+/// Tests should use GameAssertExt instead. This is used internally by GameAssertions.
+#[extension(pub(crate) trait WorldAssertExt)]
+impl World {
+    /// Begin a fluent assertion chain
+    fn assert(&self) -> WorldAssertions<'_> {
+        WorldAssertions { world: self }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'w> WorldAssertions<'w> {
+    /// Assert that a nation owns a specific tile
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_owns(self, tile: U16Vec2, expected: NationId) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        let actual = mgr.get_nation_id(tile);
+        assert!(actual == Some(expected), "Expected nation {} to own tile {:?}, but found {:?}", expected.get(), tile, actual.map(|id| id.get()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a tile is unclaimed
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn tile_unclaimed(self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        let ownership = mgr.get_ownership(tile);
+        assert!(ownership.is_unclaimed(), "Expected tile {:?} to be unclaimed, but it's owned by {:?}", tile, ownership.nation_id());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that an attack exists between attacker and target
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn attack_exists(self, attacker: NationId, target: Option<NationId>) -> Self {
+        let attacks = self.world.resource::<ActiveAttacks>();
+        let nation_attacks = attacks.get_attacks_for_nation(attacker);
+
+        let exists = nation_attacks.iter().any(|(att, tgt, _, _, is_outgoing)| *att == attacker && *tgt == target && *is_outgoing);
+
+        assert!(exists, "Expected attack from nation {} to {:?}, but none found. Active attacks: {:?}", attacker.get(), target.map(|t| t.get()), nation_attacks);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that no attack exists between attacker and target
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_attack(self, attacker: NationId, target: Option<NationId>) -> Self {
+        let attacks = self.world.resource::<ActiveAttacks>();
+        let nation_attacks = attacks.get_attacks_for_nation(attacker);
+
+        let exists = nation_attacks.iter().any(|(att, tgt, _, _, is_outgoing)| *att == attacker && *tgt == target && *is_outgoing);
+
+        assert!(!exists, "Expected NO attack from nation {} to {:?}, but found one. Active attacks: {:?}", attacker.get(), target.map(|t| t.get()), nation_attacks);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has specific border tiles
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn border_tiles(self, nation_id: NationId, expected: &HashSet<U16Vec2>) -> Self {
+        let entity_map = self.world.resource::<borders_core::game::NationEntityMap>();
+        let entity = entity_map.get_entity(nation_id);
+
+        let border_tiles = self.world.get::<BorderTiles>(entity).expect("BorderTiles component not found");
+
+        assert!(&border_tiles.0 == expected, "Border tiles mismatch for nation {}.\nExpected: {:?}\nActual: {:?}", nation_id.get(), expected, border_tiles.0);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that TerritoryManager has recorded changes
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn has_territory_changes(self) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        assert!(mgr.has_changes(), "Expected territory changes to be tracked, but ChangeBuffer is empty");
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that TerritoryManager has NO recorded changes
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_territory_changes(self) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        assert!(!mgr.has_changes(), "Expected no territory changes, but ChangeBuffer contains: {:?}", mgr.iter_changes().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a resource exists in the world
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn resource_exists<T: Resource>(self, resource_name: &str) -> Self {
+        assert!(self.world.contains_resource::<T>(), "Expected resource '{}' to exist, but it was not found", resource_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a resource does NOT exist in the world
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn resource_missing<T: Resource>(self, resource_name: &str) -> Self {
+        assert!(!self.world.contains_resource::<T>(), "Expected resource '{}' to be missing, but it exists", resource_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that no invalid game state exists
+    ///
+    /// Checks common invariants:
+    /// - No self-attacks in ActiveAttacks
+    /// - All nation entities have required components
+    /// - Territory ownership is consistent
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_invalid_state(self) -> Self {
+        let attacks = self.world.resource::<ActiveAttacks>();
+        let entity_map = self.world.resource::<borders_core::game::NationEntityMap>();
+
+        for &nation_id in entity_map.0.keys() {
+            let nation_attacks = attacks.get_attacks_for_nation(nation_id);
+            for (attacker, target, _, _, _) in nation_attacks {
+                if let Some(target_id) = target {
+                    assert!(attacker != target_id, "INVARIANT VIOLATION: Nation {} is attacking itself", attacker.get());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (&nation_id, &entity) in &entity_map.0 {
+            assert!(self.world.get::<borders_core::game::Troops>(entity).is_some(), "Nation {} entity missing Troops component", nation_id.get());
+            assert!(self.world.get::<BorderTiles>(entity).is_some(), "Nation {} entity missing BorderTiles component", nation_id.get());
+        }
+
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has a specific troop count
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_troops(self, nation_id: NationId, expected: f32) -> Self {
+        let entity_map = self.world.resource::<borders_core::game::NationEntityMap>();
+        let entity = entity_map.get_entity(nation_id);
+
+        let troops = self.world.get::<borders_core::game::Troops>(entity).expect("Troops component not found");
+
+        let difference = (troops.0 - expected).abs();
+        assert!(difference < 0.01, "Expected nation {} to have {} troops, but found {} (difference: {})", nation_id.get(), expected, troops.0, difference);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a tile is a border tile
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn is_border(self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        assert!(mgr.is_border(tile), "Expected tile {:?} to be a border tile, but it is not", tile);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a tile is NOT a border tile
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn not_border(self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        assert!(!mgr.is_border(tile), "Expected tile {:?} to NOT be a border tile, but it is", tile);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation owns all tiles in a slice
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_owns_all(self, tiles: &[U16Vec2], expected: NationId) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        for &tile in tiles {
+            let actual = mgr.get_nation_id(tile);
+            assert!(actual == Some(expected), "Expected nation {} to own tile {:?}, but found {:?}", expected.get(), tile, actual.map(|id| id.get()));
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that the ChangeBuffer contains exactly N changes
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn change_count(self, expected: usize) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        let actual = mgr.iter_changes().count();
+        assert!(actual == expected, "Expected {} changes in ChangeBuffer, but found {}", expected, actual);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation entity has all standard game components
+    ///
+    /// Checks for: NationName, NationColor, BorderTiles, Troops, TerritorySize
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_has_components(self, nation_id: NationId) -> Self {
+        let entity_map = self.world.resource::<borders_core::game::NationEntityMap>();
+        let entity = entity_map.get_entity(nation_id);
+
+        assert!(self.world.get::<borders_core::game::NationName>(entity).is_some(), "Nation {} missing NationName component", nation_id.get());
+        assert!(self.world.get::<borders_core::game::NationColor>(entity).is_some(), "Nation {} missing NationColor component", nation_id.get());
+        assert!(self.world.get::<BorderTiles>(entity).is_some(), "Nation {} missing BorderTiles component", nation_id.get());
+        assert!(self.world.get::<borders_core::game::Troops>(entity).is_some(), "Nation {} missing Troops component", nation_id.get());
+        assert!(self.world.get::<borders_core::game::TerritorySize>(entity).is_some(), "Nation {} missing TerritorySize component", nation_id.get());
+
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that the map has specific dimensions
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn map_dimensions(self, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
+        let mgr = self.world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+        assert!(mgr.width() == width, "Expected map width {}, but found {}", width, mgr.width());
+        assert!(mgr.height() == height, "Expected map height {}, but found {}", height, mgr.height());
+        assert!(mgr.len() == (width as usize) * (height as usize), "Expected map size {}, but found {}", (width as usize) * (height as usize), mgr.len());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that BorderCache is synchronized with ECS BorderTiles component
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn border_cache_synced(self, nation_id: NationId) -> Self {
+        let entity_map = self.world.resource::<borders_core::game::NationEntityMap>();
+        let entity = entity_map.get_entity(nation_id);
+
+        let component_borders = self.world.get::<BorderTiles>(entity).expect("BorderTiles component not found");
+
+        let cache = self.world.resource::<BorderCache>();
+        let cache_borders = cache.get(nation_id);
+
+        match cache_borders {
+            Some(cached) => {
+                assert!(&component_borders.0 == cached, "BorderCache out of sync with BorderTiles component for nation {}.\nECS component: {:?}\nCache: {:?}", nation_id.get(), component_borders.0, cached);
+            }
+            None => {
+                assert!(component_borders.0.is_empty(), "BorderCache missing entry for nation {} but component has {} borders", nation_id.get(), component_borders.0.len());
+            }
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has NO border tiles
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_border_tiles(self, nation_id: NationId) -> Self {
+        let entity_map = self.world.resource::<borders_core::game::NationEntityMap>();
+        let entity = entity_map.get_entity(nation_id);
+
+        let border_tiles = self.world.get::<BorderTiles>(entity).expect("BorderTiles component not found");
+
+        assert!(border_tiles.0.is_empty(), "Expected nation {} to have no border tiles, but found {} tiles: {:?}", nation_id.get(), border_tiles.0.len(), border_tiles.0);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has a specific number of border tiles
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn border_count(self, nation_id: NationId, expected: usize) -> Self {
+        let entity_map = self.world.resource::<borders_core::game::NationEntityMap>();
+        let entity = entity_map.get_entity(nation_id);
+
+        let border_tiles = self.world.get::<BorderTiles>(entity).expect("BorderTiles component not found");
+
+        assert!(border_tiles.0.len() == expected, "Expected nation {} to have {} border tiles, but found {}", nation_id.get(), expected, border_tiles.0.len());
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fluent assertion builder for Game state
+///
+/// Access via `game.assert()` to chain multiple assertions.
+pub struct GameAssertions<'g> {
+    game: &'g Game,
+}
+
+/// Extension trait to add assertion capabilities to Game
+#[extension(pub trait GameAssertExt)]
+impl Game {
+    /// Begin a fluent assertion chain
+    fn assert(&self) -> GameAssertions<'_> {
+        GameAssertions { game: self }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'g> GameAssertions<'g> {
+    /// Assert that a nation owns a specific tile
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_owns(self, tile: U16Vec2, expected: NationId) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().player_owns(tile, expected);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a tile is unclaimed
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn tile_unclaimed(self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().tile_unclaimed(tile);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that an attack exists between attacker and target
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn attack_exists(self, attacker: NationId, target: Option<NationId>) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().attack_exists(attacker, target);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that no attack exists between attacker and target
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_attack(self, attacker: NationId, target: Option<NationId>) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().no_attack(attacker, target);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has specific border tiles
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn border_tiles(self, nation_id: NationId, expected: &HashSet<U16Vec2>) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().border_tiles(nation_id, expected);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that TerritoryManager has recorded changes
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn has_territory_changes(self) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().has_territory_changes();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that TerritoryManager has NO recorded changes
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_territory_changes(self) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().no_territory_changes();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a resource exists in the world
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn resource_exists<T: Resource>(self, resource_name: &str) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().resource_exists::<T>(resource_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a resource does NOT exist in the world
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn resource_missing<T: Resource>(self, resource_name: &str) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().resource_missing::<T>(resource_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that no invalid game state exists
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_invalid_state(self) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().no_invalid_state();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has a specific troop count
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_troops(self, nation_id: NationId, expected: f32) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().player_troops(nation_id, expected);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a tile is a border tile
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn is_border(self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().is_border(tile);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a tile is NOT a border tile
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn not_border(self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().not_border(tile);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation owns all tiles in a slice
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_owns_all(self, tiles: &[U16Vec2], expected: NationId) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().player_owns_all(tiles, expected);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that the ChangeBuffer contains exactly N changes
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn change_count(self, expected: usize) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().change_count(expected);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation entity has all standard game components
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn player_has_components(self, nation_id: NationId) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().player_has_components(nation_id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that the map has specific dimensions
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn map_dimensions(self, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().map_dimensions(width, height);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that BorderCache is synchronized with ECS BorderTiles component
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn border_cache_synced(self, nation_id: NationId) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().border_cache_synced(nation_id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has NO border tiles
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn no_border_tiles(self, nation_id: NationId) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().no_border_tiles(nation_id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that a nation has a specific number of border tiles
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn border_count(self, nation_id: NationId, expected: usize) -> Self {
+        self.game.world().assert().border_count(nation_id, expected);
+        self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/common/builders.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/builders.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e26e75c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/builders.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/// Map builder for programmatic terrain generation in tests
+///
+/// Use this to create custom terrain layouts for test scenarios.
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+
+use super::fixtures::standard_tile_types;
+
+/// Builder for programmatic terrain generation
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```
+/// let terrain = MapBuilder::new(100, 100)
+///     .all_conquerable()
+///     .build();
+/// ```
+pub struct MapBuilder {
+    width: u16,
+    height: u16,
+    terrain_data: Vec<u8>,
+    tile_types: Vec<TileType>,
+}
+
+impl MapBuilder {
+    /// Create a new map builder
+    pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
+        let size = (width as usize) * (height as usize);
+        Self { width, height, terrain_data: vec![0; size], tile_types: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// Make all tiles land and conquerable
+    pub fn all_conquerable(mut self) -> Self {
+        let size = (self.width as usize) * (self.height as usize);
+        self.terrain_data = vec![0x80; size]; // bit 7 = land/conquerable
+        self.tile_types = standard_tile_types();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Create islands: center 50x50 land, rest water
+    pub fn islands(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.tile_types = standard_tile_types();
+
+        let center_x = self.width / 2;
+        let center_y = self.height / 2;
+        let island_size = 25u16;
+
+        for y in 0..self.height {
+            for x in 0..self.width {
+                let idx = (y as usize) * (self.width as usize) + (x as usize);
+                let in_island = x.abs_diff(center_x) < island_size && y.abs_diff(center_y) < island_size;
+                self.terrain_data[idx] = if in_island { 0x80 } else { 0x00 };
+            }
+        }
+
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Create continents: alternating vertical strips of land/water
+    pub fn continents(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.tile_types = standard_tile_types();
+
+        for y in 0..self.height {
+            for x in 0..self.width {
+                let idx = (y as usize) * (self.width as usize) + (x as usize);
+                // 30-tile wide strips
+                let is_land = (x / 30) % 2 == 0;
+                self.terrain_data[idx] = if is_land { 0x80 } else { 0x00 };
+            }
+        }
+
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set specific tiles as land
+    pub fn with_land(mut self, tiles: &[U16Vec2]) -> Self {
+        for &tile in tiles {
+            let idx = (tile.y as usize) * (self.width as usize) + (tile.x as usize);
+            if idx < self.terrain_data.len() {
+                self.terrain_data[idx] = 0x80;
+            }
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Build the TerrainData
+    pub fn build(self) -> TerrainData {
+        let tiles: Vec<u8> = self.terrain_data.iter().map(|&byte| if byte & 0x80 != 0 { 1 } else { 0 }).collect();
+
+        let num_land_tiles = tiles.iter().filter(|&&t| t == 1).count();
+
+        let map_size = U16Vec2::new(self.width, self.height);
+        let terrain_tile_map = TileMap::from_vec(map_size, self.terrain_data);
+
+        TerrainData { _manifest: MapManifest { map: MapMetadata { size: map_size, num_land_tiles }, name: "Test Map".to_string(), nations: Vec::new() }, terrain_data: terrain_tile_map, tiles, tile_types: self.tile_types }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/common/fixtures.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/fixtures.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d614a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/fixtures.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+//! Pre-built test scenarios and fixtures for integration tests
+//!
+//! Provides:
+//! - Static map fixtures (PLAINS_MAP, ISLAND_MAP, etc.)
+//! - GameBuilderTestExt trait for common test configurations
+//! - TestGameBuilder wrapper for test-specific nation spawning
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::GameTestExt;
+use super::builders::MapBuilder;
+use borders_core::game::Game;
+use borders_core::game::builder::GameBuilder;
+use borders_core::game::terrain::TileType;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use extension_traits::extension;
+
+/// Standard 100x100 plains map (all conquerable)
+pub static PLAINS_MAP: Lazy<Arc<TerrainData>> = Lazy::new(|| Arc::new(MapBuilder::new(100, 100).all_conquerable().build()));
+
+/// Island archipelago map: 50x50 islands separated by water
+pub static ISLAND_MAP: Lazy<Arc<TerrainData>> = Lazy::new(|| Arc::new(MapBuilder::new(100, 100).islands().build()));
+
+/// Continental map: vertical strips of land and water
+pub static CONTINENT_MAP: Lazy<Arc<TerrainData>> = Lazy::new(|| Arc::new(MapBuilder::new(100, 100).continents().build()));
+
+/// Get a clone of the plains map
+pub fn get_plains_map() -> TerrainData {
+    (*PLAINS_MAP.clone()).clone()
+}
+
+/// Get a clone of the island map
+pub fn get_island_map() -> TerrainData {
+    (*ISLAND_MAP.clone()).clone()
+}
+
+/// Get a clone of the continent map
+pub fn get_continent_map() -> TerrainData {
+    (*CONTINENT_MAP.clone()).clone()
+}
+
+/// Create standard water tile type
+///
+/// Water tiles are non-conquerable but navigable by ships.
+pub fn standard_water_type() -> TileType {
+    TileType { name: "water".to_string(), color_base: "blue".to_string(), color_variant: 0, conquerable: false, navigable: true, expansion_time: 255, expansion_cost: 255 }
+}
+
+/// Create standard land tile type
+///
+/// Land tiles are conquerable with standard expansion costs.
+pub fn standard_land_type() -> TileType {
+    TileType { name: "land".to_string(), color_base: "green".to_string(), color_variant: 0, conquerable: true, navigable: false, expansion_time: 50, expansion_cost: 50 }
+}
+
+/// Create standard tile types (water and land)
+///
+/// Returns a vec containing water (index 0) and land (index 1) tile types.
+pub fn standard_tile_types() -> Vec<TileType> {
+    vec![standard_water_type(), standard_land_type()]
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// rstest Fixtures
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Map size fixture data: (width, height, description)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct MapSize {
+    pub width: u16,
+    pub height: u16,
+    pub description: &'static str,
+}
+
+/// Standard map sizes for parameterized testing
+pub const MAP_SIZES: &[MapSize] = &[MapSize { width: 5, height: 5, description: "5x5" }, MapSize { width: 10, height: 10, description: "10x10" }, MapSize { width: 20, height: 20, description: "20x20" }, MapSize { width: 100, height: 100, description: "100x100" }, MapSize { width: 1000, height: 1000, description: "1000x1000" }];
+
+/// Terrain pattern for coastal/water testing
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct WaterPattern {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    pub map_size: (u16, u16),
+    pub water_tiles: Vec<U16Vec2>,
+    pub expected_coastal_count: usize,
+}
+
+impl WaterPattern {
+    /// Create a new water pattern
+    pub fn new(name: &'static str, map_size: (u16, u16), water_tiles: Vec<U16Vec2>, expected_coastal_count: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { name, map_size, water_tiles, expected_coastal_count }
+    }
+
+    /// Single water tile in center of 10x10 map
+    pub fn single_center() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "single_center",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![U16Vec2::new(5, 5)],
+            4, // 4 orthogonal neighbors
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Water tile at edge (not corner)
+    pub fn single_edge() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "single_edge",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![U16Vec2::new(0, 5)],
+            3, // 3 neighbors (edge blocks one direction)
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Water tile at corner
+    pub fn single_corner() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "single_corner",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![U16Vec2::new(0, 0)],
+            2, // 2 neighbors (corner blocks two directions)
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Small 2x2 island
+    pub fn small_island() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "small_island",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![U16Vec2::new(4, 4), U16Vec2::new(5, 4), U16Vec2::new(4, 5), U16Vec2::new(5, 5)],
+            8, // Perimeter of 2x2 square
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// L-shaped water pattern
+    pub fn l_shape() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "l_shape",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![U16Vec2::new(5, 5), U16Vec2::new(5, 6), U16Vec2::new(5, 7), U16Vec2::new(6, 5), U16Vec2::new(7, 5)],
+            11, // Perimeter of L-shape
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Diagonal water line
+    pub fn diagonal_line() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "diagonal_line",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![U16Vec2::new(2, 2), U16Vec2::new(3, 3), U16Vec2::new(4, 4), U16Vec2::new(5, 5)],
+            10, // Coastal tiles around diagonal line
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Thin horizontal water channel
+    pub fn horizontal_channel() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "horizontal_channel",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![U16Vec2::new(2, 5), U16Vec2::new(3, 5), U16Vec2::new(4, 5), U16Vec2::new(5, 5), U16Vec2::new(6, 5), U16Vec2::new(7, 5)],
+            14, // Two land tiles above and below channel
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Checkerboard water pattern (alternating tiles)
+    pub fn checkerboard() -> Self {
+        let mut water_tiles = Vec::new();
+        for y in 0..5 {
+            for x in 0..5 {
+                if (x + y) % 2 == 0 {
+                    water_tiles.push(U16Vec2::new(x, y));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Self::new(
+            "checkerboard",
+            (10, 10),
+            water_tiles,
+            18, // Coastal tiles around checkerboard pattern
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// All water (no coastal tiles)
+    pub fn all_water() -> Self {
+        let mut water_tiles = Vec::new();
+        for y in 0..10 {
+            for x in 0..10 {
+                water_tiles.push(U16Vec2::new(x, y));
+            }
+        }
+        Self::new(
+            "all_water",
+            (10, 10),
+            water_tiles,
+            0, // No land tiles to be coastal
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// No water (no coastal tiles)
+    pub fn no_water() -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            "no_water",
+            (10, 10),
+            vec![],
+            0, // No water means no coastal tiles
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper for GameBuilder that allows test-specific nation spawning
+///
+/// Accumulates pending nations with custom troop counts, then spawns them
+/// after the game is built. This allows tests to create nations with specific
+/// IDs and initial troops without polluting the production GameBuilder API.
+pub struct TestGameBuilder {
+    builder: GameBuilder,
+    pending_nations: Vec<(NationId, f32)>,
+}
+
+impl TestGameBuilder {
+    /// Add a nation with custom initial troops
+    ///
+    /// Nations will be spawned in order after `.build()` is called.
+    pub fn with_nation(mut self, id: NationId, troops: f32) -> Self {
+        self.pending_nations.push((id, troops));
+        self
+    }
+
+    // Delegate common GameBuilder methods to maintain fluent API
+
+    pub fn with_network(mut self, mode: NetworkMode) -> Self {
+        self.builder = self.builder.with_network(mode);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_systems(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        self.builder = self.builder.with_systems(enabled);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_spawn_phase_enabled(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.builder = self.builder.with_spawn_phase(Some(30));
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_spawn_phase(mut self, timeout: Option<u32>) -> Self {
+        self.builder = self.builder.with_spawn_phase(timeout);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_local_player(mut self, id: NationId) -> Self {
+        self.builder = self.builder.with_local_player(id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_bots(mut self, count: u32) -> Self {
+        self.builder = self.builder.with_bots(count);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_map(mut self, terrain: Arc<TerrainData>) -> Self {
+        self.builder = self.builder.with_map(terrain);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Build the game and spawn all pending test nations
+    pub fn build(self) -> Game {
+        let mut game = self.builder.build();
+        for (id, troops) in self.pending_nations {
+            game.spawn_test_nation(id, troops);
+        }
+        game
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extension trait providing test fixture methods for GameBuilder
+///
+/// Provides common test configurations without hiding critical settings.
+/// Tests must still explicitly set:
+/// - `.with_network(NetworkMode::Local)` for turn generation
+/// - `.with_systems(false)` if system execution should be disabled
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```
+/// use common::GameBuilderTestExt;
+///
+/// let mut game = GameBuilder::simple()
+///     .with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0)
+///     .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+///     .with_systems(false)
+///     .build();
+/// ```
+#[extension(pub trait GameBuilderTestExt)]
+impl GameBuilder {
+    /// Create a simple test game with default 100x100 conquerable map
+    ///
+    /// Returns a partially-configured builder. Tests must still add:
+    /// - `.with_network(NetworkMode::Local)`
+    /// - `.with_systems(false)` if needed
+    fn simple() -> Self {
+        Self::new().with_map(Arc::new(MapBuilder::new(100, 100).all_conquerable().build()))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a test game with custom map size (all conquerable tiles)
+    ///
+    /// Returns a partially-configured builder. Tests must still add:
+    /// - `.with_network(NetworkMode::Local)`
+    /// - `.with_systems(false)` if needed
+    fn with_map_size(width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
+        Self::new().with_map(Arc::new(MapBuilder::new(width, height).all_conquerable().build()))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a two-nation test game with default map
+    ///
+    /// Returns a partially-configured builder with:
+    /// - Default 100x100 conquerable map
+    /// - Local nation: NationId::ZERO
+    /// - 1 bot nation
+    ///
+    /// Tests must still add:
+    /// - `.with_network(NetworkMode::Local)`
+    /// - `.with_systems(false)` if needed
+    fn two_player() -> Self {
+        Self::simple().with_local_player(NationId::ZERO).with_bots(1)
+    }
+
+    /// Enable spawn phase with default timeout
+    ///
+    /// Chainable after other fixture methods.
+    fn with_spawn_phase_enabled(self) -> Self {
+        self.with_spawn_phase(Some(30))
+    }
+
+    /// Add a nation with custom initial troops (switches to TestGameBuilder)
+    ///
+    /// This creates a TestGameBuilder wrapper that allows you to specify
+    /// nation IDs and initial troop counts. The nations will be spawned
+    /// after `.build()` is called.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```
+    /// let game = GameBuilder::simple()
+    ///     .with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0)
+    ///     .with_nation(NationId::new(1).unwrap(), 150.0)
+    ///     .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+    ///     .build();
+    /// ```
+    fn with_nation(self, id: NationId, troops: f32) -> TestGameBuilder {
+        TestGameBuilder { builder: self, pending_nations: vec![(id, troops)] }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca58cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(unused_imports)]
+
+/// Shared test utilities and helpers
+///
+/// This module provides infrastructure for testing the Bevy ECS-based game logic:
+/// - `builders`: Fluent API for constructing test maps
+/// - `assertions`: Fluent assertion API for ECS state verification
+/// - `fixtures`: Pre-built test scenarios and GameBuilder extensions
+///
+/// # Usage Example
+/// ```
+/// use common::{GameBuilderTestExt, GameTestExt, GameAssertExt};
+///
+/// let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(50, 50)
+///     .with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0)
+///     .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+///     .with_systems(false)
+///     .build();
+///
+/// game.conquer_tile(U16Vec2::new(5, 5), NationId::ZERO);
+/// game.assert().player_owns(U16Vec2::new(5, 5), NationId::ZERO);
+/// ```
+use borders_core::game::Game;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use extension_traits::extension;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::ops::Mul;
+
+mod assertions;
+mod builders;
+mod fixtures;
+
+// Re-export commonly used items
+pub use assertions::*;
+pub use builders::*;
+pub use fixtures::*;
+
+/// Internal extension trait providing action methods for World
+///
+/// This trait is used internally by GameTestExt. Tests should use GameTestExt instead.
+#[extension(pub(crate) trait WorldTestExt)]
+impl World {
+    /// Conquer a tile for a player
+    fn conquer_tile(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, player: NationId) {
+        self.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>().conquer(tile, player);
+    }
+
+    /// Conquer multiple tiles for a player
+    fn conquer_tiles(&mut self, tiles: &[U16Vec2], player: NationId) {
+        let mut territory_manager = self.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>();
+        for &tile in tiles {
+            territory_manager.conquer(tile, player);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Conquer a square region of tiles centered at a position
+    fn conquer_region(&mut self, center: U16Vec2, radius: u32, player: NationId) {
+        let mut territory_manager = self.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>();
+        let range = -1.mul(radius as i32)..=(radius as i32);
+        for dy in range.clone() {
+            for dx in range.clone() {
+                let tile = center.as_ivec2() + glam::IVec2::new(dx, dy);
+                if tile.x >= 0 && tile.y >= 0 {
+                    let tile = tile.as_u16vec2();
+                    if tile.x < territory_manager.width() && tile.y < territory_manager.height() {
+                        territory_manager.conquer(tile, player);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Conquer all 4-directional neighbors of a tile
+    fn conquer_neighbors(&mut self, center: U16Vec2, player: NationId) {
+        let map_size = {
+            let mgr = self.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+            U16Vec2::new(mgr.width(), mgr.height())
+        };
+
+        let mut territory_manager = self.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>();
+        for neighbor in neighbors(center, map_size) {
+            territory_manager.conquer(neighbor, player);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clear ownership of a tile
+    fn clear_tile(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Option<NationId> {
+        self.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>().clear(tile)
+    }
+
+    /// Clear all territory changes
+    fn clear_territory_changes(&mut self) {
+        self.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>().clear_changes();
+    }
+
+    /// Deactivate the spawn phase
+    fn deactivate_spawn_phase(&mut self) {
+        self.resource_mut::<SpawnPhase>().active = false;
+    }
+
+    /// Activate the spawn phase
+    fn activate_spawn_phase(&mut self) {
+        self.resource_mut::<SpawnPhase>().active = true;
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of territory changes
+    fn get_change_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.resource::<TerritoryManager>().iter_changes().count()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the entity for a nation
+    fn get_nation_entity(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Entity {
+        let entity_map = self.resource::<NationEntityMap>();
+        entity_map.get_entity(nation_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Run the border update logic
+    fn update_borders(&mut self) {
+        if !self.resource::<TerritoryManager>().has_changes() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let (changed_tiles, map_size, tiles_by_owner) = {
+            let territory_manager = self.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+            let changed_tiles: HashSet<U16Vec2> = territory_manager.iter_changes().collect();
+            let map_size = U16Vec2::new(territory_manager.width(), territory_manager.height());
+
+            let mut affected_tiles = HashSet::with_capacity(changed_tiles.len() * 5);
+            for &tile in &changed_tiles {
+                affected_tiles.insert(tile);
+                affected_tiles.extend(neighbors(tile, map_size));
+            }
+
+            let mut tiles_by_owner: HashMap<NationId, HashSet<U16Vec2>> = HashMap::new();
+            for &tile in &affected_tiles {
+                if let Some(nation_id) = territory_manager.get_nation_id(tile) {
+                    tiles_by_owner.entry(nation_id).or_default().insert(tile);
+                }
+            }
+
+            (changed_tiles, map_size, tiles_by_owner)
+        };
+
+        let ownership_snapshot: HashMap<U16Vec2, Option<NationId>> = {
+            let territory_manager = self.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+            let mut snapshot = HashMap::new();
+            for &tile in changed_tiles.iter() {
+                for neighbor in neighbors(tile, map_size) {
+                    snapshot.entry(neighbor).or_insert_with(|| territory_manager.get_nation_id(neighbor));
+                }
+                snapshot.insert(tile, territory_manager.get_nation_id(tile));
+            }
+            snapshot
+        };
+
+        let mut players_query = self.query::<(&NationId, &mut BorderTiles)>();
+        for (nation_id, mut component_borders) in players_query.iter_mut(self) {
+            let empty_set = HashSet::new();
+            let player_tiles = tiles_by_owner.get(nation_id).unwrap_or(&empty_set);
+
+            for &tile in player_tiles {
+                let is_border = neighbors(tile, map_size).any(|neighbor| ownership_snapshot.get(&neighbor).and_then(|&owner| owner) != Some(*nation_id));
+
+                if is_border {
+                    component_borders.0.insert(tile);
+                } else {
+                    component_borders.0.remove(&tile);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for &tile in changed_tiles.iter() {
+                if ownership_snapshot.get(&tile).and_then(|&owner| owner) != Some(*nation_id) {
+                    component_borders.0.remove(&tile);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clear territory changes
+    fn clear_borders_changes(&mut self) {
+        self.resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>().clear_changes();
+    }
+
+    /// Get border tiles for a nation from ECS
+    fn get_nation_borders(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> HashSet<U16Vec2> {
+        let entity = self.get_nation_entity(nation_id);
+        self.get::<BorderTiles>(entity).expect("Nation entity missing BorderTiles component").0.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Get border tiles from BorderCache
+    fn get_border_cache(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Option<HashSet<U16Vec2>> {
+        self.resource::<BorderCache>().get(nation_id).cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extension trait providing convenient action methods for Game in tests
+///
+/// Provides test helpers that forward to World extension methods.
+#[extension(pub trait GameTestExt)]
+impl Game {
+    /// Manually spawn a nation entity with components (for tests that need specific nation IDs)
+    ///
+    /// Use this when GameBuilder doesn't create the nations you need.
+    fn spawn_test_nation(&mut self, id: NationId, troops: f32) {
+        let entity = self.world_mut().spawn((id, borders_core::game::NationName(format!("Player {}", id.get())), borders_core::game::NationColor(borders_core::game::entities::HSLColor::new((id.get() as f32 * 137.5) % 360.0, 0.6, 0.5)), BorderTiles::default(), borders_core::game::Troops(troops), borders_core::game::TerritorySize(0), borders_core::game::ships::ShipCount::default())).id();
+
+        self.world_mut().resource_mut::<NationEntityMap>().0.insert(id, entity);
+    }
+
+    /// Conquer a tile for a nation
+    fn conquer_tile(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2, nation: NationId) {
+        self.world_mut().conquer_tile(tile, nation);
+    }
+
+    /// Conquer multiple tiles for a nation
+    fn conquer_tiles(&mut self, tiles: &[U16Vec2], nation: NationId) {
+        self.world_mut().conquer_tiles(tiles, nation);
+    }
+
+    /// Conquer a square region of tiles centered at a position
+    ///
+    /// Conquers all tiles within `radius` steps of `center` (using taxicab distance).
+    /// For radius=1, conquers a 3x3 square. For radius=2, conquers a 5x5 square, etc.
+    fn conquer_region(&mut self, center: U16Vec2, radius: u32, nation: NationId) {
+        self.world_mut().conquer_region(center, radius, nation);
+    }
+
+    /// Conquer all 4-directional neighbors of a tile
+    fn conquer_neighbors(&mut self, center: U16Vec2, nation: NationId) {
+        self.world_mut().conquer_neighbors(center, nation);
+    }
+
+    /// Clear ownership of a tile, returning the previous owner
+    fn clear_tile(&mut self, tile: U16Vec2) -> Option<NationId> {
+        self.world_mut().clear_tile(tile)
+    }
+
+    /// Clear all territory changes from the change buffer
+    fn clear_territory_changes(&mut self) {
+        self.world_mut().clear_territory_changes();
+    }
+
+    /// Deactivate the spawn phase
+    fn deactivate_spawn_phase(&mut self) {
+        self.world_mut().deactivate_spawn_phase();
+    }
+
+    /// Activate the spawn phase
+    fn activate_spawn_phase(&mut self) {
+        self.world_mut().activate_spawn_phase();
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of territory changes in the ChangeBuffer
+    fn get_change_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.world().get_change_count()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the entity associated with a nation
+    fn get_nation_entity(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Entity {
+        self.world().get_nation_entity(nation_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Run the border update logic (inline implementation for testing)
+    fn update_borders(&mut self) {
+        self.world_mut().update_borders();
+    }
+
+    /// Clear territory changes
+    fn clear_borders_changes(&mut self) {
+        self.world_mut().clear_borders_changes();
+    }
+
+    /// Get border tiles for a nation from ECS component
+    fn get_nation_borders(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> HashSet<U16Vec2> {
+        self.world().get_nation_borders(nation_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Get border tiles for a nation from BorderCache
+    fn get_border_cache(&self, nation_id: NationId) -> Option<HashSet<U16Vec2>> {
+        self.world().get_border_cache(nation_id)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/full_game_smoke_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/full_game_smoke_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e823e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/full_game_smoke_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+//! Full game smoke tests that run complete games with bots
+//!
+//! These tests verify the entire game lifecycle by running complete games
+//! for 600 ticks (60 seconds equivalent at 10 TPS) with multiple bots.
+//! The tests ensure the game doesn't crash and that all systems execute properly.
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use common::MapBuilder;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Statistics collected during a full game run
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct GameStats {
+    /// Final turn number reached
+    final_turn: u64,
+    /// Total tiles owned by all players
+    total_territory_owned: u32,
+    /// Number of bots that have claimed territory
+    bots_with_territory: usize,
+    /// Number of bots that took at least one action
+    active_bots: usize,
+    /// Total number of bot actions taken
+    total_bot_actions: usize,
+}
+
+/// Set up a test game using shared initialization code
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `player_count` - Number of bot players (no human players)
+/// * `map_size` - (width, height) of the map in tiles
+/// * `rng_seed` - Optional RNG seed for deterministic tests (defaults to 0xDEADBEEF)
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// Configured Game ready to run game updates
+fn setup_test_game(player_count: usize, map_size: (u16, u16), rng_seed: Option<u64>) -> Game {
+    let (map_width, map_height) = map_size;
+
+    // Generate terrain - all land tiles for maximum playable area
+    let terrain_data = MapBuilder::new(map_width, map_height).all_conquerable().build();
+
+    // Create game with unified GameBuilder API
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::new()
+        .with_map(Arc::new(terrain_data))
+        .with_bots(player_count as u32)
+        .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+        .with_spawn_phase(None) // Skip spawn phase for immediate game start
+        .with_rng_seed(rng_seed.unwrap_or(0xDEADBEEF)) // Deterministic for reproducible tests
+        .build();
+
+    // Initialize UI messages if the ui feature is enabled (for headless tests with UI systems)
+    use borders_core::ui::protocol::{BackendMessage, FrontendMessage};
+    game.add_message::<BackendMessage>();
+    game.add_message::<FrontendMessage>();
+
+    // When skipping spawn phase, immediately mark the game as started
+    if let Some(mut generator) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<borders_core::networking::server::TurnGenerator>() {
+        generator.start_game_immediately();
+    }
+
+    game
+}
+
+/// Run a complete game with the specified number of bot players
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `player_count` - Number of bot players (no human players)
+/// * `map_size` - (width, height) of the map in tiles
+/// * `target_ticks` - Number of game ticks to run (10 TPS = 100ms per tick)
+/// * `rng_seed` - Optional RNG seed for deterministic tests
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// Statistics about the completed game
+fn run_full_game(player_count: usize, map_size: (u16, u16), target_ticks: u64, rng_seed: Option<u64>) -> GameStats {
+    let mut game = setup_test_game(player_count, map_size, rng_seed);
+
+    // Debug: Check initial state
+    eprintln!("=== Initial State ===");
+    eprintln!("TurnGenerator exists: {}", game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::networking::server::TurnGenerator>().is_some());
+    eprintln!("TurnReceiver exists: {}", game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::networking::server::TurnReceiver>().is_some());
+    eprintln!("LocalPlayerContext exists: {}", game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::game::LocalPlayerContext>().is_some());
+    if let Some(handle) = game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::networking::server::LocalTurnServerHandle>() {
+        eprintln!("Server running: {}, paused: {}", handle.is_running(), handle.is_paused());
+    }
+    if let Some(spawn_manager) = game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::game::SpawnManager>() {
+        eprintln!("SpawnManager spawns: {} bots, {} players", spawn_manager.get_bot_spawns().len(), spawn_manager.get_player_spawns().len());
+    }
+
+    // Track initial and final territory sizes to verify bot activity
+    let initial_territory_sizes: HashMap<_, _> = {
+        use borders_core::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+        use borders_core::game::entities::TerritorySize;
+        let world = game.world_mut();
+        let mut query = world.query::<(&Bot, &NationId, &TerritorySize)>();
+        query.iter(world).map(|(_, &id, size)| (id, size.0)).collect()
+    };
+
+    // Main game loop - run for target_ticks iterations
+    for tick_num in 0..target_ticks {
+        // Advance time by exactly 100ms per tick (10 TPS)
+        if let Some(mut time) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<Time>() {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            time.update(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
+        }
+
+        // Update the game - this runs all Update and Last schedules
+        game.update();
+
+        // Debug: Check BorderCache on first few turns
+        if tick_num == 1 {
+            use borders_core::game::BorderCache;
+
+            let world = game.world();
+            if let Some(border_cache) = world.get_resource::<BorderCache>() {
+                let cache_map = border_cache.as_map();
+                let mut cache_keys: Vec<u16> = cache_map.keys().map(|id| id.get()).collect();
+                cache_keys.sort();
+                eprintln!("Tick {}: BorderCache has {} entries", tick_num, cache_map.len());
+                eprintln!("  BorderCache keys (sorted): {:?}", cache_keys);
+                if player_count <= 10 {
+                    for (id, borders) in &cache_map {
+                        eprintln!("    Player {}: {} border tiles", id.get(), borders.len());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Print current turn for debugging
+        if let Some(current_turn) = game.world().get_resource::<CurrentTurn>() {
+            if tick_num <= 5 {
+                eprintln!("  CurrentTurn = Turn({})", current_turn.turn.turn_number);
+            }
+        } else if tick_num < 10 {
+            eprintln!("Tick {}: No CurrentTurn resource", tick_num);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Collect final statistics
+    let final_turn = game.world().get_resource::<CurrentTurn>().map(|ct| ct.turn.turn_number).unwrap_or(0);
+
+    // Calculate territory ownership, border tiles, and troop levels from ECS components
+    use borders_core::game::BorderTiles;
+    use borders_core::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+    use borders_core::game::entities::{TerritorySize, Troops};
+    let (total_territory_owned, bots_with_territory, bots_with_borders, avg_troops) = {
+        let world = game.world_mut();
+        let mut total = 0u32;
+        let mut bots_count = 0usize;
+        let mut borders_count = 0usize;
+        let mut total_troops = 0.0f32;
+        let mut bot_count = 0;
+
+        for (_, territory_size, border_tiles, troops) in world.query::<(&Bot, &TerritorySize, &BorderTiles, &Troops)>().iter(world) {
+            total += territory_size.0;
+            if territory_size.0 > 0 {
+                bots_count += 1;
+            }
+            if !border_tiles.0.is_empty() {
+                borders_count += 1;
+            }
+            total_troops += troops.0;
+            bot_count += 1;
+        }
+        let avg = if bot_count > 0 { total_troops / bot_count as f32 } else { 0.0 };
+        (total, bots_count, borders_count, avg)
+    };
+
+    // Calculate how many bots expanded their territory (proxy for activity)
+    let final_territory_sizes: HashMap<_, _> = {
+        use borders_core::game::ai::bot::Bot;
+        use borders_core::game::entities::TerritorySize;
+        let world = game.world_mut();
+        let mut query = world.query::<(&Bot, &NationId, &TerritorySize)>();
+        query.iter(world).map(|(_, &id, size)| (id, size.0)).collect()
+    };
+
+    let active_bots = final_territory_sizes
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(id, final_size)| {
+            let initial_size = initial_territory_sizes.get(id).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+            **final_size > initial_size + 10 // Expanded by more than 10 tiles
+        })
+        .count();
+
+    let territory_changes: usize = final_territory_sizes
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(id, final_size)| {
+            let initial_size = initial_territory_sizes.get(id).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+            final_size.saturating_sub(initial_size) as usize
+        })
+        .sum();
+
+    eprintln!("=== Final Game Stats ===");
+    eprintln!("Bots with territory: {}/{}", bots_with_territory, player_count);
+    eprintln!("Bots with border tiles: {}/{}", bots_with_borders, player_count);
+    eprintln!("Average bot troops: {:.1}", avg_troops);
+    eprintln!("Bots that expanded territory: {}/{}", active_bots, player_count);
+    eprintln!("Total territory owned: {}", total_territory_owned);
+    eprintln!("Total territory gained: {}", territory_changes);
+
+    GameStats { final_turn, total_territory_owned, bots_with_territory, active_bots, total_bot_actions: territory_changes }
+}
+
+/// Test game stability across different player counts and map sizes
+///
+/// Verifies that games run without crashing and maintain basic invariants:
+/// - Game progresses beyond turn 0
+/// - Bots claim and expand territory
+/// - Territory ownership is tracked correctly
+#[rstest]
+#[case::tiny(10, (50, 50))] // 2,500 tiles ≈ 250 per player
+#[case::small(25, (80, 80))] // 6,400 tiles ≈ 256 per player
+#[case::medium_small(50, (115, 115))] // 13,225 tiles ≈ 264 per player
+#[case::medium(100, (160, 160))] // 25,600 tiles ≈ 256 per player
+#[case::large(250, (255, 255))] // 65,025 tiles ≈ 260 per player
+#[case::xl(500, (360, 360))] // 129,600 tiles ≈ 259 per player
+fn smoke_test_player_scaling(#[case] player_count: usize, #[case] map_size: (u16, u16)) {
+    // Initialize tracing for debugging
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt().with_env_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new("trace"))).with_test_writer().try_init();
+
+    let target_ticks = 600; // 60 seconds at 10 TPS
+    let stats = run_full_game(player_count, map_size, target_ticks, None);
+
+    eprintln!("{}-player game stats: {:#?}", player_count, stats);
+
+    // Game should have progressed
+    assert!(stats.final_turn > 0, "Game should have progressed past turn 0");
+
+    // Bots should have claimed territory (spawns applied)
+    assert!(stats.bots_with_territory > 0, "Bots should have claimed territory after spawning");
+
+    // Total territory should be owned
+    assert!(stats.total_territory_owned > 0, "Territory should be owned by players");
+
+    // At least some bots should be active
+    assert!(stats.active_bots > 0, "At least some bots should have expanded territory (active_bots: {}, total_territory_gained: {})", stats.active_bots, stats.total_bot_actions);
+}
+
+/// Test game stability across different simulation durations
+///
+/// Verifies that games run correctly for different time periods:
+/// - Short runs (30 seconds)
+/// - Standard runs (60 seconds)
+/// - Extended runs (120 seconds)
+#[rstest]
+#[case::short(300)] // 30 seconds at 10 TPS
+#[case::standard(600)] // 60 seconds at 10 TPS
+#[case::long(1200)] // 120 seconds at 10 TPS
+fn smoke_test_tick_duration(#[case] target_ticks: u64) {
+    // Initialize tracing for debugging
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt().with_env_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new("trace"))).with_test_writer().try_init();
+
+    let player_count = 100;
+    let map_size = (160, 160); // Medium scale
+    let stats = run_full_game(player_count, map_size, target_ticks, None);
+
+    eprintln!("{}-tick game stats: {:#?}", target_ticks, stats);
+
+    // Game should have progressed
+    assert!(stats.final_turn > 0, "Game should have progressed past turn 0");
+
+    // Bots should have claimed territory
+    assert!(stats.bots_with_territory > 0, "Bots should have claimed territory after spawning");
+
+    // Total territory should be owned
+    assert!(stats.total_territory_owned > 0, "Territory should be owned by players");
+
+    // At least some bots should be active
+    assert!(stats.active_bots > 0, "At least some bots should have expanded territory");
+}
+
+/// Test determinism and robustness across different RNG seeds
+///
+/// Verifies that games with different random seeds all:
+/// - Run without crashing
+/// - Maintain basic game invariants
+/// - Produce valid game states
+#[rstest]
+#[case::seed_1(0xDEADBEEF)]
+#[case::seed_2(0xCAFEBABE)]
+#[case::seed_3(0x8BADF00D)]
+fn smoke_test_rng_seeds(#[case] rng_seed: u64) {
+    // Initialize tracing for debugging
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt().with_env_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new("trace"))).with_test_writer().try_init();
+
+    let player_count = 100;
+    let map_size = (160, 160); // Medium scale
+    let target_ticks = 600; // 60 seconds at 10 TPS
+    let stats = run_full_game(player_count, map_size, target_ticks, Some(rng_seed));
+
+    eprintln!("RNG seed 0x{:X} game stats: {:#?}", rng_seed, stats);
+
+    // Game should have progressed
+    assert!(stats.final_turn > 0, "Game should have progressed past turn 0");
+
+    // Bots should have claimed territory
+    assert!(stats.bots_with_territory > 0, "Bots should have claimed territory after spawning");
+
+    // Total territory should be owned
+    assert!(stats.total_territory_owned > 0, "Territory should be owned by players");
+
+    // At least some bots should be active
+    assert!(stats.active_bots > 0, "At least some bots should have expanded territory");
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/integration_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/integration_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d27ac43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/integration_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+// Integration tests for multi-system interactions: spawn phase, territory conquest, attacks
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::game::builder::GameBuilder;
+use borders_core::networking::NetworkMode;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use common::{GameAssertExt, GameBuilderTestExt, GameTestExt};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_spawn_phase_lifecycle() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0).with_spawn_phase_enabled().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let spawn_phase = game.world().resource::<SpawnPhase>();
+    assert!(spawn_phase.active, "SpawnPhase should be active after initialization");
+
+    game.deactivate_spawn_phase();
+
+    let spawn_phase = game.world().resource::<SpawnPhase>();
+    assert!(!spawn_phase.active, "SpawnPhase should be inactive after deactivation");
+
+    game.assert().resource_exists::<TerritoryManager>("TerritoryManager");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_territory_conquest_triggers_changes() {
+    let player0 = NationId::ZERO;
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(player0, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    game.assert().no_territory_changes();
+
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(50, 50);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, player0);
+
+    game.assert().has_territory_changes().player_owns(tile, player0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_player_territory_conquest() {
+    let player0 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let player1 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+    let player2 = NationId::new(2).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(player0, 100.0).with_nation(player1, 100.0).with_nation(player2, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let tile0 = U16Vec2::new(10, 10);
+    let tile1 = U16Vec2::new(20, 20);
+    let tile2 = U16Vec2::new(30, 30);
+
+    game.conquer_tile(tile0, player0);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile1, player1);
+    game.conquer_tile(tile2, player2);
+
+    game.assert().player_owns(tile0, player0).player_owns(tile1, player1).player_owns(tile2, player2);
+
+    let territory_manager = game.world().resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+    let changes: Vec<_> = territory_manager.iter_changes().collect();
+    assert!(changes.len() == 3, "Should have 3 changes (one per player), but found {}", changes.len());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_territory_ownership_transitions() {
+    let player0 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let player1 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(player0, 100.0).with_nation(player1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(50, 50);
+
+    game.assert().tile_unclaimed(tile);
+
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, player0);
+    game.assert().player_owns(tile, player0);
+
+    game.clear_territory_changes();
+    game.assert().no_territory_changes();
+
+    let previous_owner = game.clear_tile(tile);
+    assert!(previous_owner == Some(player0), "Previous owner should be player 0");
+    game.assert().tile_unclaimed(tile).has_territory_changes();
+
+    game.clear_territory_changes();
+
+    game.conquer_tile(tile, player1);
+    game.assert().player_owns(tile, player1).has_territory_changes();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_border_updates_on_territory_change() {
+    let player0 = NationId::ZERO;
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(100, 100).with_nation(player0, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(50, 50);
+    let adjacent = U16Vec2::new(51, 50);
+
+    game.conquer_tile(center, player0);
+
+    let territory_manager = game.world().resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+    assert!(territory_manager.is_border(center), "Center tile should be a border (adjacent to unclaimed)");
+
+    game.conquer_tile(adjacent, player0);
+
+    let territory_manager = game.world().resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+    assert!(territory_manager.is_border(center), "Center tile should still be a border");
+    assert!(territory_manager.is_border(adjacent), "Adjacent tile should be a border");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_initialization_with_territories() {
+    let player0 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let player1 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let territory0 = vec![U16Vec2::new(10, 10), U16Vec2::new(10, 11)];
+    let territory1 = vec![U16Vec2::new(20, 20), U16Vec2::new(20, 21)];
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(player0, 100.0).with_nation(player1, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Pre-assign territories using extension trait
+    game.conquer_tiles(&territory0, player0);
+    game.conquer_tiles(&territory1, player1);
+
+    let mut assertions = game.assert();
+    for tile in &territory0 {
+        assertions = assertions.player_owns(*tile, player0);
+    }
+    for tile in &territory1 {
+        assertions = assertions.player_owns(*tile, player1);
+    }
+
+    let territory_manager = game.world().resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+    let changes_count = territory_manager.iter_changes().count();
+    assert!(changes_count == 4, "After initialization with 4 tiles, expected 4 changes, but found {}", changes_count);
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/intent_timing_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/intent_timing_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01bca52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/intent_timing_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//! Tests for intent timing and turn boundary race conditions
+//!
+//! These tests verify that intents sent between turn boundaries are properly
+//! buffered and included in the next turn, rather than being dropped.
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::{assert, let_assert};
+use borders_core::networking::Intent;
+use borders_core::networking::client::Connection;
+use borders_core::networking::server::LocalTurnServerHandle;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use borders_core::time::Time;
+use common::MapBuilder;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Set up a minimal game for testing turn timing
+fn setup_turn_test_game() -> Game {
+    let terrain_data = MapBuilder::new(20, 20).all_conquerable().build();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::new()
+        .with_map(Arc::new(terrain_data))
+        .with_bots(1) // Need at least 1 bot to have a valid player
+        .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+        .with_spawn_phase(None) // Skip spawn phase
+        .with_rng_seed(0x12345)
+        .build();
+
+    // Start game immediately (skip spawn phase) - same as smoke tests
+    if let Some(mut generator) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<borders_core::networking::server::TurnGenerator>() {
+        generator.start_game_immediately();
+    }
+
+    game
+}
+
+/// Helper to send an attack intent
+fn send_attack_intent(game: &mut Game, troops: u32) {
+    let world = game.world_mut();
+
+    // Get current turn for intent tracking
+    let current_turn = world.get_resource::<borders_core::game::turn::CurrentTurn>().map(|ct| ct.turn.turn_number).unwrap_or(0);
+
+    // Get the connection and send intent
+    let mut connection = world.get_resource_mut::<Connection>().expect("Connection should exist");
+
+    let intent = Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: None, troops });
+
+    connection.send_intent(intent, current_turn);
+}
+
+/// Helper to advance time by specific milliseconds
+fn advance_time(game: &mut Game, millis: u64) {
+    if let Some(mut time) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<Time>() {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        time.update(std::time::Duration::from_millis(millis));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper to get the current turn from CurrentTurn resource
+fn get_current_turn(game: &Game) -> Option<Turn> {
+    game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::game::turn::CurrentTurn>().map(|ct| ct.turn.clone())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_intent_sent_between_turns_is_included() {
+    // Initialize tracing for debugging
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt().with_env_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new("debug"))).with_test_writer().try_init();
+
+    let mut game = setup_turn_test_game();
+
+    // Verify server is running
+    {
+        let handle = game.world().get_resource::<LocalTurnServerHandle>().expect("LocalTurnServerHandle should exist");
+        assert!(handle.is_running());
+        assert!(!handle.is_paused());
+    }
+
+    // Frame 1: First update to emit Turn(0)
+    advance_time(&mut game, 100);
+    game.update();
+
+    let turn0 = get_current_turn(&game);
+    let_assert!(Some(turn) = turn0);
+    assert!(turn.turn_number == 0, "Should get Turn(0) initially");
+    assert!(turn.intents.is_empty(), "Turn(0) should have no intents (game start)");
+
+    // Frame 2: Advance 50ms (halfway to next turn)
+    advance_time(&mut game, 50);
+    game.update();
+
+    // Turn should still be Turn(0) - no new turn generated yet
+    let still_turn0 = get_current_turn(&game);
+    let_assert!(Some(turn) = still_turn0);
+    assert!(turn.turn_number == 0, "Should still be Turn(0) at 50ms (halfway)");
+
+    // NOW send the attack intent (at 50ms into the turn period)
+    send_attack_intent(&mut game, 100);
+    eprintln!("Intent sent at 50ms mark");
+
+    // Frame 3: Advance another 50ms (should trigger Turn(1) at 100ms total)
+    advance_time(&mut game, 50);
+    game.update();
+
+    // Turn(1) should be generated and should contain our intent
+    let turn1 = get_current_turn(&game);
+    let_assert!(Some(turn) = turn1, "Turn(1) should be generated at 100ms");
+    assert!(turn.turn_number == 1, "Should be Turn(1)");
+
+    // THIS IS THE KEY ASSERTION - it will FAIL with the current bug
+    assert!(turn.intents.len() == 1, "Turn(1) should contain the intent sent at 50ms (found {} intents)", turn.intents.len());
+
+    // Verify it's an attack intent
+    let_assert!(Some(sourced_intent) = turn.intents.first());
+    let_assert!(Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { troops, .. }) = &sourced_intent.intent);
+    assert!(*troops == 100, "Should be the attack we sent");
+
+    eprintln!("✓ Intent successfully included in Turn(1)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_intent_sent_at_turn_boundary_is_included() {
+    let mut game = setup_turn_test_game();
+
+    // Emit Turn(0)
+    advance_time(&mut game, 100);
+    game.update();
+
+    // Send intent right at the start of the turn period (0ms into next turn)
+    send_attack_intent(&mut game, 50);
+
+    // Advance full 100ms to generate next turn
+    advance_time(&mut game, 100);
+    game.update();
+
+    let turn1 = get_current_turn(&game);
+    let_assert!(Some(turn) = turn1, "Turn(1) should be generated at 100ms");
+    assert!(turn.turn_number == 1);
+    assert!(turn.intents.len() == 1, "Intent sent at 0ms should be included in Turn(1)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multiple_intents_across_frames() {
+    let mut game = setup_turn_test_game();
+
+    // Emit Turn(0)
+    advance_time(&mut game, 100);
+    game.update();
+
+    // Send first intent at 25ms
+    advance_time(&mut game, 25);
+    game.update();
+    send_attack_intent(&mut game, 100);
+
+    // Send second intent at 50ms
+    advance_time(&mut game, 25);
+    game.update();
+    send_attack_intent(&mut game, 200);
+
+    // Send third intent at 75ms
+    advance_time(&mut game, 25);
+    game.update();
+    send_attack_intent(&mut game, 300);
+
+    // Generate turn at 100ms
+    advance_time(&mut game, 25);
+    game.update();
+
+    let turn1 = get_current_turn(&game);
+    let_assert!(Some(turn) = turn1, "Turn(1) should be generated at 100ms");
+    assert!(turn.turn_number == 1);
+    assert!(turn.intents.len() == 3, "All 3 intents sent during turn period should be included (found {})", turn.intents.len());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_intent_sent_at_99ms_is_included() {
+    let mut game = setup_turn_test_game();
+
+    // Emit Turn(0)
+    advance_time(&mut game, 100);
+    game.update();
+
+    // Advance almost to turn boundary (99ms)
+    advance_time(&mut game, 99);
+    game.update();
+
+    // Send intent at 99ms (1ms before turn fires)
+    send_attack_intent(&mut game, 150);
+
+    // Generate turn at 100ms+
+    advance_time(&mut game, 1);
+    game.update();
+
+    let turn1 = get_current_turn(&game);
+    let_assert!(Some(turn) = turn1, "Turn(1) should be generated at 100ms");
+    assert!(turn.turn_number == 1);
+    assert!(turn.intents.len() == 1, "Intent sent at 99ms should be included in Turn(1)");
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/lifecycle_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/lifecycle_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81eae55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/lifecycle_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Game lifecycle tests: initialization, player spawning, cleanup
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+
+use common::{GameAssertExt, MapBuilder};
+
+// Helper to create initialized game for testing
+fn create_initialized_game(map_size: U16Vec2) -> Game {
+    let terrain_data = Arc::new(MapBuilder::new(map_size.x, map_size.y).all_conquerable().build());
+
+    GameBuilder::new()
+        .with_map(terrain_data)
+        .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+        .with_local_player(NationId::ZERO)
+        .with_bots(10)
+        .with_rng_seed(0xDEADBEEF)
+        .with_spawn_phase(Some(30))
+        .with_systems(false) // Don't run systems in tests
+        .build()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_initialize_game_creates_all_resources() {
+    let game = create_initialized_game(U16Vec2::new(100, 100));
+
+    game.assert().resource_exists::<TerritoryManager>("TerritoryManager").resource_exists::<ActiveAttacks>("ActiveAttacks").resource_exists::<TerrainData>("TerrainData").resource_exists::<DeterministicRng>("DeterministicRng").resource_exists::<CoastalTiles>("CoastalTiles").resource_exists::<NationEntityMap>("NationEntityMap").resource_exists::<LocalPlayerContext>("LocalPlayerContext").resource_exists::<SpawnPhase>("SpawnPhase").resource_exists::<SpawnTimeout>("SpawnTimeout").resource_exists::<SpawnManager>("SpawnManager").resource_exists::<server::LocalTurnServerHandle>("LocalTurnServerHandle").resource_exists::<server::TurnReceiver>("TurnReceiver").resource_exists::<server::TurnGenerator>("TurnGenerator");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_initialize_creates_player_entities() {
+    let game = create_initialized_game(U16Vec2::new(100, 100));
+    let world = game.world();
+
+    // Get entity map
+    let entity_map = world.resource::<NationEntityMap>();
+
+    // Verify 1 human + 10 bots = total players (matches create_initialized_game params)
+    let expected_bot_count = 10; // From create_initialized_game params
+    assert!(entity_map.0.len() == 1 + expected_bot_count, "Should have exactly {} player entities (1 human + {} bots), but found {}", 1 + expected_bot_count, expected_bot_count, entity_map.0.len());
+
+    // Verify human player (ID 0) exists
+    let human_entity = entity_map.0.get(&NationId::ZERO).expect("Human player entity not found");
+
+    // Verify human has all required components
+    assert!(world.get::<NationName>(*human_entity).is_some(), "Human player missing NationName component");
+    assert!(world.get::<NationColor>(*human_entity).is_some(), "Human player missing PlayerColor component");
+    assert!(world.get::<BorderTiles>(*human_entity).is_some(), "Human player missing BorderTiles component");
+    assert!(world.get::<Troops>(*human_entity).is_some(), "Human player missing Troops component");
+    assert!(world.get::<TerritorySize>(*human_entity).is_some(), "Human player missing TerritorySize component");
+
+    // Verify initial troops are correct
+    let troops = world.get::<Troops>(*human_entity).unwrap();
+    assert!(troops.0 == constants::nation::INITIAL_TROOPS, "Human player should start with {} troops, but has {}", constants::nation::INITIAL_TROOPS, troops.0);
+
+    // Verify territory size starts at 0
+    let territory_size = world.get::<TerritorySize>(*human_entity).unwrap();
+    assert!(territory_size.0 == 0, "Human player should start with 0 territory, but has {}", territory_size.0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_spawn_phase_activates() {
+    let game = create_initialized_game(U16Vec2::new(100, 100));
+    let world = game.world();
+
+    // Verify spawn phase is active
+    let spawn_phase = world.resource::<SpawnPhase>();
+    assert!(spawn_phase.active, "SpawnPhase should be active after initialization");
+
+    let spawn_timeout = world.resource::<SpawnTimeout>();
+    assert!(spawn_timeout.duration_secs > 0.0, "SpawnTimeout should have a positive duration");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cannot_start_game_twice() {
+    let game = create_initialized_game(U16Vec2::new(100, 100));
+    let world = game.world();
+
+    game.assert().resource_exists::<TerritoryManager>("TerritoryManager");
+
+    let has_territory_manager = world.contains_resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+    assert!(has_territory_manager, "This check prevents double-initialization in production code");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_territory_manager_dimensions() {
+    let map_size = U16Vec2::new(80, 60);
+    let game = create_initialized_game(map_size);
+    let world = game.world();
+
+    let territory_manager = world.resource::<TerritoryManager>();
+    assert!(territory_manager.width() == map_size.x, "TerritoryManager width should match map width: expected {}, got {}", map_size.x, territory_manager.width());
+    assert!(territory_manager.height() == map_size.y, "TerritoryManager height should match map height: expected {}, got {}", map_size.y, territory_manager.height());
+    assert!(territory_manager.len() == (map_size.x as usize) * (map_size.y as usize), "TerritoryManager should have width × height tiles: expected {}, got {}", (map_size.x as usize) * (map_size.y as usize), territory_manager.len());
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/networking_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/networking_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..743f98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/networking_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Turn generation behavior tests: spawn timeout, turn intervals, intent validation
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use rstest::rstest;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_spawn_phase_timeout() {
+    let mut generator = server::SharedTurnGenerator::new();
+
+    let sourced_intent = SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 1, intent: Intent::SetSpawn { tile_index: U16Vec2::new(5, 5) } };
+    let output = generator.process_intent(sourced_intent);
+    assert!(matches!(output, server::TurnOutput::SpawnUpdate(_)));
+
+    let output = generator.tick(2000.0, vec![]);
+    assert!(matches!(output, server::TurnOutput::None));
+
+    let output = generator.tick(3500.0, vec![]);
+    assert!(matches!(&output, server::TurnOutput::Turn(turn) if turn.turn_number == 0), "Expected Turn(0) after spawn timeout, got {:?}", output);
+    assert!(generator.game_started());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_turn_generation() {
+    let mut generator = server::SharedTurnGenerator::new();
+
+    generator.process_intent(SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 1, intent: Intent::SetSpawn { tile_index: U16Vec2::new(5, 5) } });
+    generator.tick(6000.0, vec![]);
+
+    let output = generator.tick(50.0, vec![]);
+    assert!(matches!(output, server::TurnOutput::None));
+
+    let sourced_intents = vec![SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 2, intent: Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: Some(NationId::new_unchecked(2)), troops: 100 }) }];
+    let output = generator.tick(60.0, sourced_intents);
+    if let server::TurnOutput::Turn(turn) = output {
+        assert!(turn.turn_number == 1);
+        assert!(turn.intents.len() == 1);
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected TurnOutput::Turn");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_ignore_action_during_spawn() {
+    let mut generator = server::SharedTurnGenerator::new();
+
+    let sourced_intent = SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 1, intent: Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: None, troops: 50 }) };
+    let output = generator.process_intent(sourced_intent);
+    assert!(matches!(output, server::TurnOutput::None));
+}
+
+/// Test duplicate intent ID handling
+///
+/// Verifies that duplicate intent submissions (2x or 3x) are properly rejected
+#[rstest]
+#[case::double_submission(vec![50, 100])]
+#[case::triple_submission(vec![50, 100, 150])]
+fn test_duplicate_intent_id_submissions(#[case] troop_values: Vec<u32>) {
+    let mut generator = server::SharedTurnGenerator::new();
+
+    // Start game first
+    generator.process_intent(SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 1, intent: Intent::SetSpawn { tile_index: U16Vec2::new(5, 5) } });
+    generator.tick(6000.0, vec![]);
+
+    // Submit first intent
+    let first_intent = SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 2, intent: Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: None, troops: troop_values[0] }) };
+    generator.process_intent(first_intent);
+
+    // Submit duplicate intents with same ID but different troop values
+    for &troops in &troop_values[1..] {
+        let duplicate_intent = SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 2, intent: Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: None, troops }) };
+        let output = generator.process_intent(duplicate_intent);
+        assert!(matches!(output, server::TurnOutput::None));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_duplicate_intent_id() {
+    let mut generator = server::SharedTurnGenerator::new();
+
+    generator.process_intent(SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 1, intent: Intent::SetSpawn { tile_index: U16Vec2::new(5, 5) } });
+    generator.tick(6000.0, vec![]);
+
+    let sourced_intent1 = SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 2, intent: Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: None, troops: 50 }) };
+    let sourced_intent2 = SourcedIntent { source: NationId::new_unchecked(1), intent_id: 2, intent: Intent::Action(GameAction::Attack { target: None, troops: 100 }) };
+
+    generator.process_intent(sourced_intent1);
+    let output = generator.process_intent(sourced_intent2);
+    assert!(matches!(output, server::TurnOutput::None));
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/spawn_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/spawn_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..675c90b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/spawn_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Spawn system tests: activation, deactivation, territory claiming
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::game::builder::GameBuilder;
+use borders_core::networking::NetworkMode;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use common::{GameAssertExt, GameBuilderTestExt, GameTestExt};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_spawn_phase_activation() {
+    let game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0).with_spawn_phase_enabled().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    game.assert().resource_exists::<SpawnPhase>("SpawnPhase");
+
+    let spawn_phase = game.world().resource::<SpawnPhase>();
+    assert!(spawn_phase.active, "SpawnPhase should be active when initialized with with_spawn_phase_enabled()");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_spawn_phase_deactivation() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0).with_spawn_phase_enabled().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    assert!(game.world().resource::<SpawnPhase>().active);
+
+    game.deactivate_spawn_phase();
+
+    assert!(!game.world().resource::<SpawnPhase>().active, "SpawnPhase should be inactive after deactivation");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_spawn_territory_claiming() {
+    let nation0 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation1 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(nation0, 100.0).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_spawn_phase_enabled().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let spawn0 = U16Vec2::new(25, 25);
+    let spawn1 = U16Vec2::new(75, 75);
+
+    game.conquer_tile(spawn0, nation0);
+    game.conquer_tile(spawn1, nation1);
+
+    game.assert().player_owns(spawn0, nation0).player_owns(spawn1, nation1);
+
+    assert!(game.world().resource::<SpawnPhase>().active);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_spawn_with_pre_assigned_territories() {
+    let nation0 = NationId::ZERO;
+    let nation1 = NationId::new(1).unwrap();
+
+    let spawn_territory0 = vec![U16Vec2::new(25, 25), U16Vec2::new(25, 26), U16Vec2::new(26, 25)];
+    let spawn_territory1 = vec![U16Vec2::new(75, 75), U16Vec2::new(75, 76), U16Vec2::new(76, 75)];
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_nation(nation0, 100.0).with_nation(nation1, 100.0).with_spawn_phase_enabled().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    // Pre-assign territories using extension trait
+    game.conquer_tiles(&spawn_territory0, nation0);
+    game.conquer_tiles(&spawn_territory1, nation1);
+
+    let mut assertions = game.assert();
+    for tile in &spawn_territory0 {
+        assertions = assertions.player_owns(*tile, nation0);
+    }
+    for tile in &spawn_territory1 {
+        assertions = assertions.player_owns(*tile, nation1);
+    }
+
+    assert!(game.world().resource::<SpawnPhase>().active);
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/territory_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/territory_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24872ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/territory_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Territory manager tests: change tracking, ownership, border detection
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::game::builder::GameBuilder;
+use borders_core::networking::NetworkMode;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use common::{GameAssertExt, GameBuilderTestExt, GameTestExt};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_conquer_tile_adds_to_changes() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    let mut territory_manager = game.world_mut().resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>();
+
+    // Initially no changes
+    assert!(!territory_manager.has_changes());
+
+    // Conquer a tile
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(50, 50);
+    territory_manager.conquer(tile, NationId::ZERO);
+
+    assert!(territory_manager.has_changes(), "Conquering a tile should record a change in the ChangeBuffer");
+
+    // The change should be the tile we conquered
+    let changes: Vec<_> = territory_manager.iter_changes().collect();
+    assert!(changes.len() == 1, "Should have exactly 1 change, but found {}", changes.len());
+    assert!(changes[0] == tile, "Change should be the conquered tile {:?}, but found {:?}", tile, changes[0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_iter_changes_preserves_buffer() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    let mut territory_manager = game.world_mut().resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>();
+
+    // Conquer a tile
+    territory_manager.conquer(U16Vec2::new(50, 50), NationId::ZERO);
+    assert!(territory_manager.has_changes());
+
+    let _changes: Vec<_> = territory_manager.iter_changes().collect();
+
+    assert!(territory_manager.has_changes(), "iter_changes should not clear the ChangeBuffer");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_drain_changes_clears_buffer() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    let mut territory_manager = game.world_mut().resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>();
+
+    // Conquer tiles
+    territory_manager.conquer(U16Vec2::new(50, 50), NationId::ZERO);
+    territory_manager.conquer(U16Vec2::new(51, 50), NationId::ZERO);
+    assert!(territory_manager.has_changes());
+
+    // Drain changes
+    let changes: Vec<_> = territory_manager.drain_changes().collect();
+    assert!(changes.len() == 2, "Should have drained 2 changes, but found {}", changes.len());
+
+    assert!(!territory_manager.has_changes(), "drain_changes should clear the ChangeBuffer");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_border_detection_map_edges() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(100, 100).with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let corner = U16Vec2::new(0, 0);
+    game.conquer_tile(corner, NationId::ZERO);
+
+    game.assert().is_border(corner);
+
+    let edge = U16Vec2::new(0, 50);
+    game.conquer_tile(edge, NationId::ZERO);
+
+    game.assert().is_border(edge);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_border_detection_interior_tiles() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::with_map_size(100, 100).with_nation(NationId::ZERO, 100.0).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+
+    let center = U16Vec2::new(50, 50);
+    for dy in -1..=1 {
+        for dx in -1..=1 {
+            let tile = U16Vec2::new((center.x as i32 + dx) as u16, (center.y as i32 + dy) as u16);
+            game.conquer_tile(tile, NationId::ZERO);
+        }
+    }
+
+    game.assert().not_border(center).is_border(U16Vec2::new(49, 50)).is_border(U16Vec2::new(51, 50));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_clear_tile_records_change() {
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::simple().with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_systems(false).build();
+    let mut territory_manager = game.world_mut().resource_mut::<TerritoryManager>();
+
+    // Conquer then clear changes
+    let tile = U16Vec2::new(50, 50);
+    territory_manager.conquer(tile, NationId::ZERO);
+    territory_manager.clear_changes();
+    assert!(!territory_manager.has_changes());
+
+    // Clear the tile
+    let previous_owner = territory_manager.clear(tile);
+    assert!(previous_owner == Some(NationId::ZERO), "Expected previous owner to be Some(NationId::ZERO), but found {:?}", previous_owner);
+
+    assert!(territory_manager.has_changes(), "Clearing a tile should record a change");
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-core/tests/tick_rate_tests.rs b/crates/borders-core/tests/tick_rate_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca54136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-core/tests/tick_rate_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+//! Tests for tick rate system to prevent regressions
+//!
+//! These tests verify that the turn generation system produces turns at the
+//! correct rate regardless of frame rate, and that timing remains accurate
+//! over long simulations without drift.
+//!
+//! ## Current Implementation Notes
+//!
+//! The turn generation system is currently hardcoded to 10 TPS (100ms per tick)
+//! in `SharedTurnGenerator`. While `GameBuilder::with_tick_rate()` exists and
+//! creates a `FixedTime` resource, this resource is not currently used by the
+//! turn generator. Custom tick rates are not supported at this time.
+//!
+//! These tests focus on verifying the 10 TPS behavior works correctly across
+//! different frame rates and long simulations.
+
+mod common;
+
+use assert2::assert;
+use borders_core::networking::server::LocalTurnServerHandle;
+use borders_core::prelude::*;
+use borders_core::time::{Clock, Time};
+use common::MapBuilder;
+use quanta::Mock;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+/// Tolerance for timing assertions (±2ms per tick)
+const TIMING_TOLERANCE_MS: f64 = 2.0;
+
+/// Fixed tick rate (hardcoded in SharedTurnGenerator)
+const TICK_RATE_TPS: f64 = 10.0;
+
+/// Set up a minimal game for testing tick rate with custom TPS and mock clock
+fn setup_tick_rate_test_game(tick_rate: u32) -> (Game, Arc<Mock>) {
+    let terrain_data = MapBuilder::new(20, 20).all_conquerable().build();
+
+    // Create mock clock for precise time control
+    let (clock, mock) = Clock::mock();
+
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::new()
+        .with_map(Arc::new(terrain_data))
+        .with_bots(1) // Need at least 1 bot for valid game
+        .with_network(NetworkMode::Local)
+        .with_spawn_phase(None) // Skip spawn phase
+        .with_tick_rate(tick_rate)
+        .with_clock(clock)
+        .with_rng_seed(0x12345)
+        .build();
+
+    // Start game immediately (skip spawn phase)
+    if let Some(mut generator) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<borders_core::networking::server::TurnGenerator>() {
+        generator.start_game_immediately();
+    }
+
+    (game, mock)
+}
+
+/// Helper to verify tick timing matches expected TPS within tolerance
+///
+/// Note: Turn numbers start at 0, so turn N means (N+1) turns have been generated.
+/// For example, reaching turn 599 means 600 turns total (Turn 0 through Turn 599).
+fn assert_tick_timing(expected_tps: f64, final_turn_number: u64, elapsed_ms: f64, tolerance_ms: f64) {
+    let tick_interval_ms = 1000.0 / expected_tps;
+
+    // Turn numbers start at 0, so turn N means (N+1) turns total
+    let actual_turn_count = final_turn_number + 1;
+
+    // Calculate expected turn count based on elapsed time
+    let expected_turn_count = (elapsed_ms / tick_interval_ms).floor() as u64;
+
+    // Calculate timing error
+    let turn_count_diff = actual_turn_count as i64 - expected_turn_count as i64;
+    let timing_error_ms = turn_count_diff as f64 * tick_interval_ms;
+
+    assert!(timing_error_ms.abs() <= tolerance_ms, "Tick rate timing error: expected {} turns ({} TPS over {:.0}ms), got {} turns (final turn number: {}), error: {:.2}ms (tolerance: ±{}ms)", expected_turn_count, expected_tps, elapsed_ms, actual_turn_count, final_turn_number, timing_error_ms, tolerance_ms);
+}
+
+/// Simulates game updates at a specific frame rate for a given duration
+///
+/// Returns the final turn number reached
+fn simulate_frames(game: &mut Game, mock: &Arc<Mock>, frame_interval_ms: f64, duration_ms: f64) -> u64 {
+    let frame_count = (duration_ms / frame_interval_ms).ceil() as usize;
+    let frame_duration_micros = (frame_interval_ms * 1000.0) as u64;
+
+    for _ in 0..frame_count {
+        // Advance mock clock by frame interval
+        mock.increment(Duration::from_micros(frame_duration_micros));
+
+        // Tick the time resource to measure delta
+        if let Some(mut time) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<Time>() {
+            time.tick();
+        }
+
+        // Update game (processes turns, runs systems)
+        game.update();
+    }
+
+    // Get final turn number
+    game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::game::systems::CurrentTurn>().map(|ct| ct.turn.turn_number).unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_default_tick_rate_10_tps() {
+    let (mut game, mock) = setup_tick_rate_test_game(10);
+
+    // Verify server is running
+    {
+        let handle = game.world().get_resource::<LocalTurnServerHandle>().expect("LocalTurnServerHandle should exist");
+        assert!(handle.is_running());
+        assert!(!handle.is_paused());
+    }
+
+    // Simulate 60 seconds at 60 FPS (standard frame rate)
+    let duration_ms = 60_000.0;
+    let frame_rate = 60.0;
+    let frame_interval_ms = 1000.0 / frame_rate;
+
+    let final_turn = simulate_frames(&mut game, &mock, frame_interval_ms, duration_ms);
+
+    // At 10 TPS, 60 seconds should produce 600 turns (Turn 0-599)
+    assert_tick_timing(TICK_RATE_TPS, final_turn, duration_ms, TIMING_TOLERANCE_MS);
+}
+
+/// Test tick rate independence across various frame rates
+///
+/// Verifies that turn generation remains consistent at 10 TPS regardless of
+/// the frame rate at which game.update() is called.
+#[rstest]
+#[case::fps_30(30.0, "30 FPS (slower frame rate)")]
+#[case::fps_60(60.0, "60 FPS (standard frame rate)")]
+#[case::fps_90(90.0, "90 FPS (above standard)")]
+#[case::fps_120(120.0, "120 FPS (high refresh rate)")]
+#[case::fps_144(144.0, "144 FPS (high refresh rate)")]
+fn test_tick_rate_frame_independence(#[case] fps: f64, #[case] description: &str) {
+    let (mut game, mock) = setup_tick_rate_test_game(10);
+
+    // Simulate 60 seconds at specified frame rate
+    let duration_ms = 60_000.0;
+    let frame_interval_ms = 1000.0 / fps;
+
+    let final_turn = simulate_frames(&mut game, &mock, frame_interval_ms, duration_ms);
+
+    // Should produce 600 turns at 10 TPS regardless of frame rate
+    // Test name via case attribute provides context
+    let _ = description; // Suppress unused warning
+    assert_tick_timing(TICK_RATE_TPS, final_turn, duration_ms, TIMING_TOLERANCE_MS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tick_rate_frame_independence_variable_fps() {
+    let (mut game, mock) = setup_tick_rate_test_game(10);
+
+    // Simulate variable frame rate (jittery timing) by alternating between
+    // fast and slow frames
+    let target_duration_ms = 60_000.0;
+    let mut elapsed_ms = 0.0;
+
+    // Alternate between 30 FPS and 100 FPS frames
+    let mut use_fast_frame = true;
+    while elapsed_ms < target_duration_ms {
+        let frame_interval_ms = if use_fast_frame {
+            1000.0 / 100.0 // 10ms (100 FPS)
+        } else {
+            1000.0 / 30.0 // ~33.33ms (30 FPS)
+        };
+
+        mock.increment(Duration::from_micros((frame_interval_ms * 1000.0) as u64));
+
+        if let Some(mut time) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<Time>() {
+            time.tick();
+        }
+
+        game.update();
+
+        elapsed_ms += frame_interval_ms;
+        use_fast_frame = !use_fast_frame;
+    }
+
+    let final_turn = game.world().get_resource::<borders_core::game::systems::CurrentTurn>().map(|ct| ct.turn.turn_number).unwrap_or(0);
+
+    // Variable frame rate may overshoot target duration slightly due to while loop
+    // condition, causing ±1 turn variance. Use tolerance of ±1 tick (100ms at 10 TPS)
+    let variable_fps_tolerance_ms = 100.0;
+    assert_tick_timing(TICK_RATE_TPS, final_turn, elapsed_ms, variable_fps_tolerance_ms);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_drift_over_long_simulation() {
+    let (mut game, mock) = setup_tick_rate_test_game(10);
+
+    // Simulate 5 minutes (300 seconds) to catch cumulative drift
+    let duration_ms = 300_000.0;
+    let frame_interval_ms = 1000.0 / 60.0;
+
+    let final_turn = simulate_frames(&mut game, &mock, frame_interval_ms, duration_ms);
+
+    // At 10 TPS, 300 seconds should produce 3000 turns (Turn 0-2999)
+    // Use same tolerance - no cumulative drift should occur
+    assert_tick_timing(TICK_RATE_TPS, final_turn, duration_ms, TIMING_TOLERANCE_MS);
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/.gitignore b/crates/borders-desktop/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21bd68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Generated by Cargo
+# will have compiled files and executables
+/target/
+
+# Generated by Tauri
+# will have schema files for capabilities auto-completion
+/gen/schemas
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/Cargo.toml b/crates/borders-desktop/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d507d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[package]
+name = "borders-desktop"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = []
+tracy = ["dep:tracing-tracy", "dep:tracy-client"]
+
+[build-dependencies]
+tauri-build = { version = "2", features = [] }
+
+[dependencies]
+bevy_ecs = { version = "0.17", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+borders-core = { path = "../borders-core" }
+chrono = "0.4"
+flume = "0.11"
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+tauri = { version = "2", features = [] }
+tauri-plugin-opener = "2"
+tauri-plugin-process = "2"
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["time"] }
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
+tracing-tracy = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, optional = true }
+tracy-client = { version = "0.18.2", optional = true }
+
+[package.metadata.cargo-machete]
+ignored = ["tauri-build"]
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/build.rs b/crates/borders-desktop/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d860e1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+fn main() {
+    tauri_build::build()
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/capabilities/default.json b/crates/borders-desktop/capabilities/default.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a73416b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/capabilities/default.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
+  "identifier": "default",
+  "description": "Capability for the main window",
+  "windows": ["main"],
+  "permissions": [
+    "core:default",
+    {
+      "identifier": "opener:allow-open-url",
+      "allow": [
+        {
+          "url": "https://github.com/Xevion"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}
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diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/src/analytics.rs b/crates/borders-desktop/src/analytics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a9c256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/src/analytics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use borders_core::telemetry::{self, TelemetryEvent};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use tauri::Manager;
+
+/// Analytics event from the frontend
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AnalyticsEventPayload {
+    pub event: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+}
+
+/// Tauri command to track analytics events from the frontend
+#[tauri::command]
+pub async fn track_analytics_event(payload: AnalyticsEventPayload) -> Result<(), String> {
+    tracing::debug!("Tracking analytics event: {}", payload.event);
+
+    let event = TelemetryEvent { event: payload.event, properties: payload.properties };
+
+    // Track the event asynchronously (Tauri handles the async context)
+    telemetry::track(event).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tauri command to flush pending analytics events
+#[tauri::command]
+pub async fn flush_analytics() -> Result<(), String> {
+    if let Some(client) = telemetry::client() {
+        client.flush().await;
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err("Telemetry client not initialized".to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tauri command to request app exit
+///
+/// Simply closes the window - analytics flush happens in ExitRequested event handler
+#[tauri::command]
+pub async fn request_exit(app_handle: tauri::AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
+    tracing::debug!("Exit requested via command");
+
+    // Close the window (will trigger ExitRequested event → analytics flush)
+    if let Some(window) = app_handle.get_webview_window("main") {
+        window.close().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/src/main.rs b/crates/borders-desktop/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60cc71a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+// Prevents additional console window on Windows in release, DO NOT REMOVE!!
+#![cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), windows_subsystem = "windows")]
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tauri::{Manager, RunEvent};
+
+use crate::plugin::{create_game, generate_tauri_context, setup_tauri_resources};
+use borders_core::time::Time;
+
+mod analytics;
+mod plugin;
+mod transport;
+
+const TARGET_FPS: f64 = 60.0;
+
+#[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
+pub fn run() {
+    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("tauri_build").entered();
+    let tauri_app = tauri::Builder::default().plugin(tauri_plugin_opener::init()).plugin(tauri_plugin_process::init()).invoke_handler(tauri::generate_handler![transport::register_binary_channel, transport::send_frontend_message, transport::handle_render_input, transport::get_game_state, analytics::track_analytics_event, analytics::flush_analytics, analytics::request_exit,]).build(generate_tauri_context()).expect("error while building tauri application");
+
+    // Phase 1: Setup Tauri resources WITHOUT creating Game/World
+    // This registers the message queue so frontend can send messages
+    let tauri_resources = setup_tauri_resources(&tauri_app);
+    tracing::debug!("Tauri resources ready, waiting for StartGame...");
+
+    // Game doesn't exist yet - will be created when StartGame arrives
+    let mut game: Option<borders_core::game::Game> = None;
+    let mut tauri_app = tauri_app;
+
+    // Main loop (60 FPS)
+    let target_frame_duration = Duration::from_secs_f64(1.0 / TARGET_FPS);
+
+    loop {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("main_frame").entered();
+
+        // Process Tauri events
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        tauri_app.run_iteration(move |_, event: RunEvent| {
+            match event {
+                RunEvent::Ready => {
+                    // Event acknowledged, actual setup happens before loop
+                }
+                RunEvent::ExitRequested { .. } => {
+                    // Track session end and flush analytics before exit
+                    if borders_core::telemetry::client().is_some() {
+                        tracing::debug!("ExitRequested: tracking session end and flushing analytics");
+
+                        // Create a minimal runtime for blocking operations
+                        let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread().enable_time().enable_io().build().expect("Failed to create tokio runtime for flush");
+
+                        runtime.block_on(async {
+                            // Track session end event
+                            borders_core::telemetry::track_session_end().await;
+
+                            // Flush all pending events
+                            if let Some(client) = borders_core::telemetry::client() {
+                                let timeout = Duration::from_millis(500);
+                                match tokio::time::timeout(timeout, client.flush()).await {
+                                    Ok(_) => {
+                                        tracing::debug!("Analytics flushed successfully before exit")
+                                    }
+                                    Err(_) => {
+                                        tracing::warn!("Analytics flush timed out after 500ms")
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        });
+
+        // Exit if all windows are closed
+        if tauri_app.webview_windows().is_empty() {
+            tauri_app.cleanup_before_exit();
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // Phase 2: Create Game when StartGame arrives
+        if game.is_none()
+            && let Ok(mut messages) = tauri_resources.transport.inbound_messages().lock()
+            && let Some(idx) = messages.iter().position(|msg| matches!(msg, borders_core::ui::protocol::FrontendMessage::StartGame))
+        {
+            tracing::info!("StartGame received, creating Game/World...");
+            // Remove StartGame from queue so it's not processed again
+            messages.remove(idx);
+            drop(messages); // Release lock before creating Game
+
+            // Create the full Game with all plugins and resources
+            game = Some(create_game(&tauri_resources));
+            tracing::info!("Game/World created, game is ready");
+        }
+
+        // Check for QuitGame and drop the Game
+        if game.is_some()
+            && let Ok(mut messages) = tauri_resources.transport.inbound_messages().lock()
+            && let Some(idx) = messages.iter().position(|msg| matches!(msg, borders_core::ui::protocol::FrontendMessage::QuitGame))
+        {
+            tracing::info!("QuitGame received, dropping Game/World...");
+            messages.remove(idx);
+            drop(messages);
+
+            // Drop the entire Game/World (no cleanup needed)
+            game = None;
+            tracing::info!("Game/World dropped, ready for next game");
+        }
+
+        // Run game systems only if Game exists
+        if let Some(ref mut game_instance) = game {
+            // Tick time to measure frame delta
+            let frame_start = {
+                if let Some(mut time) = game_instance.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<Time>() {
+                    time.tick();
+                }
+                std::time::Instant::now() // For frame rate limiting
+            };
+
+            // Run game systems
+            game_instance.update();
+
+            // Frame rate limiting
+            let frame_duration = frame_start.elapsed();
+            if frame_duration < target_frame_duration {
+                std::thread::sleep(target_frame_duration - frame_duration);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // No game yet - just sleep to avoid busy waiting
+            std::thread::sleep(target_frame_duration);
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::process::exit(0)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // Initialize tracing before Bevy
+    #[cfg(feature = "tracy")]
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::fmt::format::DefaultFields;
+        // Initialize Tracy profiler client
+        let _ = tracy_client::Client::start();
+
+        use tracing_subscriber::layer::SubscriberExt;
+
+        struct BareTracyConfig {
+            fmt: DefaultFields,
+        }
+
+        impl tracing_tracy::Config for BareTracyConfig {
+            type Formatter = DefaultFields;
+
+            fn formatter(&self) -> &Self::Formatter {
+                &self.fmt
+            }
+
+            fn format_fields_in_zone_name(&self) -> bool {
+                false
+            }
+        }
+
+        let tracy_layer = tracing_tracy::TracyLayer::new(BareTracyConfig { fmt: DefaultFields::default() });
+
+        tracing::subscriber::set_global_default(tracing_subscriber::registry().with(tracy_layer)).expect("setup tracy layer");
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "tracy"))]
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::fmt::time::FormatTime;
+        use tracing_subscriber::layer::SubscriberExt;
+        use tracing_subscriber::util::SubscriberInitExt;
+
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        let log_filter = "borders_core=debug,borders_protocol=debug,borders_desktop=debug,iron_borders=debug,info";
+
+        #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+        let log_filter = "borders_core=warn,borders_protocol=warn,iron_borders=warn,error";
+
+        struct CustomTimeFormat;
+
+        impl FormatTime for CustomTimeFormat {
+            fn format_time(&self, w: &mut tracing_subscriber::fmt::format::Writer<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(w, "{}", chrono::Local::now().format("%H:%M:%S%.6f"))
+            }
+        }
+
+        tracing_subscriber::registry().with(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new(log_filter)).with(tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer().with_timer(CustomTimeFormat)).init();
+    }
+
+    // Log build information
+    tracing::info!(git_commit = borders_core::build_info::git_commit_short(), build_time = borders_core::build_info::BUILD_TIME, "Iron Borders v{} © 2025 Ryan Walters. All Rights Reserved.", borders_core::build_info::VERSION);
+
+    // Initialize telemetry in background (non-blocking)
+    std::thread::spawn(|| {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("telemetry_init").entered();
+        tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().unwrap().block_on(async {
+            borders_core::telemetry::init(borders_core::telemetry::TelemetryConfig::default()).await;
+            borders_core::telemetry::track_session_start().await;
+            tracing::info!("Observability ready");
+        });
+    });
+
+    run();
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/src/plugin.rs b/crates/borders-desktop/src/plugin.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5896ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/src/plugin.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//! Tauri-Bevy integration setup
+//!
+//! This module provides the integration setup between Tauri and Bevy,
+//! configuring shared resources and systems.
+
+use borders_core::game::NationId;
+use borders_core::game::input::InputQueue;
+use borders_core::ui::protocol::LeaderboardSnapshot;
+use borders_core::{
+    game::{Game, GameBuilder, TerrainData, Update},
+    networking::NetworkMode,
+};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use tauri::Manager;
+use tracing::{error, info};
+
+use crate::transport::{TauriTransport, cache_leaderboard_snapshot_system};
+
+pub fn generate_tauri_context() -> tauri::Context {
+    tauri::generate_context!()
+}
+
+/// Resources needed before Game creation
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub struct TauriResources {
+    pub transport: TauriTransport,
+    pub shared_leaderboard_state: Arc<Mutex<Option<LeaderboardSnapshot>>>,
+    pub input_queue: Arc<InputQueue>,
+}
+
+/// Phase 1: Setup Tauri resources and register message queue
+///
+/// This happens at startup, BEFORE the Game/World is created.
+/// It creates the message queue so frontend can send messages.
+pub fn setup_tauri_resources(tauri_app: &tauri::App) -> TauriResources {
+    let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("setup_tauri_resources").entered();
+    tracing::debug!("Setting up Tauri resources (no World yet)");
+
+    // Create shared state for game state recovery (leaderboard only)
+    let shared_leaderboard_state = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<LeaderboardSnapshot>));
+
+    // Create transport for Tauri frontend (handles both render and UI communication)
+    let transport = TauriTransport::new(tauri_app.handle().clone());
+
+    // Create input queue once - will be reused across game instances
+    let input_queue = Arc::new(InputQueue::new());
+    let input_sender = input_queue.sender();
+
+    // Register message queue, binary channel, and input sender with Tauri
+    tauri_app.manage(transport.inbound_messages());
+    tauri_app.manage(transport.binary_channel());
+    tauri_app.manage(input_sender);
+    tauri_app.manage(shared_leaderboard_state.clone());
+
+    tracing::debug!("Tauri resources registered, ready to receive messages");
+
+    TauriResources { transport, shared_leaderboard_state, input_queue }
+}
+
+/// Phase 2: Create Game with all plugins and resources
+///
+/// This happens when StartGame arrives. Creates the full Game/World in one shot.
+pub fn create_game(tauri_resources: &TauriResources) -> Game {
+    let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("create_game").entered();
+
+    // Load terrain FIRST, before creating the Game
+    info!("Loading terrain data...");
+    let terrain_data = match TerrainData::load_world_map() {
+        Ok(data) => data,
+        Err(e) => {
+            error!("Failed to load World map: {}", e);
+            panic!("Cannot start game without terrain data");
+        }
+    };
+
+    let terrain_arc = Arc::new(terrain_data);
+
+    // Create the Game with all configuration via GameBuilder
+    info!("Creating Game with GameBuilder...");
+    let mut game = GameBuilder::new().with_map(terrain_arc).with_bots(500).with_local_player(NationId::ZERO).with_network(NetworkMode::Local).with_frontend(tauri_resources.transport.clone()).with_input_queue(tauri_resources.input_queue.clone()).build();
+
+    // Insert shared resources into ECS (Tauri-specific resources)
+    game.insert_non_send_resource(tauri_resources.shared_leaderboard_state.clone());
+
+    // Add the leaderboard caching system (Tauri-specific)
+    game.add_systems(Update, cache_leaderboard_snapshot_system);
+
+    info!("Game created and initialized successfully");
+    game
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/src/transport.rs b/crates/borders-desktop/src/transport.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78d3457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/src/transport.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+//! Tauri-specific frontend transport and command handlers
+//!
+//! This module provides the Tauri implementation of FrontendTransport,
+//! along with Tauri command handlers for input events and state recovery.
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use bevy_ecs::message::MessageReader;
+use bevy_ecs::system::NonSend;
+use borders_core::game::input::InputEvent;
+use borders_core::ui::FrontendTransport;
+use borders_core::ui::protocol::{BackendMessage, BinaryMessageType, FrontendMessage, LeaderboardSnapshot, encode_binary_message};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, ipc::Channel};
+
+/// Storage for the unified binary channel used for streaming initialization and delta data
+pub struct BinaryChannelStorage(pub Arc<Mutex<Option<Channel<Vec<u8>>>>>);
+
+/// Tauri-specific frontend transport using Tauri channels for binary data
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct TauriTransport {
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    /// Inbound messages from the frontend
+    inbound_messages: Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<FrontendMessage>>>,
+    /// Unified binary channel for streaming all binary data (init + deltas)
+    binary_channel: Arc<Mutex<Option<Channel<Vec<u8>>>>>,
+}
+
+impl TauriTransport {
+    pub fn new(app_handle: AppHandle) -> Self {
+        Self { app_handle, inbound_messages: Arc::new(Mutex::new(VecDeque::new())), binary_channel: Arc::new(Mutex::new(None)) }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a reference to the inbound messages queue (for Tauri command handler)
+    pub fn inbound_messages(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<FrontendMessage>>> {
+        self.inbound_messages.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the binary channel for registration
+    pub fn binary_channel(&self) -> BinaryChannelStorage {
+        BinaryChannelStorage(self.binary_channel.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrontendTransport for TauriTransport {
+    fn send_backend_message(&self, message: &BackendMessage) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!(
+            "tauri_send_backend_message",
+            message_type = match message {
+                BackendMessage::LeaderboardSnapshot(_) => "LeaderboardSnapshot",
+                BackendMessage::AttacksUpdate(_) => "AttacksUpdate",
+                BackendMessage::ShipsUpdate(_) => "ShipsUpdate",
+                BackendMessage::GameEnded { .. } => "GameEnded",
+                BackendMessage::SpawnPhaseUpdate { .. } => "SpawnPhaseUpdate",
+                BackendMessage::SpawnPhaseEnded => "SpawnPhaseEnded",
+                BackendMessage::HighlightNation { .. } => "HighlightNation",
+            }
+        )
+        .entered();
+
+        self.app_handle.emit("backend:message", message).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to emit backend message: {}", e))
+    }
+
+    fn send_binary(&self, msg_type: BinaryMessageType, payload: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let msg_type_str = match msg_type {
+            BinaryMessageType::Init => "init",
+            BinaryMessageType::Delta => "delta",
+        };
+        let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("tauri_send_binary", msg_type = msg_type_str, size = payload.len()).entered();
+
+        // Encode with type tag envelope
+        let data = encode_binary_message(msg_type, payload);
+
+        let ch_lock = self.binary_channel.lock().map_err(|_| "Failed to lock binary channel")?;
+        let channel = ch_lock.as_ref().ok_or("Binary channel not registered")?;
+
+        channel.send(data).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to send binary data via channel: {}", e))
+    }
+
+    fn try_recv_frontend_message(&self) -> Option<FrontendMessage> {
+        if let Ok(mut messages) = self.inbound_messages.lock() { messages.pop_front() } else { None }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tauri command to register the unified binary channel for streaming all binary data
+#[tauri::command]
+pub fn register_binary_channel(channel: Channel<Vec<u8>>, channel_storage: tauri::State<BinaryChannelStorage>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    tracing::info!("Binary channel registered (handles init + deltas)");
+    channel_storage
+        .0
+        .lock()
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to acquire lock on binary channel storage");
+            "Failed to acquire lock on binary channel storage".to_string()
+        })?
+        .replace(channel);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tauri command handler for receiving frontend messages
+#[tauri::command]
+pub fn send_frontend_message(message: FrontendMessage, bridge: tauri::State<Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<FrontendMessage>>>>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    tracing::info!("Frontend sent message: {:?}", message);
+    if let Ok(mut messages) = bridge.lock() {
+        messages.push_back(message);
+        tracing::debug!("Message queued, queue size: {}", messages.len());
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        tracing::error!("Failed to acquire lock on message queue");
+        Err("Failed to acquire lock on message queue".to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle input events from the frontend
+#[tauri::command]
+pub fn handle_render_input(event: InputEvent, input_sender: tauri::State<flume::Sender<InputEvent>>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    // Send to input queue
+    input_sender.send(event).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to send input event: {}", e))
+}
+
+/// Get current game state for frontend recovery after reload
+/// Note: Initialization data (terrain, territory, nation palette) is not recoverable after reload.
+/// The frontend must wait for a fresh game to start.
+#[tauri::command]
+pub fn get_game_state(leaderboard_state: tauri::State<Arc<Mutex<Option<LeaderboardSnapshot>>>>) -> Result<Option<LeaderboardSnapshot>, String> {
+    leaderboard_state.lock().map(|state| state.clone()).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to lock leaderboard state: {}", e))
+}
+
+/// System to cache leaderboard snapshots for state recovery
+pub fn cache_leaderboard_snapshot_system(mut events: MessageReader<BackendMessage>, shared_leaderboard_state: Option<NonSend<Arc<Mutex<Option<LeaderboardSnapshot>>>>>) {
+    let Some(shared_state) = shared_leaderboard_state else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    for event in events.read() {
+        if let BackendMessage::LeaderboardSnapshot(snapshot) = event
+            && let Ok(mut state) = shared_state.lock()
+        {
+            *state = Some(snapshot.clone());
+            tracing::trace!("Cached leaderboard snapshot for state recovery");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-desktop/tauri.conf.json b/crates/borders-desktop/tauri.conf.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4781ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-desktop/tauri.conf.json
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://schema.tauri.app/config/2",
+  "productName": "iron-borders",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "identifier": "com.xevion.iron-borders",
+  "build": {
+    "beforeDevCommand": "pnpm dev",
+    "devUrl": "http://localhost:1420",
+    "beforeBuildCommand": "pnpm build:desktop",
+    "frontendDist": "../../frontend/dist/client"
+  },
+  "app": {
+    "windows": [
+      {
+        "title": "Iron Borders",
+        "width": 1280,
+        "height": 720
+      }
+    ],
+    "security": {
+      "csp": null
+    }
+  },
+  "plugins": {
+    "process": {
+      "all": true
+    }
+  },
+  "bundle": {
+    "active": true,
+    "targets": ["appimage", "deb", "rpm", "dmg"],
+    "icon": [
+      "icons/32x32.png",
+      "icons/128x128.png",
+      "icons/128x128@2x.png",
+      "icons/icon.icns",
+      "icons/icon.ico"
+    ]
+  }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-server/Cargo.toml b/crates/borders-server/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d960715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-server/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[package]
+name = "borders-server"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0"
+borders-core = { path = "../borders-core" }
+flume = "0.11"
+rkyv = { version = "0.8", features = ["hashbrown-0_15"] }
+rustls-pemfile = "2.2.0"
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "sync", "time"] }
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-log = "0.2"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
+web-transport = "0.9"
diff --git a/crates/borders-server/src/connections.rs b/crates/borders-server/src/connections.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7ebd00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-server/src/connections.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Platform-specific imports for native server
+use crate::registry::ServerRegistry;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use borders_core::networking::{NetMessage, SourcedIntent};
+use flume::Sender;
+use rkyv::{Archived, api::deserialize_using, de::Pool};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tokio::sync::RwLock;
+use tracing::{Instrument, error, info, instrument, warn};
+use web_transport::quinn::{RecvStream, SendStream};
+
+type ArchivedNetMessage = Archived<NetMessage>;
+
+/// Handle a single client connection over WebTransport
+#[instrument(skip_all)]
+pub async fn handle_client_connection(mut send_stream: SendStream, mut recv_stream: RecvStream, intent_tx: Sender<SourcedIntent>, registry: Arc<RwLock<ServerRegistry>>) -> Result<()> {
+    info!("New client connected, starting message handling");
+
+    // Create a per-client channel for receiving broadcast messages
+    let (client_tx, client_rx) = flume::unbounded::<NetMessage>();
+
+    // Register this client with the server registry and get assigned player ID
+    let player_id = { registry.write().await.add_client(client_tx) };
+    info!(player_id = %player_id, "Client registered");
+
+    // Send initial server config
+    let server_config = NetMessage::ServerConfig { nation_id: player_id };
+    let config_bytes = rkyv::to_bytes::<rkyv::rancor::Error>(&server_config)?;
+    let len_bytes = (config_bytes.len() as u64).to_be_bytes();
+
+    // Send length prefix
+    let mut written = 0;
+    while written < len_bytes.len() {
+        let bytes_written = send_stream.write(&len_bytes[written..]).await?;
+        written += bytes_written;
+    }
+
+    // Send config bytes
+    let mut written = 0;
+    while written < config_bytes.len() {
+        let bytes_written = send_stream.write(&config_bytes[written..]).await?;
+        written += bytes_written;
+    }
+
+    // Spawn task to handle incoming intents from this client
+    let intent_tx_clone = intent_tx.clone();
+
+    tokio::spawn(
+        async move {
+            loop {
+                // Read length prefix (8 bytes)
+                let mut len_bytes = [0u8; 8];
+                let mut read_so_far = 0;
+                while read_so_far < 8 {
+                    let buf = &mut len_bytes[read_so_far..];
+                    if let Ok(maybe_size) = recv_stream.read(buf).await {
+                        if let Some(size) = maybe_size {
+                            read_so_far += size;
+                        } else {
+                            error!("Stream closed before reading length prefix");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        error!("Stream error reading length prefix");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if read_so_far < 8 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let len = u64::from_be_bytes(len_bytes) as usize;
+
+                // Read message data
+                let mut message_bytes = vec![0u8; len];
+                let mut read_so_far = 0;
+                while read_so_far < len {
+                    let buf = &mut message_bytes[read_so_far..];
+                    if let Ok(maybe_size) = recv_stream.read(buf).await {
+                        if let Some(size) = maybe_size {
+                            read_so_far += size;
+                        } else {
+                            error!("Stream closed before reading full message");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        error!("Stream error reading message data");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if read_so_far < len {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // Decode message
+                let archived = unsafe { rkyv::access_unchecked::<ArchivedNetMessage>(&message_bytes) };
+                match deserialize_using::<_, _, rkyv::rancor::Error>(archived, &mut Pool::new()) {
+                    Ok(net_message) => match net_message {
+                        NetMessage::Intent { id, intent } => {
+                            // Wrap intent with authenticated source player_id
+                            let sourced_intent = SourcedIntent { source: player_id, intent_id: id, intent };
+                            if let Err(e) = intent_tx_clone.send(sourced_intent) {
+                                error!(error = %e, "Failed to forward intent");
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => warn!("Received unexpected message type from client"),
+                    },
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        error!(error = %e, "Failed to deserialize message");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            info!("Client intent receiver task ended");
+        }
+        .instrument(tracing::trace_span!(
+            "client_recv_loop",
+            player_id = %player_id
+        )),
+    );
+
+    // Handle outgoing messages to this client
+    let registry_clone = registry.clone();
+    tokio::spawn(
+        async move {
+            while let Ok(message) = client_rx.recv_async().await {
+                match rkyv::to_bytes::<rkyv::rancor::Error>(&message) {
+                    Ok(message_bytes) => {
+                        let len_bytes = (message_bytes.len() as u64).to_be_bytes();
+
+                        // Send length prefix
+                        let mut written = 0;
+                        while written < len_bytes.len() {
+                            match send_stream.write(&len_bytes[written..]).await {
+                                Ok(bytes_written) => written += bytes_written,
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    error!(
+                                        player_id = %player_id,
+                                        error = %e,
+                                        "Failed to send length prefix"
+                                    );
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // Send message bytes
+                        let mut written = 0;
+                        while written < message_bytes.len() {
+                            match send_stream.write(&message_bytes[written..]).await {
+                                Ok(bytes_written) => written += bytes_written,
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    error!(player_id = %player_id, error = %e, "Failed to send message");
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        error!(player_id = %player_id, error = %e, "Failed to encode message");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Remove client from registry when sender task ends
+            info!(
+                player_id = %player_id,
+                "Client message sender task ended, removing from registry"
+            );
+            registry_clone.write().await.remove_client(player_id);
+        }
+        .instrument(tracing::trace_span!("client_send_loop", player_id = %player_id)),
+    );
+
+    info!(
+        player_id = %player_id,
+        "Client connection handler setup complete"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Start the WebTransport server and accept connections
+#[instrument(skip_all, fields(bind_address = %bind_address))]
+pub async fn start_server(bind_address: &str, intent_tx: Sender<SourcedIntent>, registry: Arc<RwLock<ServerRegistry>>) -> Result<()> {
+    use web_transport::quinn::ServerBuilder;
+
+    info!("Starting WebTransport server");
+
+    // Load development certificate and key
+    let cert_path = "dev-cert.pem";
+    let key_path = "dev-key.pem";
+
+    let cert_data = std::fs::read(cert_path).map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to read certificate file {}: {}", cert_path, e))?;
+    let key_data = std::fs::read(key_path).map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to read key file {}: {}", key_path, e))?;
+
+    // Parse certificate and key
+    let certs = rustls_pemfile::certs(&mut &cert_data[..]).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse certificate: {}", e))?;
+
+    let key = rustls_pemfile::private_key(&mut &key_data[..]).map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse private key: {}", e))?.ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("No private key found"))?;
+
+    let mut server = ServerBuilder::new().with_addr(bind_address.parse()?).with_certificate(certs, key)?;
+    info!("WebTransport server listening for connections");
+
+    loop {
+        match server.accept().await {
+            Some(connection) => {
+                info!("New client connected");
+
+                let intent_tx_clone = intent_tx.clone();
+                let registry_clone = registry.clone();
+
+                let session = connection.ok().await?;
+
+                tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    // Accept bidirectional stream from client
+                    match session.accept_bi().await {
+                        Ok((send_stream, recv_stream)) => {
+                            if let Err(e) = handle_client_connection(send_stream, recv_stream, intent_tx_clone, registry_clone).await {
+                                error!(error = %e, "Error handling client connection");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            error!(error = %e, "Failed to accept bidirectional stream from client");
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            None => {
+                error!("Failed to accept connection");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-server/src/main.rs b/crates/borders-server/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f27ef7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-server/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use borders_core::networking::server::{SharedTurnGenerator, TurnOutput};
+use borders_core::networking::{NetMessage, SourcedIntent};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tokio::sync::RwLock;
+use tokio::time::{Duration, interval};
+use tracing::{error, info};
+
+use crate::{connections::start_server, registry::ServerRegistry};
+
+mod connections;
+mod registry;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    // Initialize tracing
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    let default_filter = "borders_core=debug,borders_server=debug,borders_protocol=debug,info";
+
+    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+    let default_filter = "borders_core=warn,borders_server=warn,borders_protocol=warn,error";
+
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt().with_env_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new(default_filter))).init();
+
+    // Initialize log-to-tracing bridge for dependencies using log crate
+    tracing_log::LogTracer::init().expect("Failed to set logger");
+
+    // Parse command line arguments
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let bind_address = if args.len() > 1 { args[1].clone() } else { "127.0.0.1:4433".to_string() };
+
+    info!(bind_address = %bind_address, "Starting borders relay server");
+
+    // Create channels for communication
+    let (intent_tx, intent_rx) = flume::unbounded::<SourcedIntent>();
+
+    // Create server registry
+    let registry = Arc::new(RwLock::new(ServerRegistry::new()));
+
+    // Spawn network listener task
+    let intent_tx_clone = intent_tx.clone();
+    let registry_clone = registry.clone();
+    let bind_addr = bind_address.clone();
+    info!("Spawning server listener task...");
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        info!("Server listener task started");
+        if let Err(e) = start_server(&bind_addr, intent_tx_clone, registry_clone).await {
+            error!(error = %e, "Server listener failed");
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Create shared turn generator
+    let mut turn_generator = SharedTurnGenerator::new();
+    let mut tick_interval = interval(Duration::from_millis(100)); // 100ms tick rate
+
+    info!("Server running - spawn phase active");
+
+    loop {
+        let _guard = tracing::debug_span!("server_loop").entered();
+        tick_interval.tick().await;
+
+        // Process all pending sourced intents
+        let mut sourced_intents = Vec::new();
+        while let Ok(sourced_intent) = intent_rx.try_recv() {
+            let output = turn_generator.process_intent(sourced_intent.clone());
+
+            // Broadcast spawn updates to all clients
+            if let TurnOutput::SpawnUpdate(spawn_config) = output {
+                let spawn_message = NetMessage::SpawnConfiguration { spawns: spawn_config };
+                registry.write().await.broadcast(spawn_message);
+            }
+
+            // Collect sourced intents for turn generation
+            sourced_intents.push(sourced_intent);
+        }
+
+        // Tick the generator with 100ms delta
+        let output = turn_generator.tick(100.0, sourced_intents);
+
+        // Handle turn output
+        match output {
+            TurnOutput::Turn(turn) => {
+                let turn_number = turn.turn_number;
+                let intent_count = turn.intents.len();
+                let client_count = { registry.read().await.client_count() };
+
+                let turn_message = NetMessage::Turn { turn: turn.turn_number, intents: turn.intents.clone() };
+
+                if turn_number == 0 {
+                    info!("Broadcasting Turn(0) to start game (spawns already configured)");
+                } else if !turn.intents.is_empty() || turn_number.is_multiple_of(100) {
+                    let _guard = tracing::trace_span!("turn_broadcast", turn_number = turn_number, intent_count = intent_count, client_count = client_count).entered();
+
+                    info!(turn_number = turn_number, intent_count = intent_count, client_count = client_count, "Broadcasting turn");
+                }
+
+                registry.write().await.broadcast(turn_message);
+            }
+            TurnOutput::None | TurnOutput::SpawnUpdate(_) => {
+                // No turn to broadcast this tick
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-server/src/registry.rs b/crates/borders-server/src/registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7a2767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-server/src/registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use borders_core::game::NationId;
+use borders_core::networking::NetMessage;
+use flume::Sender;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+use tracing::error;
+
+/// Connection information for a client
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ClientConnection {
+    pub id: NationId,
+    pub tx: Sender<NetMessage>,
+}
+
+/// Registry for managing client connections and broadcasting messages
+pub struct ServerRegistry {
+    connections: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<NationId, ClientConnection>>>,
+    next_nation_id: Arc<RwLock<u16>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for ServerRegistry {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ServerRegistry {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            connections: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
+            next_nation_id: Arc::new(RwLock::new(1)), // Start from 1, 0 reserved
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a new client connection and return assigned nation ID
+    pub fn add_client(&self, tx: Sender<NetMessage>) -> NationId {
+        let mut next_id = self.next_nation_id.write().unwrap();
+        let nation_id = NationId::new_unchecked(*next_id);
+        *next_id += 1;
+
+        let connection = ClientConnection { id: nation_id, tx };
+        self.connections.write().unwrap().insert(nation_id, connection);
+
+        nation_id
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a client connection
+    pub fn remove_client(&self, nation_id: NationId) {
+        self.connections.write().unwrap().remove(&nation_id);
+    }
+
+    /// Broadcast a message to all connected clients
+    pub fn broadcast(&self, message: NetMessage) {
+        let connections = self.connections.read().unwrap();
+        for connection in connections.values() {
+            if let Err(e) = connection.tx.send(message.clone()) {
+                error!("Failed to send message to client {}: {}", connection.id, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of connected clients
+    pub fn client_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.connections.read().unwrap().len()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-wasm/Cargo.toml b/crates/borders-wasm/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4437d70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-wasm/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[package]
+name = "borders-wasm"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[features]
+default = []
+
+[dependencies]
+bevy_ecs = { version = "0.17", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+borders-core = { path = "../borders-core" }
+console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
+flume = "0.11"
+getrandom = { version = "0.3", features = ["wasm_js"] }
+gloo-timers = { version = "0.3", features = ["futures"] }
+js-sys = "0.3"
+lazy_static = "1.5"
+serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
+serde-wasm-bindgen = "0.6"
+serde_json = "1.0"
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["registry", "env-filter"] }
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
+wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
+wasm-tracing = { version = "2.1", features = ["tracing-log"] }
+
+[package.metadata.cargo-machete]
+ignored = ["getrandom", "bevy_ecs"]
diff --git a/crates/borders-wasm/src/bridge.rs b/crates/borders-wasm/src/bridge.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ab77f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-wasm/src/bridge.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//! WASM-JS bridge for game communication
+//!
+//! This module provides shared state and utilities for WASM bindings.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::{JsValue, wasm_bindgen};
+
+// Global input sender (needs to be accessible from WASM bindings)
+lazy_static::lazy_static! {
+    static ref INPUT_SENDER: Mutex<Option<flume::Sender<borders_core::game::input::InputEvent>>> =
+        Mutex::new(None);
+}
+
+/// Set the global input sender (called during game initialization)
+pub fn set_input_sender(sender: flume::Sender<borders_core::game::input::InputEvent>) {
+    *INPUT_SENDER.lock().unwrap() = Some(sender);
+}
+
+/// Get the global input sender (for WASM bindings to send input)
+pub fn get_input_sender() -> Option<flume::Sender<borders_core::game::input::InputEvent>> {
+    INPUT_SENDER.lock().unwrap().clone()
+}
+
+/// Track an analytics event (separate from game protocol)
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn track_analytics_event(event: JsValue) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
+    #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+    struct AnalyticsEventPayload {
+        event: String,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+    }
+
+    let payload: AnalyticsEventPayload = serde_wasm_bindgen::from_value(event).map_err(|e| JsValue::from_str(&format!("Failed to deserialize analytics event: {}", e)))?;
+
+    let telemetry_event = borders_core::telemetry::TelemetryEvent { event: payload.event, properties: payload.properties };
+
+    // Spawn a task to track the event asynchronously
+    wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+        borders_core::telemetry::track(telemetry_event).await;
+    });
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-wasm/src/lib.rs b/crates/borders-wasm/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e326258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-wasm/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+pub mod bridge;
+pub mod render_bridge;
+
+use borders_core::time::Time;
+use borders_core::ui::protocol::FrontendMessage;
+use render_bridge::INBOUND_MESSAGES;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use tracing_subscriber::layer::SubscriberExt;
+use tracing_subscriber::util::SubscriberInitExt;
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+/// Synchronization flag to ensure callbacks are registered before game starts
+static CALLBACKS_READY: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+/// Called by frontend worker after both callbacks are registered
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn signal_callbacks_ready() {
+    CALLBACKS_READY.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    tracing::debug!("Frontend callbacks registered, game can start");
+}
+
+#[wasm_bindgen(start)]
+pub fn main() {
+    // Set up panic hook for better error messages in the browser
+    console_error_panic_hook::set_once();
+
+    // Initialize tracing for WASM (outputs to browser console)
+    // Debug builds: debug level for our crates, info for dependencies
+    // Release builds: warn level for our crates, error for dependencies
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    let level_filter = "borders_core=debug,borders_protocol=debug,borders_wasm=debug,info";
+
+    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+    let level_filter = "borders_core=warn,borders_protocol=warn,borders_wasm=warn,error";
+
+    if let Err(e) = tracing_subscriber::registry()
+        .with(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new(level_filter))
+        .with(wasm_tracing::WasmLayer::new(
+            wasm_tracing::WasmLayerConfig::new()
+                .set_show_fields(true)
+                .set_report_logs_in_timings(true)
+                .set_console_config(wasm_tracing::ConsoleConfig::ReportWithConsoleColor)
+                // Only show origin (filename, line number) in debug builds
+                .set_show_origin(true)
+                .clone(),
+        ))
+        .try_init()
+    {
+        eprintln!("Failed to initialize tracing: {}", e);
+    }
+
+    // Log build information
+    tracing::info!("Iron Borders v{}", borders_core::build_info::VERSION);
+    tracing::info!("Git: {} | Built: {}", borders_core::build_info::git_commit_short(), borders_core::build_info::BUILD_TIME);
+    tracing::info!("© 2025 Ryan Walters. All Rights Reserved.");
+
+    // Initialize telemetry in background (non-blocking)
+    wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async {
+        borders_core::telemetry::init(borders_core::telemetry::TelemetryConfig::default()).await;
+        borders_core::telemetry::track_session_start().await;
+        tracing::info!("Telemetry initialized");
+    });
+
+    // Start the game immediately (don't wait for telemetry)
+    wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async {
+        run().await;
+    });
+}
+
+/// Wait for StartGame message from frontend
+async fn wait_for_start_game() {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tracing::info;
+
+    info!("Waiting for StartGame message from frontend...");
+
+    loop {
+        // Check if StartGame message has arrived
+        let should_start = INBOUND_MESSAGES.with(|messages| {
+            let mut msgs = messages.borrow_mut();
+            if let Some(idx) = msgs.iter().position(|msg| matches!(msg, FrontendMessage::StartGame)) {
+                // Remove StartGame from queue so it's not processed again
+                msgs.remove(idx);
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        });
+
+        if should_start {
+            info!("StartGame received, creating game...");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Poll every 10ms
+        gloo_timers::future::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create and run the game until QuitGame is received
+async fn run_game_until_quit() {
+    use borders_core::game::GameBuilder;
+    use borders_core::game::NationId;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tracing::{error, info};
+
+    // Load terrain first
+    info!("Loading terrain data...");
+    let terrain_data = match borders_core::game::TerrainData::load_world_map() {
+        Ok(data) => data,
+        Err(e) => {
+            error!("Failed to load World map: {}", e);
+            panic!("Cannot start game without terrain data");
+        }
+    };
+
+    let terrain_arc = Arc::new(terrain_data);
+
+    // Create the Game with all configuration via GameBuilder
+    // GameBuilder handles all initialization automatically: plugins, resources, and lifecycle
+    info!("Creating Game with GameBuilder...");
+    let builder = GameBuilder::new();
+    let input_sender = builder.input_sender();
+
+    // Store input sender globally for WASM bindings to access
+    bridge::set_input_sender(input_sender);
+
+    let mut game = builder.with_map(terrain_arc).with_bots(500).with_local_player(NationId::ZERO).with_network(borders_core::networking::NetworkMode::Local).with_frontend(render_bridge::WasmTransport).build();
+
+    info!("Game created and initialized successfully");
+
+    // Manual update loop at 60 FPS (worker-compatible)
+    let frame_time = Duration::from_millis(16); // ~60 FPS
+
+    loop {
+        // Check for QuitGame message (matches desktop's pattern)
+        let should_quit = INBOUND_MESSAGES.with(|messages| {
+            let mut msgs = messages.borrow_mut();
+            if let Some(idx) = msgs.iter().position(|msg| matches!(msg, FrontendMessage::QuitGame)) {
+                msgs.remove(idx);
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        });
+
+        if should_quit {
+            info!("QuitGame received, shutting down game...");
+            drop(game);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Tick time to measure frame delta
+        if let Some(mut time) = game.world_mut().get_resource_mut::<Time>() {
+            time.tick();
+        }
+
+        game.update();
+
+        gloo_timers::future::sleep(frame_time).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn run() {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tracing::info;
+
+    // Wait for frontend to register callbacks before game can start
+    info!("Waiting for frontend callbacks to be registered...");
+    while !CALLBACKS_READY.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+        gloo_timers::future::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+    }
+    info!("Frontend callbacks ready");
+
+    // Main loop: wait for StartGame, run game until QuitGame, repeat
+    // This allows multiple game sessions (desktop does the same)
+    loop {
+        // Phase 1: Wait for StartGame message
+        wait_for_start_game().await;
+
+        // Phase 2: Run game until QuitGame is received
+        run_game_until_quit().await;
+
+        // After QuitGame, loop back to wait for next StartGame
+        info!("Game session ended, ready for next StartGame");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/borders-wasm/src/render_bridge.rs b/crates/borders-wasm/src/render_bridge.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9e8f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/borders-wasm/src/render_bridge.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! WASM-specific frontend transport using JavaScript callbacks
+//!
+//! This module provides the WASM implementation of FrontendTransport,
+//! sending render messages and UI events through JavaScript callbacks to the browser frontend.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+use borders_core::game::input::InputEvent;
+use borders_core::ui::FrontendTransport;
+use borders_core::ui::protocol::{BackendMessage, BinaryMessageType, FrontendMessage, encode_binary_message};
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+// Thread-local storage for callbacks and inbound messages
+thread_local! {
+    static BACKEND_MESSAGE_CALLBACK: RefCell<Option<js_sys::Function>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+    static BINARY_CALLBACK: RefCell<Option<js_sys::Function>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+    pub(crate) static INBOUND_MESSAGES: RefCell<VecDeque<FrontendMessage>> = const { RefCell::new(VecDeque::new()) };
+}
+
+/// Register a callback for backend JSON messages (BackendMessage protocol)
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn register_backend_message_callback(callback: js_sys::Function) {
+    BACKEND_MESSAGE_CALLBACK.with(|cb| {
+        *cb.borrow_mut() = Some(callback);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Register a callback for binary data (terrain/territory init and deltas)
+/// Callback receives a single Uint8Array with envelope: [type:1][payload:N]
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn register_binary_callback(callback: js_sys::Function) {
+    BINARY_CALLBACK.with(|cb| {
+        *cb.borrow_mut() = Some(callback);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Unified message handler for all frontend->backend communication
+/// Handles FrontendMessage (JSON) payloads
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn send_message(msg: JsValue) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
+    // Try to deserialize as FrontendMessage
+    if let Ok(message) = serde_wasm_bindgen::from_value::<FrontendMessage>(msg) {
+        INBOUND_MESSAGES.with(|messages_cell| {
+            messages_cell.borrow_mut().push_back(message);
+        });
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    Err(JsValue::from_str("Failed to deserialize message as FrontendMessage"))
+}
+
+/// Handle input events from the frontend (separate from FrontendMessage protocol)
+/// This mirrors the desktop's Tauri command for architectural consistency
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn handle_render_input(event: JsValue) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
+    let input_event = serde_wasm_bindgen::from_value::<InputEvent>(event).map_err(|e| JsValue::from_str(&format!("Failed to deserialize InputEvent: {}", e)))?;
+
+    // Send to input queue
+    let sender = crate::bridge::get_input_sender().ok_or_else(|| JsValue::from_str("Input sender not initialized"))?;
+
+    sender.send(input_event).map_err(|e| JsValue::from_str(&format!("Failed to send input event: {}", e)))
+}
+
+/// WASM-specific frontend transport using JavaScript callbacks
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct WasmTransport;
+
+impl FrontendTransport for WasmTransport {
+    fn send_backend_message(&self, message: &BackendMessage) -> Result<(), String> {
+        BACKEND_MESSAGE_CALLBACK.with(|cb_cell| {
+            if let Some(cb) = cb_cell.borrow().as_ref() {
+                match serde_wasm_bindgen::to_value(message) {
+                    Ok(js_payload) => {
+                        let this = JsValue::null();
+                        if let Err(e) = cb.call1(&this, &js_payload) {
+                            return Err(format!("Backend message callback failed: {:?}", e));
+                        }
+                        Ok(())
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => Err(format!("Failed to serialize backend message: {}", e)),
+                }
+            } else {
+                Err("No backend message callback registered".to_string())
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn send_binary(&self, msg_type: BinaryMessageType, payload: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), String> {
+        BINARY_CALLBACK.with(|cb_cell| {
+            if let Some(cb) = cb_cell.borrow().as_ref() {
+                // Encode with type tag envelope
+                let data = encode_binary_message(msg_type, payload);
+                let uint8_array = js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&data[..]);
+                let this = JsValue::null();
+                if let Err(e) = cb.call1(&this, &uint8_array) {
+                    return Err(format!("Binary callback failed: {:?}", e));
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                Err("No binary callback registered".to_string())
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn try_recv_frontend_message(&self) -> Option<FrontendMessage> {
+        INBOUND_MESSAGES.with(|messages_cell| messages_cell.borrow_mut().pop_front())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/.prettierrc b/frontend/.prettierrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5dbdd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/.prettierrc
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+    "tabWidth": 4,
+    "printWidth": 135,
+    "useTabs": false
+}
diff --git a/frontend/index.html b/frontend/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96739a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head></head>
+    <body>
+        <div id="root"></div>
+    </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/frontend/package.json b/frontend/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5941b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+{
+    "name": "iron-borders",
+    "private": true,
+    "type": "module",
+    "scripts": {
+        "check": "tsc --noEmit --project tsconfig.browser.json",
+        "dev": "vike dev",
+        "dev:browser": "vike dev --mode browser",
+        "build": "tsc --project tsconfig.browser.json && vike build",
+        "build:desktop": "tsc --project tsconfig.desktop.json && vike build --mode desktop",
+        "build:browser": "tsc --project tsconfig.browser.json && vike build --mode browser",
+        "preview": "vike preview",
+        "preview:browser": "vike preview --mode browser",
+        "tauri": "tauri"
+    },
+    "dependencies": {
+        "@fontsource-variable/inter": "^5.2.8",
+        "@fontsource-variable/oswald": "^5.2.8",
+        "@radix-ui/react-dialog": "^1.1.15",
+        "@tailwindcss/vite": "^4.1.16",
+        "@tauri-apps/api": "^2.9.0",
+        "@tauri-apps/plugin-opener": "^2.5.2",
+        "@tauri-apps/plugin-process": "^2.3.1",
+        "clsx": "^2.1.1",
+        "lucide-react": "^0.548.0",
+        "motion": "^12.23.24",
+        "overlayscrollbars": "^2.12.0",
+        "overlayscrollbars-react": "^0.5.6",
+        "pixi.js": "^8.14.0",
+        "react": "^19.2.0",
+        "react-dom": "^19.2.0",
+        "tailwind-merge": "^3.3.1",
+        "tailwindcss": "^4.1.16",
+        "ts-pattern": "^5.9.0",
+        "vike": "^0.4.244",
+        "vike-react": "^0.6.10"
+    },
+    "devDependencies": {
+        "@tauri-apps/cli": "^2.9.1",
+        "@types/react": "^19.2.2",
+        "@types/react-dom": "^19.2.2",
+        "@vitejs/plugin-react": "^5.1.0",
+        "lightningcss": "^1.30.2",
+        "prettier": "^3.6.2",
+        "typescript": "~5.9.3",
+        "vite": "^7.1.12",
+        "vite-imagetools": "^9.0.0"
+    },
+    "browserslist": [
+        "last 2 versions and >0.2% and not dead",
+        "Firefox ESR"
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/frontend/pages/+Head.tsx b/frontend/pages/+Head.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55f34be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pages/+Head.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import fontsCss from "@/shared/styles/fonts.css?inline";
+import oswaldWoff2 from "@fontsource-variable/oswald/files/oswald-latin-wght-normal.woff2?url";
+
+export default function HeadDefault() {
+    return (
+        <>
+            <meta charSet="UTF-8" />
+            <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+            <link rel="preload" href={oswaldWoff2} as="font" type="font/woff2" crossOrigin="anonymous" />
+            {/* Inlined font definitions */}
+            <style dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: fontsCss }} />
+            {/* Global styles for initial render */}
+            <style>{`
+        body::before {
+          content: '';
+          position: absolute;
+          top: 0;
+          left: 0;
+          width: 100%;
+          height: 100%;
+          filter: blur(4px) brightness(0.85);
+          transform: scale(1.05);
+          z-index: -2;
+        }
+
+        body::after {
+          content: '';
+          position: absolute;
+          top: 0;
+          left: 0;
+          width: 100%;
+          height: 100%;
+          background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
+          backdrop-filter: blur(1px);
+          z-index: -1;
+        }
+      `}</style>
+        </>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/pages/+Wrapper.client.tsx b/frontend/pages/+Wrapper.client.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c47954e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pages/+Wrapper.client.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { useEffect, useState, type ReactNode } from "react";
+import { GameBridgeProvider } from "@/shared/api";
+import { getBridge, type GameBridge } from "@/shared/api";
+
+// Start loading bridge immediately (not waiting for useEffect)
+const bridgePromise = getBridge();
+
+export default function Wrapper({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+    const [bridge, setBridge] = useState<GameBridge | null>(null);
+
+    // Dynamically import the appropriate platform implementation
+    useEffect(() => {
+        bridgePromise.then(setBridge);
+    }, []);
+
+    // Browser-specific setup (must be before early return to satisfy Rules of Hooks)
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!__DESKTOP__) {
+            // Handle user ID storage from worker
+            const userIdChannel = new BroadcastChannel("user_id_storage");
+
+            userIdChannel.onmessage = (event) => {
+                try {
+                    const msg = JSON.parse(event.data as string);
+                    if (msg.action === "save") {
+                        localStorage.setItem("app_session_id", msg.id);
+                    } else if (msg.action === "load") {
+                        const id = localStorage.getItem("app_session_id");
+                        if (id) {
+                            userIdChannel.postMessage(JSON.stringify({ action: "load_response", id }));
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch {}
+            };
+
+            return () => {
+                userIdChannel.close();
+            };
+        }
+    }, []);
+
+    return bridge ? <GameBridgeProvider bridge={bridge}>{children}</GameBridgeProvider> : null;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/pages/+Wrapper.tsx b/frontend/pages/+Wrapper.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78be40a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pages/+Wrapper.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { type ReactNode } from "react";
+// import { GameBridgeProvider } from "@/shared/api";
+
+// Server-side wrapper provides stub implementations for SSG/pre-rendering
+// The real implementations are provided by +Wrapper.client.tsx on the client
+export default function Wrapper({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+    // During SSR/pre-rendering, provide null implementations
+    // These will be replaced by real implementations when the client-side wrapper takes over
+    // return <GameBridgeProvider bridge={null as any}>{children}</GameBridgeProvider>;
+    return <>{children}</>;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/pages/+config.ts b/frontend/pages/+config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b49c078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pages/+config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import vikeReact from "vike-react/config";
+
+export default {
+    extends: [vikeReact],
+
+    // Enable pre-rendering for static site generation
+    prerender: true,
+
+    // Global head configuration
+    title: "Iron Borders",
+    description: "Strategic Territory Control",
+    // Disable React StrictMode to avoid double-mounting issues with PixiJS
+    reactStrictMode: false,
+};
diff --git a/frontend/pages/index/+Page.tsx b/frontend/pages/index/+Page.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de48825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pages/index/+Page.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { useState, useEffect, Suspense, lazy } from "react";
+import { MenuScreen } from "@/shared/components/menu/MenuScreen";
+import { useGameBridge } from "@/shared/api";
+import "@/shared/styles/global.css";
+
+// Lazy load components that aren't needed immediately
+const GameContainer = lazy(() => import("./Game.client").then((m) => ({ default: m.GameContainer })));
+
+function App() {
+    const [showMenu, setShowMenu] = useState(true);
+    const [isStartingGame, setIsStartingGame] = useState(false);
+    const [isGameReady, setIsGameReady] = useState(false);
+    const [isHydrated, setIsHydrated] = useState(false);
+    const gameBridge = useGameBridge();
+
+    // Prefetch components after initial render
+    useEffect(() => {
+        setIsHydrated(true);
+        import("./Game.client");
+    }, []);
+
+    // Track app started on mount
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+        gameBridge.track("app_started", {
+            platform: __DESKTOP__ ? "desktop" : "browser",
+        });
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    const handleStartSingleplayer = () => {
+        setIsStartingGame(true);
+    };
+
+    const handleGameReady = () => {
+        setIsGameReady(true);
+    };
+
+    const handleMenuExitComplete = () => {
+        setShowMenu(false);
+        // Keep isStartingGame and isGameReady - no need to reset them
+    };
+
+    const handleReturnToMenu = () => {
+        setShowMenu(true);
+        setIsStartingGame(false);
+        setIsGameReady(false);
+    };
+
+    const handleExit = async () => {
+        if (__DESKTOP__) {
+            const { invoke } = await import("@tauri-apps/api/core");
+            await invoke("request_exit").catch((err) => {
+                console.error("Failed to request exit:", err);
+            });
+        }
+    };
+
+    return (
+        <>
+            {/* Menu Screen - pre-renderable, covers everything when visible */}
+            {!isHydrated ||
+                (showMenu && (
+                    <MenuScreen
+                        onStartSingleplayer={handleStartSingleplayer}
+                        onExit={handleExit}
+                        isExiting={isStartingGame}
+                        gameReady={isGameReady}
+                        onExitComplete={handleMenuExitComplete}
+                    />
+                ))}
+
+            {/* Game Container - client-only, lazy loaded when game starts */}
+            {isHydrated && (isStartingGame || !showMenu) && (
+                <Suspense fallback={null}>
+                    <GameContainer onReturnToMenu={handleReturnToMenu} onGameReady={handleGameReady} />
+                </Suspense>
+            )}
+        </>
+    );
+}
+
+export default App;
diff --git a/frontend/pages/index/Game.client.tsx b/frontend/pages/index/Game.client.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bb813c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pages/index/Game.client.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import { useState, useEffect } from "react";
+import { Attacks } from "@/shared/components/game/AttacksList";
+import { AttackControls } from "@/shared/components/game/AttackControls";
+import { Leaderboard } from "@/shared/components/game/Leaderboard";
+import { GameMenu } from "@/shared/components/game/Menu";
+import { SpawnPhaseOverlay } from "@/shared/components/overlays/SpawnPhase";
+import { GameCanvas } from "@/shared/components/game/Canvas";
+import { GameEndOverlay } from "@/shared/components/overlays/GameEnd";
+import type { GameOutcome, LeaderboardSnapshot } from "@/shared/api/types";
+import type { GameRenderer } from "@/shared/render/GameRenderer";
+import { useGameBridge, type RenderInitData } from "@/shared/api";
+
+interface GameContainerProps {
+    onReturnToMenu: () => void;
+    onGameReady?: () => void;
+}
+
+export function GameContainer({ onReturnToMenu, onGameReady }: GameContainerProps) {
+    const [gameOutcome, setGameOutcome] = useState<GameOutcome | null>(null);
+    const [spawnPhaseActive, setSpawnPhaseActive] = useState(false);
+    const [spawnCountdown, setSpawnCountdown] = useState<{
+        startedAtMs: number;
+        durationSecs: number;
+    } | null>(null);
+    const [initialGameState, setInitialGameState] = useState<RenderInitData | null>(null);
+    const [initialLeaderboard, setInitialLeaderboard] = useState<LeaderboardSnapshot | null>(null);
+    const [renderer, setRenderer] = useState<GameRenderer | null>(null);
+    const [highlightedNation, setHighlightedNation] = useState<number | null>(null);
+    const gameBridge = useGameBridge();
+
+    // Check for existing game state on mount to recover after reload
+    useEffect(() => {
+        // Only check for state recovery on desktop
+        if (!__DESKTOP__) return;
+
+        gameBridge?.getGameState().then((state) => {
+            // State recovery is limited to leaderboard data only
+            // Initialization data (terrain, territory, nation palette) is not recoverable after reload
+            // The frontend must wait for a fresh game to start
+            const leaderboard = state as LeaderboardSnapshot | null;
+            if (leaderboard) {
+                console.log("Recovered leaderboard state after reload:", leaderboard);
+                setInitialLeaderboard(leaderboard);
+            }
+        });
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    // Subscribe to render initialization
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        const unsubscribe = gameBridge.onRenderInit((renderData) => {
+            console.log("RenderInit received:", renderData);
+            setInitialGameState(renderData);
+            onGameReady?.();
+        });
+
+        return () => unsubscribe();
+    }, [gameBridge, onGameReady]);
+
+    // Start the game on mount
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        gameBridge.startGame();
+        gameBridge.track("game_started", {
+            mode: "singleplayer",
+        });
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    // Subscribe to spawn phase events
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        const unsubUpdate = gameBridge.onSpawnPhaseUpdate((update) => {
+            setSpawnPhaseActive(true);
+            setSpawnCountdown(update.countdown);
+        });
+
+        const unsubEnd = gameBridge.onSpawnPhaseEnded(() => {
+            setSpawnPhaseActive(false);
+            setSpawnCountdown(null);
+        });
+
+        return () => {
+            unsubUpdate();
+            unsubEnd();
+        };
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    // Subscribe to game end events
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        const unsubscribe = gameBridge.onGameEnded((outcome) => {
+            console.log("Game outcome received:", outcome);
+            setGameOutcome(outcome);
+            setSpawnPhaseActive(false);
+            gameBridge.track("game_ended", {
+                outcome: outcome.toString().toLowerCase(),
+            });
+        });
+
+        return () => unsubscribe();
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!renderer) return;
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        // Track renderer initialization with GPU info
+        const rendererInfo = renderer.getRendererInfo();
+        gameBridge.track("renderer_initialized", rendererInfo);
+    }, [renderer, gameBridge]);
+
+    // Sync highlighted nation with renderer
+    useEffect(() => {
+        renderer?.setHighlightedNation(highlightedNation);
+    }, [highlightedNation, renderer]);
+
+    const handleExit = () => {
+        gameBridge?.quitGame();
+        setGameOutcome(null);
+        onReturnToMenu();
+    };
+
+    return (
+        <>
+            <GameCanvas
+                className="fixed top-0 left-0 w-screen h-screen pointer-events-auto"
+                initialState={initialGameState}
+                onRendererReady={setRenderer}
+                onNationHover={setHighlightedNation}
+            />
+
+            {initialGameState && (
+                <div className="fixed top-0 left-0 w-full h-full pointer-events-none flex flex-col">
+                    <SpawnPhaseOverlay isVisible={spawnPhaseActive} countdown={spawnCountdown} />
+
+                    <div className="relative flex-1">
+                        {spawnPhaseActive && (
+                            <div className="absolute top-16 left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 text-center select-none w-full px-4 z-50">
+                                <h1 className="font-oswald text-5xl leading-4 font-bold text-white drop-shadow-lg tracking-wide">
+                                    Pick Your Spawn
+                                </h1>
+                                <p className="font-sans font-medium mx-auto mt-6 text-lg text-white drop-shadow-md max-w-xl leading-relaxed">
+                                    Click anywhere on the map to place your starting territory.
+                                    <br />
+                                    You can change your mind before the timer expires.
+                                </p>
+                            </div>
+                        )}
+
+                        <Leaderboard
+                            initialSnapshot={initialLeaderboard}
+                            highlightedNation={highlightedNation}
+                            onNationHover={setHighlightedNation}
+                        />
+                        <AttackControls>
+                            <Attacks onNationHover={setHighlightedNation} />
+                        </AttackControls>
+                        <GameMenu
+                            onExit={handleExit}
+                            onSettings={() => {
+                                // TODO: Implement settings
+                            }}
+                        />
+
+                        {gameOutcome && (
+                            <GameEndOverlay outcome={gameOutcome} onSpectate={() => setGameOutcome(null)} onExit={handleExit} />
+                        )}
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            )}
+        </>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml b/frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec7533f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,2723 @@
+lockfileVersion: '9.0'
+
+settings:
+  autoInstallPeers: true
+  excludeLinksFromLockfile: false
+
+importers:
+
+  .:
+    dependencies:
+      '@fontsource-variable/inter':
+        specifier: ^5.2.8
+        version: 5.2.8
+      '@fontsource-variable/oswald':
+        specifier: ^5.2.8
+        version: 5.2.8
+      '@radix-ui/react-dialog':
+        specifier: ^1.1.15
+        version: 1.1.15(@types/react-dom@19.2.2(@types/react@19.2.2))(@types/react@19.2.2)(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0)
+      '@tailwindcss/vite':
+        specifier: ^4.1.16
+        version: 4.1.16(vite@7.1.12(@types/node@24.8.1)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2))
+      '@tauri-apps/api':
+        specifier: ^2.9.0
+        version: 2.9.0
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+  jiti@2.6.1: {}
+
+  js-binary-schema-parser@2.0.3: {}
+
+  js-tokens@4.0.0: {}
+
+  jsesc@3.1.0: {}
+
+  json5@2.2.3: {}
+
+  lightningcss-android-arm64@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-darwin-arm64@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-darwin-x64@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-freebsd-x64@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-linux-arm-gnueabihf@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-linux-arm64-gnu@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-linux-arm64-musl@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-linux-x64-gnu@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-linux-x64-musl@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-win32-arm64-msvc@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss-win32-x64-msvc@1.30.2:
+    optional: true
+
+  lightningcss@1.30.2:
+    dependencies:
+      detect-libc: 2.1.2
+    optionalDependencies:
+      lightningcss-android-arm64: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-darwin-arm64: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-darwin-x64: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-freebsd-x64: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-linux-arm-gnueabihf: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-linux-arm64-gnu: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-linux-arm64-musl: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-linux-x64-gnu: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-linux-x64-musl: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-win32-arm64-msvc: 1.30.2
+      lightningcss-win32-x64-msvc: 1.30.2
+
+  lru-cache@5.1.1:
+    dependencies:
+      yallist: 3.1.1
+
+  lucide-react@0.548.0(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      react: 19.2.0
+
+  magic-string@0.30.21:
+    dependencies:
+      '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
+
+  motion-dom@12.23.23:
+    dependencies:
+      motion-utils: 12.23.6
+
+  motion-utils@12.23.6: {}
+
+  motion@12.23.24(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      framer-motion: 12.23.24(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0)
+      tslib: 2.8.1
+    optionalDependencies:
+      react: 19.2.0
+      react-dom: 19.2.0(react@19.2.0)
+
+  mrmime@2.0.1: {}
+
+  ms@2.1.3: {}
+
+  nanoid@3.3.11: {}
+
+  node-releases@2.0.26: {}
+
+  overlayscrollbars-react@0.5.6(overlayscrollbars@2.12.0)(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      overlayscrollbars: 2.12.0
+      react: 19.2.0
+
+  overlayscrollbars@2.12.0: {}
+
+  parse-svg-path@0.1.2: {}
+
+  picocolors@1.1.1: {}
+
+  picomatch@4.0.3: {}
+
+  pixi.js@8.14.0:
+    dependencies:
+      '@pixi/colord': 2.9.6
+      '@types/css-font-loading-module': 0.0.12
+      '@types/earcut': 3.0.0
+      '@webgpu/types': 0.1.66
+      '@xmldom/xmldom': 0.8.11
+      earcut: 3.0.2
+      eventemitter3: 5.0.1
+      gifuct-js: 2.1.2
+      ismobilejs: 1.1.1
+      parse-svg-path: 0.1.2
+      tiny-lru: 11.4.5
+
+  postcss@8.5.6:
+    dependencies:
+      nanoid: 3.3.11
+      picocolors: 1.1.1
+      source-map-js: 1.2.1
+
+  prettier@3.6.2: {}
+
+  react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      react: 19.2.0
+      scheduler: 0.27.0
+
+  react-refresh@0.18.0: {}
+
+  react-remove-scroll-bar@2.3.8(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      react: 19.2.0
+      react-style-singleton: 2.2.3(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0)
+      tslib: 2.8.1
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@types/react': 19.2.2
+
+  react-remove-scroll@2.7.1(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      react: 19.2.0
+      react-remove-scroll-bar: 2.3.8(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0)
+      react-style-singleton: 2.2.3(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0)
+      tslib: 2.8.1
+      use-callback-ref: 1.3.3(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0)
+      use-sidecar: 1.1.3(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0)
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@types/react': 19.2.2
+
+  react-streaming@0.4.11(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      '@brillout/import': 0.2.6
+      '@brillout/json-serializer': 0.5.21
+      '@brillout/picocolors': 1.0.28
+      isbot-fast: 1.2.0
+      react: 19.2.0
+      react-dom: 19.2.0(react@19.2.0)
+
+  react-style-singleton@2.2.3(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      get-nonce: 1.0.1
+      react: 19.2.0
+      tslib: 2.8.1
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@types/react': 19.2.2
+
+  react@19.2.0: {}
+
+  rollup@4.52.5:
+    dependencies:
+      '@types/estree': 1.0.8
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-android-arm64': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-musl': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-gnu': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-gnu': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-gnu': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-musl': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-s390x-gnu': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-musl': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-openharmony-arm64': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-gnu': 4.52.5
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc': 4.52.5
+      fsevents: 2.3.3
+
+  scheduler@0.27.0: {}
+
+  semver@6.3.1: {}
+
+  semver@7.7.3: {}
+
+  sharp@0.34.4:
+    dependencies:
+      '@img/colour': 1.0.0
+      detect-libc: 2.1.2
+      semver: 7.7.3
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@img/sharp-darwin-arm64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-darwin-x64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-arm64': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-x64': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64': 1.2.3
+      '@img/sharp-linux-arm': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-linux-arm64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-linux-ppc64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-linux-s390x': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-linux-x64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-wasm32': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-win32-arm64': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-win32-ia32': 0.34.4
+      '@img/sharp-win32-x64': 0.34.4
+
+  sirv@3.0.2:
+    dependencies:
+      '@polka/url': 1.0.0-next.29
+      mrmime: 2.0.1
+      totalist: 3.0.1
+
+  source-map-js@1.2.1: {}
+
+  source-map-support@0.5.21:
+    dependencies:
+      buffer-from: 1.1.2
+      source-map: 0.6.1
+
+  source-map@0.6.1: {}
+
+  tailwind-merge@3.3.1: {}
+
+  tailwindcss@4.1.16: {}
+
+  tapable@2.3.0: {}
+
+  tiny-lru@11.4.5: {}
+
+  tinyglobby@0.2.15:
+    dependencies:
+      fdir: 6.5.0(picomatch@4.0.3)
+      picomatch: 4.0.3
+
+  totalist@3.0.1: {}
+
+  ts-pattern@5.9.0: {}
+
+  tslib@2.8.1: {}
+
+  typescript@5.9.3: {}
+
+  undici-types@7.14.0:
+    optional: true
+
+  update-browserslist-db@1.1.4(browserslist@4.27.0):
+    dependencies:
+      browserslist: 4.27.0
+      escalade: 3.2.0
+      picocolors: 1.1.1
+
+  use-callback-ref@1.3.3(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      react: 19.2.0
+      tslib: 2.8.1
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@types/react': 19.2.2
+
+  use-sidecar@1.1.3(@types/react@19.2.2)(react@19.2.0):
+    dependencies:
+      detect-node-es: 1.1.0
+      react: 19.2.0
+      tslib: 2.8.1
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@types/react': 19.2.2
+
+  vike-react@0.6.10(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0)(vike@0.4.244(react-streaming@0.4.11(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0))(vite@7.1.12(@types/node@24.8.1)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2))):
+    dependencies:
+      react: 19.2.0
+      react-dom: 19.2.0(react@19.2.0)
+      react-streaming: 0.4.11(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0)
+      vike: 0.4.244(react-streaming@0.4.11(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0))(vite@7.1.12(@types/node@24.8.1)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2))
+
+  vike@0.4.244(react-streaming@0.4.11(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0))(vite@7.1.12(@types/node@24.8.1)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)):
+    dependencies:
+      '@brillout/import': 0.2.6
+      '@brillout/json-serializer': 0.5.21
+      '@brillout/picocolors': 1.0.28
+      '@brillout/require-shim': 0.1.2
+      '@brillout/vite-plugin-server-entry': 0.7.15
+      acorn: 8.15.0
+      cac: 6.7.14
+      es-module-lexer: 1.7.0
+      esbuild: 0.25.11
+      json5: 2.2.3
+      magic-string: 0.30.21
+      picomatch: 4.0.3
+      semver: 7.7.3
+      sirv: 3.0.2
+      source-map-support: 0.5.21
+      tinyglobby: 0.2.15
+    optionalDependencies:
+      react-streaming: 0.4.11(react-dom@19.2.0(react@19.2.0))(react@19.2.0)
+      vite: 7.1.12(@types/node@24.8.1)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2)
+
+  vite-imagetools@9.0.0(rollup@4.52.5):
+    dependencies:
+      '@rollup/pluginutils': 5.3.0(rollup@4.52.5)
+      imagetools-core: 9.0.0
+      sharp: 0.34.4
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - rollup
+
+  vite@7.1.12(@types/node@24.8.1)(jiti@2.6.1)(lightningcss@1.30.2):
+    dependencies:
+      esbuild: 0.25.11
+      fdir: 6.5.0(picomatch@4.0.3)
+      picomatch: 4.0.3
+      postcss: 8.5.6
+      rollup: 4.52.5
+      tinyglobby: 0.2.15
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@types/node': 24.8.1
+      fsevents: 2.3.3
+      jiti: 2.6.1
+      lightningcss: 1.30.2
+
+  yallist@3.1.1: {}
diff --git a/frontend/pnpm-workspace.yaml b/frontend/pnpm-workspace.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa6fae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/pnpm-workspace.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+onlyBuiltDependencies:
+    - esbuild
+    - puppeteer
+    - sharp
diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/design/multiplayer.psd b/frontend/src/assets/design/multiplayer.psd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f377884
Binary files /dev/null and b/frontend/src/assets/design/multiplayer.psd differ
diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/design/settings.psd b/frontend/src/assets/design/settings.psd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23ea120
Binary files /dev/null and b/frontend/src/assets/design/settings.psd differ
diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/design/singleplayer.psd b/frontend/src/assets/design/singleplayer.psd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b55888
Binary files /dev/null and b/frontend/src/assets/design/singleplayer.psd differ
diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/multiplayer.png b/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/multiplayer.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d62be25
Binary files /dev/null and b/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/multiplayer.png differ
diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/settings.png b/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/settings.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db7f2f1
Binary files /dev/null and b/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/settings.png differ
diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/singleplayer.png b/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/singleplayer.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a5377f
Binary files /dev/null and b/frontend/src/assets/images/menu/singleplayer.png differ
diff --git a/frontend/src/assets/images/screenshot.png b/frontend/src/assets/images/screenshot.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ca59c4
Binary files /dev/null and b/frontend/src/assets/images/screenshot.png differ
diff --git a/frontend/src/browser/game.worker.ts b/frontend/src/browser/game.worker.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dce2f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/browser/game.worker.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import init, { register_backend_message_callback, register_binary_callback, send_message, handle_render_input, track_analytics_event, signal_callbacks_ready } from "@wasm/borders";
+import { BinaryMessageType } from "@/shared/api/messages";
+import { decodeBinaryEnvelope } from "@/shared/utils/binaryDecoding";
+
+/** Analytics event payload */
+interface AnalyticsEvent {
+    event: string;
+    properties: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+/** Messages sent from main thread to worker */
+type WorkerMessage =
+    /** Send FrontendMessage to backend (game commands like StartGame, QuitGame) */
+    | { type: "MESSAGE"; payload: unknown }
+    /** Send RenderInputEvent to backend (clicks, hovers, keypresses) */
+    | { type: "RENDER_INPUT"; payload: unknown }
+    /** Track analytics event (separate from game protocol) */
+    | { type: "ANALYTICS_EVENT"; payload: AnalyticsEvent };
+
+/**
+ * Messages sent from worker to main thread.
+ * These notify the transport layer of backend events.
+ */
+type WorkerResponse =
+    /** JSON message from backend (BackendMessage protocol) */
+    | { type: "backend:message"; payload: unknown }
+    /** Binary initialization data (terrain + territory) */
+    | { type: "backend:binary_init"; payload: Uint8Array }
+    /** Binary territory delta update */
+    | { type: "backend:binary_delta"; payload: Uint8Array }
+    /** Worker encountered an error */
+    | { type: "ERROR"; payload: { message: string } };
+
+/** Helper to post typed messages back to main thread */
+function postResponse(response: WorkerResponse): void {
+    self.postMessage(response);
+}
+
+/** Buffer for messages received before WASM is ready */
+const messageQueue: WorkerMessage[] = [];
+let wasmReady = false;
+
+/** Initialize WASM on worker load */
+init()
+    .then(() => {
+        // Register callback for JSON messages from backend (BackendMessage)
+        register_backend_message_callback((backendMessage: unknown) => {
+            postResponse({ type: "backend:message", payload: backendMessage });
+        });
+
+        // Register unified callback for binary data (receives enveloped data)
+        register_binary_callback((data: Uint8Array) => {
+            // Parse envelope to extract message type and payload
+            const decoded = decodeBinaryEnvelope(data);
+            if (!decoded) {
+                console.error("Worker: Failed to decode binary envelope");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Post typed message to main thread based on envelope type
+            if (decoded.type === BinaryMessageType.Init) {
+                postResponse({ type: "backend:binary_init", payload: decoded.payload });
+            } else {
+                postResponse({ type: "backend:binary_delta", payload: decoded.payload });
+            }
+        });
+
+        // Signal WASM that callbacks are ready (unblocks game initialization)
+        signal_callbacks_ready();
+
+        wasmReady = true;
+        console.log("WASM module initialized");
+
+        // Process queued messages
+        while (messageQueue.length > 0) {
+            const message = messageQueue.shift()!;
+            processMessage(message);
+        }
+    })
+    .catch((error) => {
+        console.error("WASM module initialization failed:", error);
+        postResponse({
+            type: "ERROR",
+            payload: { message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) },
+        });
+    });
+
+/** Process a worker message (either from queue or directly) */
+function processMessage(message: WorkerMessage): void {
+    try {
+        switch (message.type) {
+            case "MESSAGE":
+                send_message(message.payload);
+                break;
+
+            case "RENDER_INPUT":
+                handle_render_input(message.payload);
+                break;
+
+            case "ANALYTICS_EVENT":
+                track_analytics_event(message.payload);
+                break;
+
+            default: {
+                const _exhaustive: never = message;
+                console.warn("Unknown worker message type:", (_exhaustive as WorkerMessage).type);
+            }
+        }
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error("Worker error:", error);
+        postResponse({
+            type: "ERROR",
+            payload: { message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) },
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/** Handle incoming messages - queue if not ready, process if ready */
+self.addEventListener("message", ({ data: message }: MessageEvent<WorkerMessage>) => {
+    if (!wasmReady) {
+        messageQueue.push(message);
+    } else {
+        processMessage(message);
+    }
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/browser/index.ts b/frontend/src/browser/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f73c37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/browser/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * Browser platform exports.
+ * Provides the game bridge instance.
+ */
+
+import { GameBridge } from "@/shared/api/GameBridge";
+import { WasmTransport } from "@/browser/transport";
+
+const transport = new WasmTransport();
+
+export const bridge = new GameBridge(transport);
diff --git a/frontend/src/browser/transport.ts b/frontend/src/browser/transport.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0ab9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/browser/transport.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+import type { Transport, JsonCallback, UnsubscribeFn } from "@/shared/api/Transport";
+import type { FrontendMessage, InputEvent, AnalyticsProperties } from "@/shared/api/messages";
+
+/**
+ * WASM transport implementation using Web Worker for message passing.
+ *
+ * Pure transport layer that:
+ * - Manages worker lifecycle
+ * - Sends/receives JSON messages
+ * - Receives binary data (Uint8Array)
+ * - Does NOT handle callbacks, rendering, or state management
+ *
+ * Worker handles initialization and message buffering automatically.
+ */
+export class WasmTransport implements Transport {
+    private worker: Worker;
+    private backendMessageCallbacks: Set<JsonCallback> = new Set();
+    private binaryCallbacks: Set<(data: Uint8Array, type: "init" | "delta") => void> = new Set();
+
+    constructor() {
+        this.worker = new Worker(new URL("./game.worker.ts", import.meta.url), {
+            type: "module",
+        });
+
+        this.worker.addEventListener("message", (e) => {
+            const { type, payload } = e.data;
+
+            switch (type) {
+                case "backend:message":
+                    this.backendMessageCallbacks.forEach((callback) => callback(payload));
+                    break;
+
+                case "backend:binary_init":
+                    this.binaryCallbacks.forEach((callback) => callback(payload, "init"));
+                    break;
+
+                case "backend:binary_delta":
+                    this.binaryCallbacks.forEach((callback) => callback(payload, "delta"));
+                    break;
+
+                case "ERROR":
+                    console.error("Worker error:", payload);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    console.warn("Unknown worker message type:", type);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    sendJson(message: FrontendMessage | InputEvent): void {
+        this.worker.postMessage({
+            type: "MESSAGE",
+            payload: message,
+        });
+    }
+
+    onJson(callback: JsonCallback): UnsubscribeFn {
+        this.backendMessageCallbacks.add(callback);
+        return () => {
+            this.backendMessageCallbacks.delete(callback);
+        };
+    }
+
+    onBinary(callback: (data: Uint8Array, type: "init" | "delta") => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        this.binaryCallbacks.add(callback);
+        return () => {
+            this.binaryCallbacks.delete(callback);
+        };
+    }
+
+    sendRenderInput(event: InputEvent): void {
+        this.worker.postMessage({
+            type: "RENDER_INPUT",
+            payload: event,
+        });
+    }
+
+    destroy(): void {
+        this.worker.terminate();
+        this.backendMessageCallbacks.clear();
+        this.binaryCallbacks.clear();
+    }
+
+    sendAnalytics(event: string, properties: AnalyticsProperties): void {
+        this.worker.postMessage({
+            type: "ANALYTICS_EVENT",
+            payload: {
+                event,
+                properties,
+            },
+        });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/desktop/index.ts b/frontend/src/desktop/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fc59df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/desktop/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * Desktop platform exports.
+ * Provides the game bridge instance.
+ */
+
+import { GameBridge } from "@/shared/api/GameBridge";
+import { TauriTransport } from "@/desktop/transport";
+
+const transport = new TauriTransport();
+
+export const bridge = new GameBridge(transport);
diff --git a/frontend/src/desktop/transport.ts b/frontend/src/desktop/transport.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..699046e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/desktop/transport.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { listen } from "@tauri-apps/api/event";
+import { invoke, Channel } from "@tauri-apps/api/core";
+import type { Transport, JsonCallback, UnsubscribeFn } from "@/shared/api/Transport";
+import type { BackendMessage, FrontendMessage, InputEvent, AnalyticsProperties } from "@/shared/api/messages";
+import { BinaryMessageType } from "@/shared/api/messages";
+import { decodeBinaryEnvelope } from "@/shared/utils/binaryDecoding";
+
+/**
+ * Tauri transport implementation using Tauri channels for all binary data.
+ *
+ * Pure transport layer that:
+ * - Listens to Tauri events for JSON backend messages
+ * - Uses unified channel for all binary data (init + deltas)
+ * - Uses invoke for sending messages to backend
+ * - Does NOT handle callbacks, rendering, or state management
+ */
+export class TauriTransport implements Transport {
+    private backendMessageCallbacks: Set<JsonCallback> = new Set();
+    private binaryCallbacks: Set<(data: Uint8Array, type: "init" | "delta") => void> = new Set();
+    private backendMessageUnsubscribe?: () => void;
+
+    constructor() {
+        this.setupEventListeners();
+        this.setupBinaryChannel();
+    }
+
+    private async setupEventListeners() {
+        // Listen for JSON messages from backend
+        this.backendMessageUnsubscribe = await listen<BackendMessage>("backend:message", (event) => {
+            this.backendMessageCallbacks.forEach((callback) => callback(event.payload));
+        });
+    }
+
+    private async setupBinaryChannel() {
+        const channel = new Channel<number[]>();
+        channel.onmessage = (data) => {
+            const binary = new Uint8Array(data);
+
+            // Parse envelope to extract message type and payload
+            const decoded = decodeBinaryEnvelope(binary);
+            if (!decoded) {
+                console.error("Failed to decode binary envelope");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Dispatch to callbacks with type discrimination
+            const type = decoded.type === BinaryMessageType.Init ? "init" : "delta";
+            this.binaryCallbacks.forEach((callback) => callback(decoded.payload, type));
+        };
+
+        try {
+            await invoke("register_binary_channel", { channel });
+            console.log("Binary channel registered successfully (handles init + deltas)");
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.error("Failed to register binary channel:", err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    sendJson(message: FrontendMessage | InputEvent): void {
+        invoke("send_frontend_message", { message }).catch((err) => {
+            console.error("Failed to send frontend message:", err);
+        });
+    }
+
+    onJson(callback: JsonCallback): UnsubscribeFn {
+        this.backendMessageCallbacks.add(callback);
+        return () => {
+            this.backendMessageCallbacks.delete(callback);
+        };
+    }
+
+    onBinary(callback: (data: Uint8Array, type: "init" | "delta") => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        this.binaryCallbacks.add(callback);
+        return () => {
+            this.binaryCallbacks.delete(callback);
+        };
+    }
+
+    sendRenderInput(event: InputEvent): void {
+        invoke("handle_render_input", { event }).catch((err) => {
+            console.error("Failed to send render input:", err);
+        });
+    }
+
+    sendAnalytics(event: string, properties: AnalyticsProperties): void {
+        invoke("track_analytics_event", {
+            payload: {
+                event,
+                properties,
+            },
+        }).catch((err) => {
+            console.error("Failed to track analytics event:", err);
+        });
+    }
+
+    destroy(): void {
+        if (this.backendMessageUnsubscribe) {
+            this.backendMessageUnsubscribe();
+            this.backendMessageUnsubscribe = undefined;
+        }
+
+        this.backendMessageCallbacks.clear();
+        this.binaryCallbacks.clear();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/utils.ts b/frontend/src/lib/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e644794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { type ClassValue, clsx } from "clsx";
+import { twMerge } from "tailwind-merge";
+
+export function cn(...inputs: ClassValue[]) {
+    return twMerge(clsx(inputs));
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/api/GameBridge.ts b/frontend/src/shared/api/GameBridge.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a49a3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/api/GameBridge.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+import type {
+    AttacksUpdatePayload,
+    GameOutcome,
+    LeaderboardSnapshot,
+    ShipsUpdatePayload,
+    SpawnPhaseUpdate,
+    UnsubscribeFn,
+} from "@/shared/api/types";
+import type { Transport } from "@/shared/api/Transport";
+import type {
+    BackendMessage,
+    InputEvent,
+    MouseButton,
+    KeyCode,
+    AnalyticsProperties,
+} from "@/shared/api/messages";
+import type { GameRenderer, PaletteData, TerrainData } from "@/shared/render/GameRenderer";
+import { CallbackManager } from "@/shared/utils/CallbackManager";
+import { decodeInitBinary } from "@/shared/utils/binaryDecoding";
+
+export interface RenderInitData {
+    palette: PaletteData; // Nation palette
+    terrain_palette: PaletteData; // Terrain palette
+    terrain: TerrainData;
+    initial_territories: {
+        turn: number;
+        territories: { indices: Uint32Array; ownerIds: Uint16Array };
+    };
+}
+
+interface QueuedRenderMessage {
+    _type: "binary";
+    data: Uint8Array;
+    binaryType: "init" | "delta";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Game API bridge that connects the UI to the game backend.
+ *
+ * This class provides:
+ * - Callback management per message type
+ * - Renderer integration & binary decoding
+ * - Message buffering & initialization sequencing
+ * - Typed API methods (startGame, onLeaderboardSnapshot, etc.)
+ */
+export class GameBridge {
+    private transport: Transport;
+    private renderer: GameRenderer | null = null;
+    private snapshotCallbacks = new CallbackManager<LeaderboardSnapshot>();
+    private gameEndCallbacks = new CallbackManager<GameOutcome>();
+    private attacksUpdateCallbacks = new CallbackManager<AttacksUpdatePayload>();
+    private shipsUpdateCallbacks = new CallbackManager<ShipsUpdatePayload>();
+    private spawnPhaseUpdateCallbacks = new CallbackManager<SpawnPhaseUpdate>();
+    private spawnPhaseEndedCallbacks = new CallbackManager<void>();
+    private renderInitCallbacks = new CallbackManager<RenderInitData>();
+    private queuedRenderMessages: QueuedRenderMessage[] = [];
+
+    constructor(transport: Transport) {
+        this.transport = transport;
+
+        // Subscribe to JSON messages from backend
+        this.transport.onJson((message) => this.handleBackendMessage(message));
+
+        // Subscribe to binary data from backend
+        this.transport.onBinary((data, type) => this.handleBinaryData(data, type));
+    }
+
+    private handleBackendMessage(message: BackendMessage): void {
+        // Messages use msg_type tag from serde
+        switch (message.msg_type) {
+            case "LeaderboardSnapshot":
+                this.snapshotCallbacks.notify(message as LeaderboardSnapshot);
+                break;
+
+            case "AttacksUpdate":
+                this.attacksUpdateCallbacks.notify(message as AttacksUpdatePayload);
+                break;
+
+            case "ShipsUpdate":
+                this.shipsUpdateCallbacks.notify(message as ShipsUpdatePayload);
+                // Also forward to renderer for visual updates
+                if (this.renderer) {
+                    this.renderer.updateShips(message as ShipsUpdatePayload);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case "GameEnded":
+                this.gameEndCallbacks.notify(message.outcome as GameOutcome);
+                break;
+
+            case "SpawnPhaseUpdate":
+                const update: SpawnPhaseUpdate = {
+                    countdown: message.countdown
+                        ? {
+                              startedAtMs: message.countdown.started_at_ms,
+                              durationSecs: message.countdown.duration_secs,
+                          }
+                        : null,
+                };
+                this.spawnPhaseUpdateCallbacks.notify(update);
+                break;
+
+            case "SpawnPhaseEnded":
+                this.spawnPhaseEndedCallbacks.notify();
+                break;
+
+            case "HighlightNation":
+                this.renderer?.setHighlightedNation(message.nation_id ?? null);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                // Exhaustiveness check - this should never be reached
+                console.warn("Unknown backend message type:", (message as { msg_type: string }).msg_type);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private handleBinaryData(data: Uint8Array, type: "init" | "delta"): void {
+        if (type === "init") {
+            // Decode complete initialization data (terrain + territory + nation palette)
+            const decoded = decodeInitBinary(data);
+            if (!decoded) {
+                console.error("Failed to decode init binary data");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Assemble complete initialization data
+            const completeInitData: RenderInitData = {
+                palette: {
+                    colors: decoded.nationPalette,
+                },
+                terrain_palette: {
+                    colors: decoded.terrain.palette,
+                },
+                terrain: {
+                    size: {
+                        x: decoded.terrain.width,
+                        y: decoded.terrain.height,
+                    },
+                    terrain_data: decoded.terrain.tileIds,
+                },
+                initial_territories: {
+                    turn: 0,
+                    territories: {
+                        indices: decoded.territory.indices,
+                        ownerIds: decoded.territory.ownerIds,
+                    },
+                },
+            };
+
+            console.log("Complete initialization data ready:", completeInitData);
+
+            // Notify subscribers
+            this.renderInitCallbacks.notify(completeInitData);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // For delta updates, need renderer to be ready
+        if (!this.renderer) {
+            this.queuedRenderMessages.push({ _type: "binary", data, binaryType: type });
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Apply delta
+        this.renderer.updateBinaryDelta(data);
+    }
+
+    startGame(): void {
+        this.transport.sendJson({ msg_type: "StartGame" });
+    }
+
+    quitGame(): void {
+        this.transport.sendJson({ msg_type: "QuitGame" });
+    }
+
+    onLeaderboardSnapshot(callback: (data: LeaderboardSnapshot) => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        return this.snapshotCallbacks.subscribe(callback);
+    }
+
+    onGameEnded(callback: (outcome: GameOutcome) => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        return this.gameEndCallbacks.subscribe(callback);
+    }
+
+    onAttacksUpdate(callback: (data: AttacksUpdatePayload) => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        return this.attacksUpdateCallbacks.subscribe(callback);
+    }
+
+    onShipsUpdate(callback: (data: ShipsUpdatePayload) => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        return this.shipsUpdateCallbacks.subscribe(callback);
+    }
+
+    onSpawnPhaseUpdate(callback: (update: SpawnPhaseUpdate) => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        return this.spawnPhaseUpdateCallbacks.subscribe(callback);
+    }
+
+    onSpawnPhaseEnded(callback: () => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        return this.spawnPhaseEndedCallbacks.subscribe(callback);
+    }
+
+    onRenderInit(callback: (data: RenderInitData) => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        return this.renderInitCallbacks.subscribe(callback);
+    }
+
+    setRenderer(renderer: GameRenderer): void {
+        this.renderer = renderer;
+
+        // Replay any queued binary delta messages that arrived before renderer was ready
+        if (this.queuedRenderMessages.length > 0) {
+            for (const message of this.queuedRenderMessages) {
+                if (message._type === "binary") {
+                    this.handleBinaryData(message.data, message.binaryType);
+                }
+            }
+            this.queuedRenderMessages = [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    sendMapClick(data: { tile: [number, number] | null; world_pos: [number, number]; button: number }): void {
+        // Map button number to MouseButton enum
+        const buttonMap: { [key: number]: MouseButton } = {
+            0: "Left",
+            1: "Middle",
+            2: "Right",
+            3: "Back",
+            4: "Forward",
+        };
+        const button = buttonMap[data.button] || "Left";
+
+        const event: InputEvent = {
+            MouseButton: {
+                button,
+                state: "Released", // Map clicks are releases
+                tile: data.tile,
+                world_pos: data.world_pos,
+            },
+        };
+        // Transport implementations may have specialized methods for render input
+        if ("sendRenderInput" in this.transport) {
+            (this.transport as { sendRenderInput: (event: InputEvent) => void }).sendRenderInput(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    sendMapHover(data: { tile: [number, number] | null; world_pos: [number, number] }): void {
+        const event: InputEvent = {
+            MouseMotion: {
+                tile: data.tile,
+                world_pos: data.world_pos,
+            },
+        };
+        if ("sendRenderInput" in this.transport) {
+            (this.transport as { sendRenderInput: (event: InputEvent) => void }).sendRenderInput(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    sendKeyPress(data: { key: string; pressed: boolean }): void {
+        // Map string to KeyCode enum (ignore unknown keys)
+        const validKeys: { [key: string]: KeyCode } = {
+            KeyW: "KeyW",
+            KeyA: "KeyA",
+            KeyS: "KeyS",
+            KeyD: "KeyD",
+            KeyC: "KeyC",
+            Digit1: "Digit1",
+            Digit2: "Digit2",
+            Space: "Space",
+            Escape: "Escape",
+        };
+
+        const keyCode = validKeys[data.key];
+        if (!keyCode) {
+            // Ignore unknown keys (backend will skip them)
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const event: InputEvent = {
+            KeyEvent: {
+                key: keyCode,
+                state: data.pressed ? "Pressed" : "Released",
+            },
+        };
+        if ("sendRenderInput" in this.transport) {
+            (this.transport as { sendRenderInput: (event: InputEvent) => void }).sendRenderInput(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    sendAttackRatio(ratio: number): void {
+        this.transport.sendJson({
+            msg_type: "SetAttackRatio",
+            ratio: ratio,
+        });
+    }
+
+    async getGameState(): Promise<unknown> {
+        // WASM doesn't persist state across reloads - always start fresh
+        // Tauri could implement this if needed
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    track(event: string, properties?: AnalyticsProperties): void {
+        this.transport.sendAnalytics(event, properties || {});
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/api/GameBridgeContext.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/api/GameBridgeContext.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df430b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/api/GameBridgeContext.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { createContext, useContext, type ReactNode } from "react";
+import type { GameBridge } from "@/shared/api/GameBridge";
+
+const GameBridgeContext = createContext<GameBridge | null>(null);
+
+export interface GameBridgeProviderProps {
+    bridge: GameBridge;
+    children: ReactNode;
+}
+
+export function GameBridgeProvider({ bridge, children }: GameBridgeProviderProps) {
+    return <GameBridgeContext.Provider value={bridge}>{children}</GameBridgeContext.Provider>;
+}
+
+export function useGameBridge(): GameBridge | null {
+    return useContext(GameBridgeContext);
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/api/Transport.ts b/frontend/src/shared/api/Transport.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd9668d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/api/Transport.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * Core transport interface for frontend-backend communication.
+ * This is a pure transport layer that only handles message passing,
+ * without any higher-level concerns like callbacks, rendering, or state management.
+ */
+
+import type { BackendMessage, FrontendMessage, InputEvent, AnalyticsProperties } from "@/shared/api/messages";
+
+export type JsonCallback = (message: BackendMessage) => void;
+export type BinaryCallback = (data: Uint8Array) => void;
+export type UnsubscribeFn = () => void;
+
+/**
+ * Pure transport interface for bidirectional communication.
+ * Implementations handle the platform-specific details (WASM worker, Tauri IPC).
+ *
+ * - sendJson: Send JSON messages to backend
+ * - onJson: Receive JSON messages from backend
+ * - onBinary: Receive binary data from backend (init or deltas, tagged with type)
+ */
+export interface Transport {
+    /**
+     * Send a JSON message to the backend.
+     * Message should be a serializable object.
+     */
+    sendJson(message: FrontendMessage | InputEvent): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Subscribe to JSON messages from the backend.
+     * Returns an unsubscribe function.
+     */
+    onJson(callback: JsonCallback): UnsubscribeFn;
+
+    /**
+     * Subscribe to binary data from the backend.
+     * Callback receives the data and a type tag ("init" or "delta").
+     * Returns an unsubscribe function.
+     */
+    onBinary(callback: (data: Uint8Array, type: "init" | "delta") => void): UnsubscribeFn;
+
+    /**
+     * Cleanup resources when transport is no longer needed.
+     */
+    destroy?(): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Send an analytics event to the backend.
+     */
+    sendAnalytics(event: string, properties: AnalyticsProperties): void;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/api/index.ts b/frontend/src/shared/api/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a61150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/api/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import type { GameBridge } from "@/shared/api/GameBridge";
+
+/**
+ * Get the platform-specific GameBridge implementation.
+ */
+export async function getBridge(): Promise<GameBridge> {
+    const platform = await (__DESKTOP__ ? import("@/desktop") : import("@/browser"));
+    return platform.bridge;
+}
+
+// Re-export all API types and interfaces for convenient imports
+export * from "@/shared/api/types";
+export * from "@/shared/api/GameBridge";
+export * from "@/shared/api/GameBridgeContext";
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/api/messages.ts b/frontend/src/shared/api/messages.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e468abe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/api/messages.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Protocol message types for frontend-backend communication
+// These mirror the Rust enums defined in crates/borders-core/src/ui/protocol.rs
+
+import type {
+    AttacksUpdatePayload,
+    GameOutcome,
+    LeaderboardSnapshot,
+    ShipsUpdatePayload,
+} from "@/shared/api/types";
+
+// Type aliases for glam-compatible vector types (match Rust glam serialization as arrays [x, y])
+type Vec2 = [number, number];
+type U16Vec2 = [number, number];
+
+// Input event types (mirror Rust types from borders-core)
+export type MouseButton = "Left" | "Middle" | "Right" | "Back" | "Forward";
+export type ButtonState = "Pressed" | "Released";
+export type KeyCode = "KeyW" | "KeyA" | "KeyS" | "KeyD" | "KeyC" | "Digit1" | "Digit2" | "Space" | "Escape";
+
+// Input events sent from frontend to backend
+export type InputEvent =
+    | {
+          MouseButton: {
+              button: MouseButton;
+              state: ButtonState;
+              tile: U16Vec2 | null;
+              world_pos: Vec2;
+          };
+      }
+    | {
+          MouseMotion: {
+              tile: U16Vec2 | null;
+              world_pos: Vec2;
+          };
+      }
+    | {
+          KeyEvent: {
+              key: KeyCode;
+              state: ButtonState;
+          };
+      };
+
+// Raw SpawnCountdown from backend (uses snake_case like Rust)
+interface RawSpawnCountdown {
+    started_at_ms: number;
+    duration_secs: number;
+}
+
+// Messages sent from backend to frontend
+export type BackendMessage =
+    | { msg_type: "LeaderboardSnapshot" } & LeaderboardSnapshot
+    | { msg_type: "AttacksUpdate" } & AttacksUpdatePayload
+    | { msg_type: "ShipsUpdate" } & ShipsUpdatePayload
+    | { msg_type: "GameEnded"; outcome: GameOutcome }
+    | { msg_type: "SpawnPhaseUpdate"; countdown: RawSpawnCountdown | null }
+    | { msg_type: "SpawnPhaseEnded" }
+    | { msg_type: "HighlightNation"; nation_id: number | null };
+
+// Messages sent from frontend to backend
+export type FrontendMessage =
+    | { msg_type: "StartGame" }
+    | { msg_type: "QuitGame" }
+    | { msg_type: "SetAttackRatio"; ratio: number };
+
+// Binary message types for unified binary channel
+// Mirrors the Rust BinaryMessageType enum in protocol.rs
+// IMPORTANT: Constants must match Rust values exactly
+export enum BinaryMessageType {
+    Init = 0, // Initial game state (terrain + territory + nation palette)
+    Delta = 1, // Territory delta (changed tiles only)
+}
+
+// Analytics event properties
+export type AnalyticsProperties = Record<string, string | number | boolean | null | undefined>;
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/api/types.ts b/frontend/src/shared/api/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fb5d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/api/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Shared type definitions for game API
+// These mirror the Rust types used in both desktop and WASM builds
+
+export type LeaderboardEntry = {
+    id: number;
+    name: string;
+    color: string; // Hex color without alpha, e.g. "0A44FF"
+    tile_count: number;
+    troops: number;
+    territory_percent: number;
+    rank: number;          // Current rank (1-indexed, updates every tick)
+    display_order: number; // Visual position (0-indexed, updates every 3rd tick)
+};
+
+export type LeaderboardSnapshot = {
+    turn: number;
+    total_land_tiles: number;
+    entries: LeaderboardEntry[];
+    local_nation_id: number;
+};
+
+export type GameOutcome = "Victory" | "Defeat";
+
+export type AttackEntry = {
+    id: number;
+    attacker_nation_id: number;
+    target_nation_id: number | null; // null for unclaimed territory
+    troops: number;
+    is_outgoing: boolean;
+};
+
+export type AttacksUpdatePayload = {
+    turn: number;
+    entries: AttackEntry[];
+};
+
+export type SpawnCountdown = {
+    startedAtMs: number; // Unix epoch milliseconds
+    durationSecs: number;
+};
+
+export type SpawnPhaseUpdate = {
+    countdown: SpawnCountdown | null; // null = waiting, non-null = countdown active
+};
+
+export type ShipUpdateVariant =
+    | {
+          type: "Create";
+          id: number;
+          owner_nation_id: number;
+          path: number[];
+          troops: number;
+      }
+    | {
+          type: "Move";
+          id: number;
+          current_path_index: number;
+      }
+    | {
+          type: "Destroy";
+          id: number;
+      };
+
+export type ShipsUpdatePayload = {
+    turn: number;
+    updates: ShipUpdateVariant[];
+};
+
+export type UnsubscribeFn = () => void;
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttackControls.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttackControls.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebe63cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttackControls.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState, ReactNode } from "react";
+import { useGameBridge } from "@/shared/api";
+import type { LeaderboardSnapshot } from "@/shared/api/types";
+import { formatTroopCount } from "@/shared/utils/formatting";
+
+const MIN_PERCENTAGE = 1;
+const MAX_PERCENTAGE = 100;
+const DEFAULT_PERCENTAGE = 50;
+const WHEEL_DELTA = 5;
+const MIN_STEP_PERCENTAGE = 5; // Jump to 5% from 1% to avoid tiny increments at the low end
+
+interface AttackControlsProps {
+    children?: ReactNode;
+}
+
+export function AttackControls({ children }: AttackControlsProps) {
+    const gameBridge = useGameBridge();
+    const [percentage, setPercentage] = useState(DEFAULT_PERCENTAGE);
+    const [playerTroops, setPlayerTroops] = useState<number | null>(null);
+    const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+    const sliderRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+    const isDraggingRef = useRef(false);
+    const isHoveringRef = useRef(false);
+    // Track last sent value to avoid redundant network calls when rounding yields same percentage
+    const lastSentPercentageRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+
+    const sendAttackRatio = useCallback(
+        (percent: number) => {
+            if (percent !== lastSentPercentageRef.current) {
+                lastSentPercentageRef.current = percent;
+                gameBridge?.sendAttackRatio(percent / 100);
+            }
+        },
+        [gameBridge],
+    );
+
+    const updatePercentage = useCallback((newPercent: number) => {
+        const clampedPercent = Math.max(MIN_PERCENTAGE, Math.min(MAX_PERCENTAGE, Math.round(newPercent)));
+        setPercentage(clampedPercent);
+        return clampedPercent;
+    }, []);
+
+    const calculatePercentageFromPosition = useCallback(
+        (clientX: number): number => {
+            if (!sliderRef.current) return percentage;
+
+            const rect = sliderRef.current.getBoundingClientRect();
+            const x = clientX - rect.left;
+            return (x / rect.width) * 100;
+        },
+        [percentage],
+    );
+
+    const handleWheelChange = useCallback(
+        (deltaY: number) => {
+            const delta = deltaY > 0 ? -WHEEL_DELTA : WHEEL_DELTA;
+            // Skip directly to 5% when scrolling up from minimum to avoid awkward 1%→6% jump
+            const newPercent = percentage === MIN_PERCENTAGE && delta > 0 ? MIN_STEP_PERCENTAGE : percentage + delta;
+            const clampedPercent = updatePercentage(newPercent);
+            sendAttackRatio(clampedPercent);
+        },
+        [percentage, updatePercentage, sendAttackRatio],
+    );
+
+    const handleMouseDown = useCallback(
+        (e: React.MouseEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+            e.preventDefault();
+            isDraggingRef.current = true;
+            const rawPercent = calculatePercentageFromPosition(e.clientX);
+            updatePercentage(rawPercent);
+        },
+        [calculatePercentageFromPosition, updatePercentage],
+    );
+
+    const handleTouchStart = useCallback(
+        (e: React.TouchEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
+            e.preventDefault();
+            const touch = e.touches[0];
+            if (!touch) return;
+
+            isDraggingRef.current = true;
+            const rawPercent = calculatePercentageFromPosition(touch.clientX);
+            updatePercentage(rawPercent);
+        },
+        [calculatePercentageFromPosition, updatePercentage],
+    );
+
+    const handleMouseEnter = useCallback(() => {
+        isHoveringRef.current = true;
+    }, []);
+
+    const handleMouseLeave = useCallback(() => {
+        isHoveringRef.current = false;
+    }, []);
+
+    // Subscribe to leaderboard snapshots to track player's troop count
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        const unsubscribe = gameBridge.onLeaderboardSnapshot((snapshot: LeaderboardSnapshot) => {
+            const playerEntry = snapshot.entries.find((entry) => entry.id === snapshot.local_nation_id);
+            setPlayerTroops(playerEntry?.troops ?? null);
+        });
+
+        return () => unsubscribe();
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        const handleLocalWheel = (e: WheelEvent) => {
+            // Allow scroll without Shift when hovering over controls
+            if (!isHoveringRef.current && !e.shiftKey) return;
+            e.preventDefault();
+            e.stopPropagation();
+            handleWheelChange(e.deltaY);
+        };
+
+        const container = containerRef.current;
+        if (container) {
+            container.addEventListener("wheel", handleLocalWheel, { passive: false });
+        }
+
+        return () => {
+            if (container) {
+                container.removeEventListener("wheel", handleLocalWheel);
+            }
+        };
+    }, [handleWheelChange]);
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        const handleMouseMove = (e: MouseEvent) => {
+            if (!isDraggingRef.current) return;
+            const rawPercent = calculatePercentageFromPosition(e.clientX);
+            updatePercentage(rawPercent);
+        };
+
+        const handleMouseUp = () => {
+            if (isDraggingRef.current) {
+                isDraggingRef.current = false;
+                sendAttackRatio(percentage);
+            }
+        };
+
+        const handleTouchMove = (e: TouchEvent) => {
+            if (!isDraggingRef.current) return;
+            e.preventDefault();
+            const touch = e.touches[0];
+            if (!touch) return;
+            const rawPercent = calculatePercentageFromPosition(touch.clientX);
+            updatePercentage(rawPercent);
+        };
+
+        const handleTouchEnd = () => {
+            if (isDraggingRef.current) {
+                isDraggingRef.current = false;
+                sendAttackRatio(percentage);
+            }
+        };
+
+        const handleGlobalWheel = (e: WheelEvent) => {
+            if (!e.shiftKey) return;
+            e.preventDefault();
+            e.stopPropagation();
+            handleWheelChange(e.deltaY);
+        };
+
+        // Use window-level listeners to continue drag/scroll operations even when cursor leaves slider
+        window.addEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
+        window.addEventListener("mouseup", handleMouseUp);
+        window.addEventListener("touchmove", handleTouchMove, { passive: false });
+        window.addEventListener("touchend", handleTouchEnd);
+        window.addEventListener("wheel", handleGlobalWheel, { passive: false });
+
+        return () => {
+            window.removeEventListener("mousemove", handleMouseMove);
+            window.removeEventListener("mouseup", handleMouseUp);
+            window.removeEventListener("touchmove", handleTouchMove);
+            window.removeEventListener("touchend", handleTouchEnd);
+            window.removeEventListener("wheel", handleGlobalWheel);
+        };
+    }, [calculatePercentageFromPosition, updatePercentage, sendAttackRatio, percentage, handleWheelChange]);
+
+    return (
+        // Click-through container: pointer-events-none allows clicks to pass through to the game canvas.
+        // Interactive child has pointer-events-auto to re-enable user interaction.
+        <div
+            ref={containerRef}
+            className="absolute bottom-3 left-3 z-10 select-none opacity-95 hover:opacity-100 transition-opacity duration-400 text-base sm:text-xs md:text-sm pointer-events-none"
+            onMouseEnter={handleMouseEnter}
+            onMouseLeave={handleMouseLeave}
+        >
+            <div className="flex flex-col pointer-events-auto">
+                <div className="flex flex-row items-end gap-2 min-w-96">
+                    <div className="text-shadow-sm font-medium uppercase opacity-60 text-xs shrink-0 whitespace-nowrap pl-1 pb-0.5 text-white tracking-wider">
+                        Troops
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="flex flex-1 flex-col items-end gap-0.5 mb-1">{children}</div>
+                </div>
+                <div className="w-104">
+                    <div
+                        ref={sliderRef}
+                        className="bg-black/40 rounded-md relative cursor-pointer overflow-hidden border border-white/10 h-11"
+                        onMouseDown={handleMouseDown}
+                        onTouchStart={handleTouchStart}
+                    >
+                        <div
+                            className="h-full absolute left-0 top-0 rounded-sm bg-blue-600/65"
+                            style={{ width: `${percentage}%` }}
+                        />
+                        <div className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-lg font-medium tabular-nums text-white z-10 opacity-85 drop-shadow-md">
+                            {percentage}%
+                        </div>
+                        {playerTroops !== null && (
+                            <div className="absolute right-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-lg font-medium tabular-nums text-white z-10 opacity-85 drop-shadow-md">
+                                {formatTroopCount(Math.floor((playerTroops * percentage) / 100))}
+                            </div>
+                        )}
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttackRow.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttackRow.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82eeb3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttackRow.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import type { LeaderboardEntry } from "@/shared/api/types";
+import { formatTroopCount } from "@/shared/utils/formatting";
+import { match, P } from "ts-pattern";
+import * as motion from "motion/react-client";
+
+// Attack row state from AttacksList parent component
+interface AttackRowState {
+    rowId: string;
+    currentAttack: {
+        id: number;
+        attacker_nation_id: number;
+        target_nation_id: number | null;
+        troops: number;
+        is_outgoing: boolean;
+    } | null;
+    phase: "active" | "finished" | "exiting";
+    isHovered: boolean;
+    firstAppearanceTime: number;
+    finishedAt: number | null;
+    dismissTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | null;
+}
+
+// Calculate the background width percentage based on troop count
+// Uses power scale (x^0.4): 100 troops = 5%, 1k = 7.9%, 10k = 15.3%, 100k = 33.7%, 1M = 80%
+function calculateBackgroundWidth(troops: number): number {
+    const minTroops = 100;
+    const maxTroops = 1000000;
+    const minWidth = 0;
+    const maxWidth = 80;
+
+    // Clamp troops to range
+    const clampedTroops = Math.max(minTroops, Math.min(maxTroops, troops));
+
+    // Power scale with exponent 0.4 provides gentler progression than logarithmic
+    const powerMin = Math.pow(minTroops, 0.4);
+    const powerMax = Math.pow(maxTroops, 0.4);
+    const powerTroops = Math.pow(clampedTroops, 0.4);
+
+    const normalized = (powerTroops - powerMin) / (powerMax - powerMin);
+    return minWidth + normalized * (maxWidth - minWidth);
+}
+
+interface AttackRowProps {
+    rowState: AttackRowState;
+    playerMap: Map<number, LeaderboardEntry>;
+    onNationHover?: (nationId: number | null) => void;
+    onHoverChange: (isHovered: boolean) => void;
+}
+
+export function AttackRow({ rowState, playerMap, onNationHover, onHoverChange }: AttackRowProps) {
+    // Use current attack if active, otherwise display last known attack (for finished rows)
+    const attack = rowState.currentAttack;
+
+    // Don't render if we have no attack data (shouldn't happen, but safety check)
+    if (!attack) return null;
+
+    // For outgoing attacks, show target's name (who we're attacking)
+    // For incoming attacks, show attacker's name (who is attacking us)
+    const displayPlayerId = attack.is_outgoing ? attack.target_nation_id : attack.attacker_nation_id;
+
+    const displayName = match({ id: displayPlayerId, outgoing: attack.is_outgoing })
+        .with({ id: P.number, outgoing: P.boolean }, ({ id }) => playerMap.get(id)?.name || `Error: Player ${id} not found`)
+        .with({ id: P.nullish, outgoing: P.boolean }, ({ outgoing }) =>
+            outgoing ? "Unclaimed Territory" : "Error: Incoming attack with no target found",
+        )
+        .exhaustive();
+
+    const backgroundWidth = calculateBackgroundWidth(attack.troops);
+    const backgroundColor = attack.is_outgoing ? "rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5)" : "rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.5)";
+
+    return (
+        <motion.div
+            layout
+            layoutId={`attack-row-${rowState.rowId}`}
+            initial={{ opacity: 0, y: -20 }}
+            animate={{ opacity: 1, y: 0 }}
+            exit={{ opacity: 0, scale: 0.8 }}
+            transition={{
+                duration: 0.2,
+                layout: { duration: 0.3, ease: "easeInOut" },
+            }}
+        >
+            <button
+                className="relative flex justify-between items-center py-2 px-3 border-none bg-slate-900/60 backdrop-blur-sm text-white cursor-pointer transition-all duration-150 text-lg font-inherit w-80 rounded-lg overflow-hidden hover:bg-slate-900/75 opacity-60 hover:opacity-100"
+                onClick={() => console.log("Attack clicked:", attack)}
+                onMouseEnter={() => {
+                    if (displayPlayerId !== null) {
+                        onNationHover?.(displayPlayerId);
+                    }
+                    onHoverChange(true);
+                }}
+                onMouseLeave={() => {
+                    onNationHover?.(null);
+                    onHoverChange(false);
+                }}
+            >
+                <div
+                    className="absolute top-0 right-0 h-full transition-[width] duration-300"
+                    style={{
+                        width: `${backgroundWidth}%`,
+                        backgroundColor,
+                    }}
+                />
+                <div className="text-left overflow-hidden text-ellipsis whitespace-nowrap flex-1 pr-4 relative z-10">
+                    {displayName}
+                </div>
+                <div className="text-right tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap min-w-20 relative z-10">
+                    {formatTroopCount(attack.troops)}
+                </div>
+            </button>
+        </motion.div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttacksList.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttacksList.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae62e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/AttacksList.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+import { useEffect, useState, useRef, useCallback } from "react";
+import { useGameBridge } from "@/shared/api";
+import type { AttackEntry, AttacksUpdatePayload, LeaderboardEntry, UnsubscribeFn } from "@/shared/api/types";
+import { AttackRow } from "@/shared/components/game/AttackRow";
+import { AnimatePresence } from "motion/react";
+
+// Timing constants
+const WAIT_BEFORE_DISMISS_MS = 450;
+const WAIT_AFTER_HOVER_MS = 250;
+const REASSIGNMENT_WINDOW_MS = 2000;
+
+type AttackPhase = "active" | "finished" | "exiting";
+
+interface AttackRowState {
+    rowId: string; // Frontend-only UUID for this display row
+    currentAttack: AttackEntry | null; // null if attack has ended
+    phase: AttackPhase;
+    isHovered: boolean;
+    firstAppearanceTime: number; // Timestamp for stable sorting
+    finishedAt: number | null; // When attack ended (for reassignment window)
+    dismissTimer: NodeJS.Timeout | null;
+}
+
+export function Attacks({ onNationHover }: { onNationHover: (nationId: number | null) => void }) {
+    const gameBridge = useGameBridge();
+    const [playerMap, setPlayerMap] = useState<Map<number, LeaderboardEntry>>(new Map());
+    const [attackRows, setAttackRows] = useState<Map<string, AttackRowState>>(new Map());
+
+    // Track current backend attack IDs to detect removals
+    const currentBackendAttackIds = useRef<Set<number>>(new Set());
+
+    // Start exit animation for a row
+    const startExitAnimation = useCallback((rowId: string) => {
+        setAttackRows((prevRows) => {
+            const newRows = new Map(prevRows);
+            const row = newRows.get(rowId);
+            if (!row) return prevRows;
+
+            // Clear any existing timer
+            if (row.dismissTimer) {
+                clearTimeout(row.dismissTimer);
+            }
+
+            // Transition to exiting phase
+            newRows.set(rowId, {
+                ...row,
+                phase: "exiting",
+                dismissTimer: null,
+            });
+
+            // Remove row after exit animation completes (300ms)
+            setTimeout(() => {
+                setAttackRows((prev) => {
+                    const next = new Map(prev);
+                    next.delete(rowId);
+                    return next;
+                });
+            }, 300);
+
+            return newRows;
+        });
+    }, []);
+
+    // Find a row that can be reassigned to a new attack
+    const findReassignableRow = useCallback(
+        (targetId: number | null, rows: Map<string, AttackRowState>, now: number): string | null => {
+            for (const [rowId, state] of rows) {
+                // Only reassign if:
+                // 1. Row is in 'finished' phase (not 'exiting')
+                // 2. Same target
+                // 3. Attack ended within reassignment window
+                if (state.phase !== "finished") continue;
+
+                const previousTarget = state.currentAttack?.target_nation_id ?? null;
+                if (previousTarget !== targetId) continue;
+
+                if (state.finishedAt === null) continue;
+                const timeSinceEnd = now - state.finishedAt;
+                if (timeSinceEnd > REASSIGNMENT_WINDOW_MS) continue;
+
+                return rowId;
+            }
+            return null;
+        },
+        [],
+    );
+
+    // Reconcile backend attacks with frontend row states
+    const reconcileAttacks = useCallback(
+        (payload: AttacksUpdatePayload) => {
+            const newBackendAttackIds = new Set(payload.entries.map((a) => a.id));
+
+            setAttackRows((prevRows) => {
+                const newRows = new Map(prevRows);
+                const now = Date.now();
+
+                // Process each backend attack
+                for (const attack of payload.entries) {
+                    // Check if we already have a row displaying this attack
+                    let existingRowId: string | null = null;
+
+                    for (const [rowId, rowState] of newRows) {
+                        if (rowState.currentAttack?.id === attack.id) {
+                            existingRowId = rowId;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (existingRowId) {
+                        // Update existing row
+                        const row = newRows.get(existingRowId)!;
+                        newRows.set(existingRowId, {
+                            ...row,
+                            currentAttack: attack,
+                            phase: "active",
+                            finishedAt: null,
+                        });
+                    } else {
+                        // Try to find a reassignable row
+                        const reassignableRowId = findReassignableRow(attack.target_nation_id, newRows, now);
+
+                        if (reassignableRowId) {
+                            // Reassign existing row to new attack
+                            const row = newRows.get(reassignableRowId)!;
+                            if (row.dismissTimer) {
+                                clearTimeout(row.dismissTimer);
+                            }
+                            newRows.set(reassignableRowId, {
+                                ...row,
+                                currentAttack: attack,
+                                phase: "active",
+                                isHovered: false,
+                                finishedAt: null,
+                                dismissTimer: null,
+                            });
+                        } else {
+                            // Create new row
+                            const rowId = crypto.randomUUID();
+                            newRows.set(rowId, {
+                                rowId,
+                                currentAttack: attack,
+                                phase: "active",
+                                isHovered: false,
+                                firstAppearanceTime: now,
+                                finishedAt: null,
+                                dismissTimer: null,
+                            });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Handle rows whose attacks have ended
+                for (const [rowId, rowState] of newRows) {
+                    if (rowState.currentAttack && !newBackendAttackIds.has(rowState.currentAttack.id)) {
+                        // Attack ended
+                        if (rowState.phase === "active") {
+                            // Transition to finished
+                            const shouldStartTimer = !rowState.isHovered;
+                            const timer = shouldStartTimer
+                                ? setTimeout(() => startExitAnimation(rowId), WAIT_BEFORE_DISMISS_MS)
+                                : null;
+
+                            newRows.set(rowId, {
+                                ...rowState,
+                                currentAttack: rowState.currentAttack,
+                                phase: "finished",
+                                finishedAt: now,
+                                dismissTimer: timer,
+                            });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                currentBackendAttackIds.current = newBackendAttackIds;
+                return newRows;
+            });
+        },
+        [findReassignableRow, startExitAnimation],
+    );
+
+    // Handle hover state changes
+    const handleRowHover = useCallback(
+        (rowId: string, isHovered: boolean) => {
+            setAttackRows((prevRows) => {
+                const newRows = new Map(prevRows);
+                const row = newRows.get(rowId);
+                if (!row) return prevRows;
+
+                if (isHovered) {
+                    // Cancel any pending dismiss timer
+                    if (row.dismissTimer) {
+                        clearTimeout(row.dismissTimer);
+                    }
+                    newRows.set(rowId, {
+                        ...row,
+                        isHovered: true,
+                        dismissTimer: null,
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    // Unhovered
+                    newRows.set(rowId, {
+                        ...row,
+                        isHovered: false,
+                    });
+
+                    // If attack is finished, start short timer before dismissing
+                    if (row.phase === "finished") {
+                        const timer = setTimeout(() => startExitAnimation(rowId), WAIT_AFTER_HOVER_MS);
+                        newRows.set(rowId, {
+                            ...newRows.get(rowId)!,
+                            dismissTimer: timer,
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return newRows;
+            });
+        },
+        [startExitAnimation],
+    );
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        let unsubscribeAttacks: UnsubscribeFn = () => {};
+        let unsubscribeLeaderboard: UnsubscribeFn = () => {};
+
+        // Subscribe to leaderboard snapshots to get player names/colors
+        unsubscribeLeaderboard = gameBridge.onLeaderboardSnapshot((snapshot) => {
+            setPlayerMap((prevMap) => {
+                // Start with existing entries to preserve eliminated players
+                const newMap = new Map(prevMap);
+
+                // Add/update entries from the snapshot
+                let hasChanges = false;
+                for (const entry of snapshot.entries) {
+                    const prevEntry = prevMap.get(entry.id);
+                    if (!prevEntry || prevEntry.name !== entry.name || prevEntry.color !== entry.color || prevEntry.tile_count !== entry.tile_count || prevEntry.troops !== entry.troops) {
+                        hasChanges = true;
+                    }
+                    newMap.set(entry.id, entry);
+                }
+
+                // Only update if there were actual changes
+                return hasChanges ? newMap : prevMap;
+            });
+        });
+
+        // Subscribe to attacks updates
+        unsubscribeAttacks = gameBridge.onAttacksUpdate((payload) => {
+            reconcileAttacks(payload);
+        });
+
+        return () => {
+            unsubscribeAttacks();
+            unsubscribeLeaderboard();
+
+            // Clean up all timers on unmount
+            setAttackRows((rows) => {
+                rows.forEach((row) => {
+                    if (row.dismissTimer) {
+                        clearTimeout(row.dismissTimer);
+                    }
+                });
+                return rows;
+            });
+        };
+    }, [gameBridge, reconcileAttacks]);
+
+    // Sort rows by first appearance time (newest first)
+    const sortedRows = Array.from(attackRows.values()).sort((a, b) => b.firstAppearanceTime - a.firstAppearanceTime);
+
+    // Keep container mounted even when empty to allow exit animations
+    return (
+        <div
+            className="select-none text-[13px] sm:text-[10px] md:text-[11.5px] lg:text-[12px] xl:text-[12px] flex flex-col gap-0.5"
+            onMouseLeave={() => onNationHover(null)}
+        >
+            <AnimatePresence>
+                {sortedRows.map((row) => (
+                    <AttackRow
+                        key={row.rowId}
+                        rowState={row}
+                        playerMap={playerMap}
+                        onNationHover={onNationHover}
+                        onHoverChange={(hovered) => handleRowHover(row.rowId, hovered)}
+                    />
+                ))}
+            </AnimatePresence>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Canvas.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Canvas.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95fd2d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Canvas.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { GameRenderer } from "@/shared/render";
+import { useGameBridge, type RenderInitData } from "@/shared/api";
+import { useThrottledCallback } from "@/shared/hooks";
+
+interface GameCanvasProps {
+    className?: string;
+    initialState?: RenderInitData | null;
+    onRendererReady?: (renderer: GameRenderer | null) => void;
+    onNationHover?: (nationId: number | null) => void;
+}
+
+export const GameCanvas: React.FC<GameCanvasProps> = ({ className, initialState, onRendererReady, onNationHover }) => {
+    const canvasRef = useRef<HTMLCanvasElement>(null);
+    const rendererRef = useRef<GameRenderer | null>(null);
+    const [isInitialized, setIsInitialized] = useState(false);
+    const lastHoveredNationRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+    const lastHoveredTileRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+    const gameBridge = useGameBridge();
+
+    // Initialize renderer once initial state is available
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!canvasRef.current || !initialState || rendererRef.current) return;
+
+        let cancelled = false;
+
+        // Create renderer with all required data
+        GameRenderer.create({
+            canvas: canvasRef.current,
+            terrainPalette: initialState.terrain_palette,
+            terrain: initialState.terrain,
+            nationPalette: initialState.palette,
+            initialTerritories: {
+                turn: initialState.initial_territories.turn,
+                territories: initialState.initial_territories.territories,
+            },
+        })
+            .then(async (renderer) => {
+                if (cancelled) {
+                    renderer.destroy();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                rendererRef.current = renderer;
+                setIsInitialized(true);
+
+                // Register renderer with API for receiving updates
+                if (gameBridge && typeof gameBridge.setRenderer === "function") {
+                    await gameBridge.setRenderer(renderer);
+                }
+
+                // Notify parent that renderer is ready
+                onRendererReady?.(renderer);
+            })
+            .catch((err: unknown) => {
+                if (!cancelled) {
+                    console.error("Failed to initialize GameRenderer:", err);
+                }
+            });
+
+        // Cleanup
+        return () => {
+            cancelled = true;
+            if (rendererRef.current) {
+                rendererRef.current.destroy();
+                rendererRef.current = null;
+                onRendererReady?.(null);
+            }
+            setIsInitialized(false);
+        };
+    }, [initialState, gameBridge, onRendererReady]);
+
+    // Handle canvas clicks using native event listener (after renderer initialization)
+    // React onClick doesn't work reliably when native listeners are attached to canvas
+    useEffect(() => {
+        const canvas = canvasRef.current;
+        if (!canvas || !rendererRef.current || !gameBridge) return;
+
+        const handleCanvasClick = (e: MouseEvent) => {
+            if (!rendererRef.current || !gameBridge) return;
+
+            // Ignore clicks that were camera drags
+            if (rendererRef.current.hadCameraInteraction()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+            const screenX = e.clientX - rect.left;
+            const screenY = e.clientY - rect.top;
+
+            if (typeof gameBridge.sendMapClick === "function") {
+                // Convert screen → world once, then world → tile coords (avoid wasteful round-trip)
+                const worldPos = rendererRef.current.screenToWorld(screenX, screenY);
+                const tileCoords = rendererRef.current.coordinateMapper.worldToTileCoords(worldPos.x, worldPos.y);
+
+                gameBridge.sendMapClick({
+                    tile: tileCoords ? [tileCoords.x, tileCoords.y] : null,
+                    world_pos: [worldPos.x, worldPos.y],
+                    button: e.button,
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
+        canvas.addEventListener("click", handleCanvasClick);
+        return () => canvas.removeEventListener("click", handleCanvasClick);
+    }, [gameBridge, isInitialized]);
+
+    // Handle mouse move (for hover) - throttled to reduce IPC overhead
+    const handleMouseMove = useThrottledCallback((e: React.MouseEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>) => {
+        if (!rendererRef.current) return;
+
+        const rect = canvasRef.current!.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const screenX = e.clientX - rect.left;
+        const screenY = e.clientY - rect.top;
+
+        // Convert screen → world once, then world → tile coords (avoid wasteful round-trip)
+        const worldPos = rendererRef.current.screenToWorld(screenX, screenY);
+        const tileCoords = rendererRef.current.coordinateMapper.worldToTileCoords(worldPos.x, worldPos.y);
+        if (tileCoords === null) return;
+
+        const tileIndex = rendererRef.current.coordinateMapper.coordsToTileIndex(tileCoords.x, tileCoords.y);
+
+        // Handle nation hover detection
+        if (onNationHover) {
+            const nationId = rendererRef.current.getNationAtTile(tileIndex);
+            if (nationId !== lastHoveredNationRef.current) {
+                lastHoveredNationRef.current = nationId;
+                onNationHover(nationId);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Only send map hover if tile changed
+        if (tileIndex !== lastHoveredTileRef.current) {
+            lastHoveredTileRef.current = tileIndex;
+
+            if (gameBridge && typeof gameBridge.sendMapHover === "function") {
+                // We already have worldPos and tileCoords from above
+                gameBridge.sendMapHover({
+                    tile: [tileCoords.x, tileCoords.y],
+                    world_pos: [worldPos.x, worldPos.y],
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }, 10);
+
+    // Handle keyboard input
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        const handleKeyDown = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+            if (typeof gameBridge.sendKeyPress === "function") {
+                gameBridge.sendKeyPress({
+                    key: e.code,
+                    pressed: true,
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
+        const handleKeyUp = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+            if (typeof gameBridge.sendKeyPress === "function") {
+                gameBridge.sendKeyPress({
+                    key: e.code,
+                    pressed: false,
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
+        window.addEventListener("keydown", handleKeyDown);
+        window.addEventListener("keyup", handleKeyUp);
+
+        return () => {
+            window.removeEventListener("keydown", handleKeyDown);
+            window.removeEventListener("keyup", handleKeyUp);
+        };
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    return (
+        <div className={className}>
+            <canvas
+                ref={canvasRef}
+                onMouseMove={handleMouseMove}
+                onContextMenu={(e) => e.preventDefault()}
+                style={{
+                    display: "block",
+                    width: "100%",
+                    height: "100%",
+                    cursor: isInitialized ? undefined : "wait",
+                }}
+            />
+        </div>
+    );
+};
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Leaderboard.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Leaderboard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9332afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Leaderboard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState, useRef } from "react";
+import { useGameBridge } from "@/shared/api";
+import type { LeaderboardSnapshot, UnsubscribeFn } from "@/shared/api/types";
+import * as motion from "motion/react-client";
+import type { Transition } from "motion/react";
+
+// Smart precision algorithm for percentage display
+function calculatePrecision(percentages: number[]): number {
+    if (percentages.length === 0) return 0;
+
+    // Find the minimum non-zero difference between consecutive percentages
+    const sorted = [...percentages].sort((a, b) => b - a);
+    let minDiff = Infinity;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < sorted.length - 1; i++) {
+        const diff = sorted[i] - sorted[i + 1];
+        if (diff > 0) {
+            minDiff = Math.min(minDiff, diff);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If all percentages are the same, use 0 decimal places
+    if (minDiff === Infinity) return 0;
+
+    // Determine precision based on the minimum difference
+    if (minDiff >= 0.1) return 0; // 0.1% or more difference -> 0 decimals
+    if (minDiff >= 0.01) return 1; // 0.01% or more difference -> 1 decimal
+    return 2; // 0.001% or more difference -> 2 decimals (max precision)
+}
+
+const VISIBLE_TOP_N = 8;
+const RENDERED_BUFFER = 15;
+
+const transition: Transition = {
+    type: "tween",
+    duration: 0.5,
+    ease: "easeInOut",
+};
+
+function focusNation(nationId: number) {
+    console.log("Focus nation:", nationId);
+}
+
+export function Leaderboard({
+    initialSnapshot,
+    highlightedNation,
+    onNationHover,
+}: {
+    initialSnapshot?: LeaderboardSnapshot | null;
+    highlightedNation: number | null;
+    onNationHover: (nationId: number | null) => void;
+}) {
+    const gameBridge = useGameBridge();
+    const [collapsed, setCollapsed] = useState(false);
+    const [snapshot, setSnapshot] = useState<LeaderboardSnapshot | null>(initialSnapshot || null);
+    const [status, setStatus] = useState<"loading" | "waiting" | "ready" | "error">(initialSnapshot ? "ready" : "waiting");
+    const [containerHeight, setContainerHeight] = useState<number | null>(null);
+    const tableRef = useRef<HTMLTableElement>(null);
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!gameBridge) return;
+
+        let unsubscribe: UnsubscribeFn = () => {};
+
+        // Subscribe to leaderboard snapshots
+        try {
+            unsubscribe = gameBridge.onLeaderboardSnapshot((snapshotData) => {
+                setSnapshot(snapshotData);
+                setStatus("ready");
+            });
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.warn("Failed to subscribe to leaderboard snapshots:", error);
+            setStatus("error");
+        }
+
+        return () => {
+            unsubscribe();
+        };
+    }, [gameBridge]);
+
+    const { topRows, playerEntry, playerInTopN } = useMemo(() => {
+        if (!snapshot) {
+            return {
+                topRows: [],
+                playerEntry: null,
+                playerInTopN: false,
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Sort entries by display_order for visual positioning
+        const sortedEntries = [...snapshot.entries].sort((a, b) => a.display_order - b.display_order);
+
+        // Render top 15 rows for animation buffer (only top 8 will be visible)
+        const topRows = sortedEntries.slice(0, RENDERED_BUFFER);
+
+        // Find player and check if they're in visible top N
+        const playerEntry = sortedEntries.find((e) => e.id === snapshot.local_nation_id);
+        const visibleTopEntries = sortedEntries.slice(0, VISIBLE_TOP_N);
+        const playerInTopN = playerEntry ? visibleTopEntries.some((e) => e.id === playerEntry.id) : false;
+
+        return {
+            topRows,
+            playerEntry,
+            playerInTopN,
+        };
+    }, [snapshot]);
+
+    const precision = useMemo(() => {
+        if (!snapshot || topRows.length === 0) return 0;
+        const percentages = topRows.map((r) => r.territory_percent);
+        return calculatePrecision(percentages);
+    }, [snapshot, topRows]);
+
+    // Dynamically calculate container height based on actual row height
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!tableRef.current || topRows.length === 0) return;
+
+        // Wait for next frame to ensure rows are rendered
+        requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+            const firstRow = tableRef.current?.querySelector("tr");
+            if (firstRow) {
+                const rowHeight = firstRow.getBoundingClientRect().height;
+                // 8 visible rows with small buffer
+                setContainerHeight(rowHeight * VISIBLE_TOP_N + 1);
+            }
+        });
+    }, [topRows.length]);
+
+    function renderRow(
+        entry: typeof playerEntry,
+        isPlayer: boolean,
+        isHighlighted: boolean,
+        clickBehavior: "focus" | "collapse" | "expand" | "none",
+        showActualRank = false, // If true, show entry.rank; otherwise show display_order + 1
+        animate = true,
+    ) {
+        if (!entry) return null;
+
+        const isClickable = clickBehavior !== "none";
+        const className = `leading-7 transition-colors duration-150 ${
+            isClickable ? "cursor-pointer hover:bg-white/[0.06]" : "cursor-default"
+        } ${isPlayer ? "text-white" : "text-white/75"} ${isHighlighted ? "!bg-white/[0.12]" : ""}`;
+
+        const handleClick = () => {
+            if (clickBehavior === "none") return;
+
+            switch (clickBehavior) {
+                case "focus":
+                    focusNation(entry.id);
+                    break;
+                case "collapse":
+                    setCollapsed(true);
+                    break;
+                case "expand":
+                    setCollapsed(false);
+                    break;
+            }
+        };
+
+        const displayedRank = showActualRank ? entry.rank : entry.display_order + 1;
+
+        const content = (
+            <>
+                <td className="pl-3 pr-2 text-center whitespace-nowrap w-12 min-w-12 tracking-tighter">{displayedRank}</td>
+                <td className="pr-3 text-left overflow-hidden text-ellipsis whitespace-nowrap w-[55%]">
+                    <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                        <div className="size-3 rounded-full shrink-0 shadow-md" style={{ backgroundColor: `#${entry.color}` }} />
+                        <span>{entry.name}</span>
+                    </div>
+                </td>
+                <td className="px-3 text-right whitespace-nowrap w-[20%]">{`${(entry.territory_percent * 100).toFixed(precision)}%`}</td>
+                <td className="pl-3 pr-4 text-right whitespace-nowrap w-[20%] min-w-20">{entry.troops.toLocaleString()}</td>
+            </>
+        );
+
+        if (!animate) {
+            return (
+                <tr
+                    key={entry.id}
+                    className={className}
+                    onClick={handleClick}
+                    onMouseEnter={() => onNationHover(entry.id)}
+                    onMouseLeave={() => onNationHover(null)}
+                >
+                    {content}
+                </tr>
+            );
+        }
+
+        return (
+            <motion.tr
+                key={entry.id}
+                layout
+                layoutId={`nation-${entry.id}`}
+                transition={transition}
+                className={className}
+                onClick={handleClick}
+                onMouseEnter={() => onNationHover(entry.id)}
+                onMouseLeave={() => onNationHover(null)}
+            >
+                {content}
+            </motion.tr>
+        );
+    }
+
+    return (
+        // pointer-events-auto: Required if this component is rendered inside a pointer-events-none container
+        <div
+            className="absolute top-0 left-3 z-10 text-sm select-none pointer-events-auto opacity-60 hover:opacity-100 transition-opacity duration-400 max-xl:text-xs max-[800px]:text-[0.72rem] max-[600px]:text-[0.625rem]"
+            onMouseLeave={() => onNationHover(null)}
+        >
+            <div className="bg-slate-900/60 rounded-bl-lg rounded-br-lg w-96">
+                {status === "ready" && snapshot ? (
+                    <>
+                        <div
+                            className="overflow-hidden"
+                            style={collapsed && playerEntry ? undefined : containerHeight ? { maxHeight: `${containerHeight}px` } : undefined}
+                        >
+                            <table className="w-96 border-collapse" ref={tableRef}>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    {collapsed && playerEntry
+                                        ? renderRow(playerEntry, true, highlightedNation === playerEntry.id, "expand", true, false)
+                                        : topRows.map((r) => {
+                                              const isPlayer = r.id === snapshot.local_nation_id;
+                                              const isHighlighted = highlightedNation === r.id;
+                                              return renderRow(r, isPlayer, isHighlighted, isPlayer ? "none" : "focus");
+                                          })}
+                                </tbody>
+                            </table>
+                        </div>
+
+                        {!collapsed && playerEntry && (
+                            <div className="bg-slate-900/65 rounded-lg">
+                                <table className="w-96 border-collapse">
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        {!playerInTopN ? (
+                                            renderRow(playerEntry, true, highlightedNation === playerEntry.id, "collapse", true)
+                                        ) : (
+                                            <tr>
+                                                <td colSpan={4} className="text-center text-xs text-white/75 py-0.5">
+                                                    <button className="w-full cursor-pointer" onClick={() => setCollapsed(true)}>
+                                                        Collapse
+                                                    </button>
+                                                </td>
+                                            </tr>
+                                        )}
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </table>
+                            </div>
+                        )}
+                    </>
+                ) : (
+                    <div className="p-4 text-center text-slate-400 italic">
+                        {status === "loading" && "Loading leaderboard…"}
+                        {status === "waiting" && "Waiting for updates…"}
+                        {status === "error" && "Error loading leaderboard"}
+                    </div>
+                )}
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Menu.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Menu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af8a8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/game/Menu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { useState } from "react";
+import { Menu, X } from "lucide-react";
+import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
+
+interface GameMenuProps {
+    onExit: () => void;
+    onSettings?: () => void;
+}
+
+export function GameMenu({ onExit, onSettings }: GameMenuProps) {
+    const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false);
+    const [showConfirmation, setShowConfirmation] = useState(false);
+    const [isClosing, setIsClosing] = useState(false);
+
+    const closeConfirmation = () => {
+        setIsClosing(true);
+        setTimeout(() => {
+            setShowConfirmation(false);
+            setIsClosing(false);
+        }, 200);
+    };
+
+    return (
+        <div className="absolute top-4 right-4">
+            {/* pointer-events-auto: Required if this component is rendered inside a pointer-events-none container */}
+            <button
+                className="bg-slate-900/75 border-none rounded-md text-white p-2 cursor-pointer pointer-events-auto flex items-center justify-center transition-colors duration-150 hover:bg-slate-900/90"
+                onClick={() => setIsOpen((prev) => !prev)}
+            >
+                {isOpen ? <X size={20} /> : <Menu size={20} />}
+            </button>
+            {isOpen && (
+                <div className="absolute top-full mt-2 right-0 bg-slate-900/75 rounded-md min-w-36 overflow-hidden">
+                    <button
+                        className={cn(
+                            "w-full bg-transparent border-none text-white py-1.5 px-4 text-right cursor-pointer font-inter transition-colors duration-150 hover:bg-white/6",
+                            { "border-t border-white/10": onSettings },
+                        )}
+                        onClick={() => {
+                            setShowConfirmation(true);
+                            setIsClosing(false);
+                            setIsOpen(false);
+                        }}
+                    >
+                        Exit
+                    </button>
+                </div>
+            )}
+
+            {showConfirmation && (
+                <div
+                    className={cn(
+                        "fixed inset-0 bg-black/50 flex items-center justify-center",
+                        isClosing ? "animate-[fadeOut_forwards] duration-200 ease-out" : "animate-[fadeIn] duration-200 ease-out",
+                    )}
+                    onClick={closeConfirmation}
+                >
+                    <div
+                        className={cn(
+                            "bg-zinc-900 rounded-lg p-8 min-w-80 max-w-96 shadow-lg shadow-zinc-950/50",
+                            isClosing
+                                ? "animate-[slideDown_forwards] duration-200 ease-out"
+                                : "animate-[slideUp] duration-200 ease-out",
+                        )}
+                        onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
+                    >
+                        <h3 className="mb-4 text-white text-xl font-inter font-semibold">Are you sure?</h3>
+                        <p className="mb-6 text-white/80  font-inter leading-normal text-pretty">
+                            You will not be able to return to this game after exiting.
+                        </p>
+                        <div className="flex gap-3 justify-end">
+                            <button
+                                className="border-none rounded-md text-white px-5 cursor-pointer font-inter transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out bg-white/10 hover:bg-white/15"
+                                onClick={closeConfirmation}
+                            >
+                                Nevermind
+                            </button>
+                            <button
+                                className="border-none rounded-md text-white px-5 cursor-pointer font-inter transition-colors duration-150 bg-red-500 font-medium hover:bg-red-400"
+                                onClick={() => {
+                                    setIsClosing(true);
+                                    setTimeout(() => {
+                                        setShowConfirmation(false);
+                                        setIsClosing(false);
+                                        onExit();
+                                    }, 200);
+                                }}
+                            >
+                                I'm sure
+                            </button>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            )}
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/MenuScreen.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/MenuScreen.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2db6dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/MenuScreen.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+import { useState, useEffect, useRef, lazy, Suspense } from "react";
+import { motion, AnimatePresence, Variants } from "motion/react";
+import { Power } from "lucide-react";
+import { OverlayScrollbarsComponent } from "overlayscrollbars-react";
+import { MultiplayerView } from "@/shared/components/menu/views/Multiplayer";
+import { SettingsView } from "@/shared/components/menu/views/Settings";
+import { DownloadsView } from "@/shared/components/menu/views/Downloads";
+import inlineScreenshot from "@/assets/images/screenshot.png?w=100&format=webp&inline&imagetools";
+import singleplayerImage from "@/assets/images/menu/singleplayer.png";
+import multiplayerImage from "@/assets/images/menu/multiplayer.png";
+import settingsImage from "@/assets/images/menu/settings.png";
+import "overlayscrollbars/overlayscrollbars.css";
+import "@/shared/styles/animations.css";
+import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
+
+const AlphaWarningModal = lazy(() => import("@/shared/components/overlays/AlphaWarning"));
+
+type MenuView = "home" | "multiplayer" | "settings" | "downloads";
+
+// Animation constants
+const TRANSITION_CONFIG = {
+    duration: 0.25,
+    ease: [0.4, 0, 0.2, 1] as [number, number, number, number],
+};
+
+const slideVariants: Variants = {
+    homeEnter: { x: "-200%" },
+    contentEnter: { x: "200%" },
+    homeCenter: { x: 0 },
+    contentCenter: { x: 0 },
+    homeExit: { x: "-200%" },
+    contentExit: { x: "200%" },
+};
+
+const cardVariants: Variants = {
+    cardEnter: { y: "100%", opacity: 0 },
+    cardCenter: { y: 0, opacity: 1 },
+    cardExit: { y: "100%", opacity: 0 },
+};
+
+const footerVariants: Variants = {
+    visible: { y: 0, opacity: 1 },
+    hidden: { y: 100, opacity: 0 },
+};
+
+const titleVariants: Variants = {
+    visible: { y: 0, opacity: 1 },
+    hidden: { y: -100, opacity: 0 },
+};
+
+const buttonExitVariants: Variants = {
+    visible: { scale: 1, opacity: 1 },
+    hidden: { scale: 0.8, opacity: 0 },
+};
+
+const backgroundVariants: Variants = {
+    visible: { opacity: 1 },
+    loading: { opacity: 1 },
+    exit: { opacity: 0 },
+};
+
+// Loading percentage constants
+const PROGRESS_RATE = 3; // Controls curve speed - higher = faster approach
+const PROGRESS_CAP = 95; // Max % before game ready (never naturally reaches 100%)
+const FINAL_JUMP_DURATION = 0.2; // Time to jump to 100% when game ready (seconds)
+
+// Shared button styles
+const BASE_BUTTON_CLASSES =
+    "border-none rounded-md cursor-pointer transition-all duration-300 relative overflow-hidden select-none px-4 py-2 text-left shadow-xl flex flex-col justify-start items-start";
+const BUTTON_HOVER_CLASSES =
+    "hover:enabled:-translate-y-1 hover:enabled:shadow-2xl active:enabled:-translate-y-0.5 disabled:cursor-default";
+
+// Internal Components
+interface MenuBackgroundProps {
+    state: "visible" | "loading" | "exit";
+    duration: number;
+    onExitComplete?: () => void;
+}
+
+function MenuBackground({ state, duration, onExitComplete }: MenuBackgroundProps) {
+    return (
+        <motion.div
+            className="absolute inset-0 w-full h-full bg-gradient-to-br from-slate-50 via-slate-200 to-slate-300 overflow-hidden"
+            initial="visible"
+            animate={state}
+            variants={backgroundVariants}
+            transition={{
+                duration: state === "exit" ? duration : 0,
+                ease: [0.4, 0, 0.2, 1],
+            }}
+            onAnimationComplete={(variant) => {
+                if (variant === "exit") {
+                    onExitComplete?.();
+                }
+            }}
+        >
+            <img
+                src={inlineScreenshot}
+                alt="Menu background"
+                className="absolute w-full h-full object-cover blur-[1px] brightness-65 sepia-30 contrast-150 scale-105"
+            />
+            <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-white/40 backdrop-blur"></div>
+        </motion.div>
+    );
+}
+
+interface LoadingPercentageProps {
+    isLoading: boolean;
+    gameReady: boolean;
+}
+
+function LoadingPercentage({ isLoading, gameReady }: LoadingPercentageProps) {
+    const [progress, setProgress] = useState(0);
+    const startTimeRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+    const jumpStartTimeRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+    const jumpStartProgressRef = useRef<number>(0);
+    const animationFrameRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+    const gameReadyRef = useRef(false);
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        gameReadyRef.current = gameReady;
+    }, [gameReady]);
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!isLoading) {
+            setProgress(0);
+            startTimeRef.current = null;
+            jumpStartTimeRef.current = null;
+            jumpStartProgressRef.current = 0;
+            gameReadyRef.current = false;
+            if (animationFrameRef.current) {
+                cancelAnimationFrame(animationFrameRef.current);
+                animationFrameRef.current = null;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        startTimeRef.current = Date.now();
+
+        const animate = () => {
+            if (!startTimeRef.current) return;
+
+            if (gameReadyRef.current && !jumpStartTimeRef.current) {
+                // Game just became ready, start final jump
+                jumpStartTimeRef.current = Date.now();
+                jumpStartProgressRef.current =
+                    PROGRESS_CAP * (1 - Math.exp(-PROGRESS_RATE * ((Date.now() - startTimeRef.current) / 1000)));
+            }
+
+            if (jumpStartTimeRef.current) {
+                // Animate final jump to 100%
+                const elapsed = (Date.now() - jumpStartTimeRef.current) / 1000;
+                const t = Math.min(elapsed / FINAL_JUMP_DURATION, 1);
+                const newProgress = jumpStartProgressRef.current + (100 - jumpStartProgressRef.current) * t;
+
+                setProgress(newProgress);
+
+                if (t < 1) {
+                    animationFrameRef.current = requestAnimationFrame(animate);
+                } else {
+                    setProgress(100);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Exponential curve animation
+                const elapsed = (Date.now() - startTimeRef.current) / 1000;
+                const newProgress = PROGRESS_CAP * (1 - Math.exp(-PROGRESS_RATE * elapsed));
+
+                setProgress(newProgress);
+                animationFrameRef.current = requestAnimationFrame(animate);
+            }
+        };
+
+        animate();
+
+        return () => {
+            if (animationFrameRef.current) {
+                cancelAnimationFrame(animationFrameRef.current);
+            }
+        };
+    }, [isLoading]);
+
+    if (!isLoading) return null;
+
+    const value = Math.round(progress);
+    const hundreds = value >= 100 ? "1" : "";
+    const tens = value >= 10 ? Math.floor((value % 100) / 10).toString() : "";
+    const ones = (value % 10).toString();
+
+    const slotStyle = {
+        fontSize: "clamp(15rem, 35vw, 40rem)",
+        opacity: 0.15,
+        textShadow: "2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), -1px -1px 2px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1)",
+        width: "1ch",
+        textAlign: "center" as const,
+    };
+
+    return (
+        <motion.div
+            className="absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center pointer-events-none"
+            initial={{ opacity: 1 }}
+            animate={{ opacity: gameReadyRef.current ? 0 : 1 }}
+            transition={{ duration: gameReadyRef.current ? 0.8 : 0 }}
+        >
+            <div className="flex font-oswald font-bold text-white select-none leading-none" style={{ marginRight: "clamp(10.5rem, 24.5vw, 28rem)" }}>
+                <span style={slotStyle}>{hundreds}</span>
+                <span style={slotStyle}>{tens}</span>
+                <span style={slotStyle}>{ones}</span>
+                <span style={slotStyle}>%</span>
+            </div>
+        </motion.div>
+    );
+}
+
+interface MenuHeaderProps {
+    shouldHide: boolean;
+    duration: number;
+}
+
+function MenuHeader({ shouldHide, duration }: MenuHeaderProps) {
+    return (
+        // Click-through header: pointer-events-none prevents blocking interactions with elements below
+        <motion.div
+            className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2 w-full py-8 mt-8 bg-zinc-900/45 backdrop-blur-lg backdrop-contrast-150 pointer-events-none"
+            initial="visible"
+            animate={shouldHide ? "hidden" : "visible"}
+            variants={titleVariants}
+            transition={{ duration, ease: TRANSITION_CONFIG.ease }}
+        >
+            <h1 className="font-oswald uppercase text-8xl font-semibold select-none text-white m-0 leading-[0.8] text-shadow-lg animate-[shimmer] duration-3000 ease-in-out">
+                Iron Borders
+            </h1>
+        </motion.div>
+    );
+}
+
+interface MenuFooterProps {
+    shouldHide: boolean;
+    onExit: () => void;
+    onVersionClick: () => void;
+    duration: number;
+}
+
+function MenuFooter({ shouldHide, onExit, onVersionClick, duration }: MenuFooterProps) {
+    return (
+        // Click-through container: pointer-events-none allows clicks through to menu cards.
+        // Interactive children (buttons, links) use pointer-events-auto to re-enable interaction.
+        <motion.div
+            className="fixed bottom-6 inset-x-0 flex justify-between items-end pr-12 pl-8 pointer-events-none z-50"
+            initial="visible"
+            animate={shouldHide ? "hidden" : "visible"}
+            variants={footerVariants}
+            transition={{ duration, ease: TRANSITION_CONFIG.ease }}
+        >
+            <div className="flex items-end">
+                {__DESKTOP__ && (
+                    <button
+                        className="flex items-center justify-center bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer transition-all duration-200 text-white opacity-85 mix-blend-screen pointer-events-auto drop-shadow-lg hover:opacity-100 hover:scale-110 hover:drop-shadow-md active:scale-90 focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-white/50 focus-visible:outline-offset-4"
+                        onClick={onExit}
+                    >
+                        <Power size={40} strokeWidth={2.5} />
+                    </button>
+                )}
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex flex-col items-end">
+                <button
+                    className="font-oswald text-3xl font-bold p-0 bg-transparent text-white border-none cursor-pointer transition-all duration-200 pointer-events-auto select-none uppercase tracking-tight inline-block relative shadow-none drop-shadow-md hover:-translate-y-px active:translate-y-0 active:bg-transparent leading-4"
+                    onClick={onVersionClick}
+                    title={`Git: ${__GIT_COMMIT__.substring(0, 7)}\nBuild: ${new Date(__BUILD_TIME__).toLocaleString()}`}
+                >
+                    <span className="drop-shadow-md">
+                        {__APP_VERSION__ === "0.0.0" ? "Unknown Version" : `v${__APP_VERSION__.trimEnd()}`}
+                    </span>
+                    <span className="text-[#ffc56d] absolute -right-3 top-0 drop-shadow-md">*</span>
+                </button>
+                <div className="pointer-events-auto select-none">
+                    <a
+                        className="text-shadow-md text-gray-50 hover:text-gray-100 transition-colors duration-200"
+                        href="https://github.com/Xevion"
+                        target="_blank"
+                    >
+                        © 2025 Ryan Walters
+                    </a>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </motion.div>
+    );
+}
+
+type ButtonColorScheme = "orange" | "blue" | "beige";
+
+interface MenuButtonProps {
+    title: string;
+    description: string;
+    onClick: () => void;
+    colorScheme: ButtonColorScheme;
+    image?: string;
+    imagePosition?: "left" | "right";
+    className?: string;
+    disabled?: boolean;
+}
+
+function MenuButton({
+    title,
+    description,
+    onClick,
+    colorScheme,
+    image,
+    imagePosition = "right",
+    className,
+    disabled = false,
+}: MenuButtonProps) {
+    const colorClasses = {
+        orange: "bg-[#c77a06] text-white active:enabled:bg-[#a66305]",
+        blue: "bg-[#4591c0] text-white active:enabled:bg-[#3c7397]",
+        beige: "bg-[#f1ebdb] text-[#424c4a] active:enabled:bg-[#d9d1bb]",
+    };
+
+    const hasWhiteText = colorScheme === "orange" || colorScheme === "blue";
+
+    return (
+        <button
+            className={cn(
+                BASE_BUTTON_CLASSES,
+                BUTTON_HOVER_CLASSES,
+                colorClasses[colorScheme],
+                { BUTTON_TEXT_SHADOW: hasWhiteText },
+                className,
+            )}
+            onClick={onClick}
+            disabled={disabled}
+        >
+            {image && (
+                <img
+                    src={image}
+                    alt=""
+                    className={cn(
+                        "absolute bottom-0 w-full h-auto object-contain pointer-events-none z-0 drop-shadow-lg [image-rendering:pixelated]",
+                        imagePosition === "left" ? "left-0" : "right-0",
+                    )}
+                />
+            )}
+            <div>
+                <h2 className="font-oswald text-[2rem] font-bold mb-1 uppercase tracking-wide">{title}</h2>
+                <p className="leading-6 opacity-95">{description}</p>
+            </div>
+        </button>
+    );
+}
+
+interface MenuScreenProps {
+    onStartSingleplayer: () => void;
+    onExit: () => void;
+    isExiting?: boolean;
+    gameReady?: boolean;
+    onExitComplete?: () => void;
+}
+
+export function MenuScreen({ onStartSingleplayer, onExit, isExiting = false, gameReady = false, onExitComplete }: MenuScreenProps) {
+    const [activeView, setActiveView] = useState<MenuView>("home");
+    const [isModalOpen, setIsModalOpen] = useState(false);
+    const [transitionStartTime, setTransitionStartTime] = useState<number | null>(null);
+
+    // Handle browser back/forward navigation
+    useEffect(() => {
+        const handlePopState = (event: PopStateEvent) => {
+            const view = (event.state?.view as MenuView) || "home";
+            setActiveView(view);
+        };
+
+        window.addEventListener("popstate", handlePopState);
+        return () => window.removeEventListener("popstate", handlePopState);
+    }, []);
+
+    const handleSingleplayerClick = () => {
+        setTransitionStartTime(Date.now());
+        onStartSingleplayer();
+    };
+
+    const handleNavigate = (view: MenuView) => {
+        setActiveView(view);
+        window.history.pushState({ view }, "");
+    };
+
+    const handleBackToHome = () => {
+        setActiveView("home");
+        window.history.replaceState({ view: "home" }, "");
+    };
+
+    // Calculate transition timings based on load speed
+    const loadTime = transitionStartTime && gameReady ? Date.now() - transitionStartTime : null;
+    const isFastLoad = loadTime !== null && loadTime < 500;
+
+    // Transition durations (in seconds)
+    const componentExitDuration = isFastLoad ? 0.15 : 0.25;
+    const backgroundFadeDuration = isFastLoad ? 0.5 : 0.8;
+
+    // Determine current state for animations
+    const shouldHideChrome = activeView === "multiplayer" || isExiting;
+    const backgroundState = !isExiting ? "visible" : gameReady ? "exit" : "loading";
+
+    const handleBackgroundExitComplete = () => {
+        if (gameReady && backgroundState === "exit") {
+            onExitComplete?.();
+        }
+    };
+
+    return (
+        <div className="fixed inset-0 flex items-center justify-center select-none z-50">
+            <MenuBackground state={backgroundState} duration={backgroundFadeDuration} onExitComplete={handleBackgroundExitComplete} />
+            <LoadingPercentage isLoading={backgroundState === "loading" || backgroundState === "exit"} gameReady={gameReady} />
+
+            <OverlayScrollbarsComponent
+                className="absolute inset-0 w-full h-full z-1 overflow-x-hidden"
+                defer
+                options={{ scrollbars: { autoHide: "scroll" }, overflow: { x: "hidden" } }}
+            >
+                <div className="flex flex-col items-center text-center w-full min-h-full">
+                    <MenuHeader shouldHide={shouldHideChrome} duration={componentExitDuration} />
+
+                    <AnimatePresence mode="wait" initial={false}>
+                        {activeView === "home" ? (
+                            <motion.div
+                                key="home"
+                                className="grid grid-cols-[1fr_2fr] gap-4 w-full max-w-3xl my-12 mx-auto pointer-events-auto"
+                                initial="homeEnter"
+                                animate={isExiting ? "hidden" : "homeCenter"}
+                                exit="homeExit"
+                                variants={{ ...slideVariants, ...buttonExitVariants }}
+                                transition={{
+                                    duration: isExiting ? componentExitDuration : TRANSITION_CONFIG.duration,
+                                    ease: TRANSITION_CONFIG.ease,
+                                }}
+                            >
+                                <MenuButton
+                                    title="Local"
+                                    description="Battle against AI opponents in strategic territorial warfare"
+                                    onClick={handleSingleplayerClick}
+                                    colorScheme="orange"
+                                    image={singleplayerImage}
+                                    imagePosition="left"
+                                    className="rounded-md shadow-lg aspect-[1/2]"
+                                    disabled={isExiting}
+                                />
+
+                                <div className="flex flex-col gap-[1.05rem] aspect-square">
+                                    <MenuButton
+                                        title="Multiplayer"
+                                        description="Challenge other players in real-time matches"
+                                        onClick={() => handleNavigate("multiplayer")}
+                                        colorScheme="blue"
+                                        image={multiplayerImage}
+                                        className="flex-1"
+                                    />
+
+                                    <MenuButton
+                                        title="Settings"
+                                        description="Customize your experience"
+                                        onClick={() => handleNavigate("settings")}
+                                        colorScheme="beige"
+                                        image={settingsImage}
+                                        className="flex-1"
+                                    />
+                                </div>
+
+                                {!__DESKTOP__ && (
+                                    <MenuButton
+                                        title="Downloads"
+                                        description="Get standalone versions for Windows, Mac, and Linux"
+                                        onClick={() => handleNavigate("downloads")}
+                                        colorScheme="beige"
+                                        className="col-span-full"
+                                    />
+                                )}
+                            </motion.div>
+                        ) : activeView === "multiplayer" ? (
+                            <motion.div
+                                key="multiplayer"
+                                className="absolute inset-0 w-full h-full min-h-full"
+                                initial="contentEnter"
+                                animate="contentCenter"
+                                exit="contentExit"
+                                variants={slideVariants}
+                                transition={TRANSITION_CONFIG}
+                            >
+                                <MultiplayerView onBack={handleBackToHome} />
+                            </motion.div>
+                        ) : (
+                            <motion.div
+                                key={activeView}
+                                className="grid grid-cols-[1fr_2fr] gap-4 w-full max-w-3xl my-12 mx-auto pointer-events-auto"
+                                initial="cardEnter"
+                                animate="cardCenter"
+                                exit="cardExit"
+                                variants={cardVariants}
+                                transition={TRANSITION_CONFIG}
+                            >
+                                {activeView === "settings" && <SettingsView />}
+                                {activeView === "downloads" && <DownloadsView />}
+                            </motion.div>
+                        )}
+                    </AnimatePresence>
+                </div>
+            </OverlayScrollbarsComponent>
+
+            <MenuFooter
+                shouldHide={shouldHideChrome}
+                onExit={onExit}
+                onVersionClick={() => setIsModalOpen(true)}
+                duration={componentExitDuration}
+            />
+
+            <Suspense fallback={null}>
+                <AlphaWarningModal open={isModalOpen} onOpenChange={setIsModalOpen} />
+            </Suspense>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Downloads.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Downloads.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e60c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Downloads.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import { Download } from "lucide-react";
+import { FeatureCard } from "@/shared/components/menu/views/FeatureCard";
+
+export function DownloadsView() {
+    return (
+        <div className="col-span-full flex items-center justify-center">
+            <div className="w-full max-w-4xl bg-parchment/95 backdrop-blur-xl rounded-xl shadow-2xl p-10 box-border overflow-y-auto">
+                <h1 className="font-oswald text-5xl font-bold uppercase m-0 mb-6 text-[#424c4a] tracking-wide text-center">
+                    Downloads
+                </h1>
+                <div className="flex flex-col gap-6">
+                    <p className="font-sans text-2xl font-normal opacity-80 m-0 text-center">Standalone applications coming soon...</p>
+                    <div className="flex flex-col gap-6 mt-8">
+                        <FeatureCard
+                            title="Windows"
+                            description="Native desktop application for Windows 10+"
+                            icon={<Download size={24} />}
+                        />
+                        <FeatureCard
+                            title="macOS"
+                            description="Universal binary for Apple Silicon and Intel Macs"
+                            icon={<Download size={24} />}
+                        />
+                        <FeatureCard
+                            title="Linux"
+                            description="AppImage and Debian packages available"
+                            icon={<Download size={24} />}
+                        />
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/FeatureCard.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/FeatureCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6cbdfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/FeatureCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
+
+export interface FeatureCardProps {
+    title: string;
+    description: string;
+    icon?: React.ReactNode;
+    variant?: "default" | "multiplayer";
+    className?: string;
+}
+
+export function FeatureCard({ title, description, icon, variant = "default", className }: FeatureCardProps) {
+    return (
+        <div
+            className={cn(
+                "p-8 rounded-xl shadow-lg transition-all duration-200",
+                "hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:shadow-xl",
+                variant === "multiplayer" && "bg-white/10 backdrop-blur-sm",
+                className,
+            )}
+        >
+            {icon ? (
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2">
+                    {icon}
+                    <h3 className="font-oswald text-3xl md:text-2xl font-semibold uppercase tracking-tight m-0">{title}</h3>
+                </div>
+            ) : (
+                <h3 className="font-oswald text-3xl md:text-2xl font-semibold uppercase tracking-tight m-0 mb-2">{title}</h3>
+            )}
+            <p className="font-sans text-base md:text-sm m-0 opacity-90 leading-normal">{description}</p>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Multiplayer.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Multiplayer.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5a07f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Multiplayer.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { ArrowLeft } from "lucide-react";
+import { FeatureCard } from "@/shared/components/menu/views/FeatureCard";
+
+interface MultiplayerViewProps {
+    onBack: () => void;
+}
+
+export function MultiplayerView({ onBack }: MultiplayerViewProps) {
+    return (
+        <div className="w-full min-h-full flex flex-col p-12 box-border bg-gradient-to-br from-[#4591c0] to-[#3c7397] text-white">
+            <button
+                className="fixed top-8 left-8 flex items-center gap-2 px-5 py-3 bg-white/15 backdrop-blur-lg border-none rounded-lg text-white font-sans text-base font-semibold cursor-pointer transition-all duration-200 z-50 shadow-md hover:bg-white/25 hover:-translate-x-1 hover:shadow-xl active:-translate-x-0.5"
+                onClick={onBack}
+                aria-label="Back to menu"
+            >
+                <ArrowLeft size={32} strokeWidth={2.5} />
+                <span>Back</span>
+            </button>
+
+            <div className="max-w-4xl w-full mx-auto pt-16">
+                <h1 className="font-oswald text-7xl font-bold uppercase mb-8 drop-shadow-lg tracking-wide">Multiplayer</h1>
+                <div className="flex flex-col gap-8">
+                    <p className="font-sans text-2xl font-normal opacity-80 m-0 text-center">Multiplayer lobby coming soon...</p>
+                    <div className="flex flex-col gap-6 mt-8">
+                        <FeatureCard
+                            title="Real-time Matches"
+                            description="Challenge players from around the world"
+                            variant="multiplayer"
+                        />
+                        <FeatureCard
+                            title="Ranked Play"
+                            description="Climb the leaderboard and prove your strategic prowess"
+                            variant="multiplayer"
+                        />
+                        <FeatureCard title="Custom Lobbies" description="Create private matches with friends" variant="multiplayer" />
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Settings.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Settings.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4e8186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/menu/views/Settings.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { FeatureCard } from "@/shared/components/menu/views/FeatureCard";
+
+export function SettingsView() {
+    return (
+        <div className="col-span-full flex items-center justify-center">
+            <div className="w-full max-w-4xl bg-parchment/95 backdrop-blur-xl rounded-xl shadow-2xl p-10 box-border overflow-y-auto">
+                <h1 className="font-oswald text-5xl font-bold uppercase m-0 mb-6 text-[#424c4a] tracking-wide text-center">
+                    Settings
+                </h1>
+                <div className="flex flex-col gap-6">
+                    <p className="font-sans text-2xl font-normal opacity-80 m-0 text-center">Settings panel coming soon...</p>
+                    <div className="flex flex-col gap-6 mt-8">
+                        <FeatureCard title="Graphics" description="Adjust visual quality and performance" />
+                        <FeatureCard title="Audio" description="Configure sound effects and music volume" />
+                        <FeatureCard title="Controls" description="Customize keybindings and input preferences" />
+                        <FeatureCard title="Accessibility" description="Enable colorblind modes and UI scaling" />
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/AlphaWarning.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/AlphaWarning.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..160e12a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/AlphaWarning.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import * as Dialog from "@radix-ui/react-dialog";
+import { BlurOverlay } from "@/shared/components/overlays/BlurOverlay";
+
+interface AlphaWarningModalProps {
+    open: boolean;
+    onOpenChange: (open: boolean) => void;
+}
+
+export function AlphaWarningModal({ open, onOpenChange }: AlphaWarningModalProps) {
+    return (
+        <BlurOverlay open={open} onOpenChange={onOpenChange}>
+            <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center max-w-lg text-center gap-6 select-none mx-6">
+                <Dialog.Title className="font-oswald text-6xl font-extrabold uppercase tracking-wide text-white text-shadow-md">
+                    Alpha Software
+                </Dialog.Title>
+                <Dialog.Description className="text-2xl leading-7 text-slate-100 text-shadow-sm">
+                    This application is in early development. Expect bugs, missing features, and breaking changes. Your feedback is
+                    appreciated as we continue building.
+                </Dialog.Description>
+            </div>
+        </BlurOverlay>
+    );
+}
+
+export default AlphaWarningModal;
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/BlurOverlay.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/BlurOverlay.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4610d21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/BlurOverlay.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import { X } from "lucide-react";
+import * as Dialog from "@radix-ui/react-dialog";
+import { MouseEvent, ReactNode, useMemo } from "react";
+import "@/shared/styles/animations.css";
+
+interface BlurOverlayProps {
+    open: boolean;
+    onOpenChange?: (open: boolean) => void;
+    children: ReactNode;
+    showCloseButton?: boolean;
+}
+
+export function BlurOverlay({ open, onOpenChange, children, showCloseButton = true }: BlurOverlayProps) {
+    const handleBackdropClick = (e: MouseEvent) => {
+        if (e.target === e.currentTarget) {
+            onOpenChange?.(false);
+        }
+    };
+
+    const closeButton = useMemo(() => {
+        return (
+            <div className="absolute top-12 right-12 max-md:top-6 max-md:right-6">
+                <Dialog.Close asChild>
+                    <button
+                        className="flex items-center justify-center cursor-pointer transition-all duration-200 text-white opacity-60 mix-blend-screen hover:opacity-100 hover:scale-110 active:scale-90 focus:outline-none focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-white/50 focus-visible:outline-offset-4"
+                        aria-label="Close"
+                    >
+                        <X size={64} strokeWidth={2.5} />
+                    </button>
+                </Dialog.Close>
+            </div>
+        );
+    }, []);
+
+    return (
+        <Dialog.Root open={open} onOpenChange={onOpenChange ?? undefined}>
+            <Dialog.Portal>
+                <Dialog.Overlay className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/50 fade-blur-in" />
+                <Dialog.Content
+                    className="fixed inset-0 flex flex-col items-center justify-center outline-none fade-in"
+                    onPointerDown={handleBackdropClick}
+                >
+                    {showCloseButton && closeButton}
+                    {children}
+                </Dialog.Content>
+            </Dialog.Portal>
+        </Dialog.Root>
+    );
+}
+
+export default BlurOverlay;
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/GameEnd.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/GameEnd.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b1f96d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/GameEnd.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import type { GameOutcome } from "@/shared/api/types";
+
+interface GameEndOverlayProps {
+    outcome: GameOutcome;
+    onSpectate: () => void;
+    onExit: () => void;
+}
+
+export function GameEndOverlay({ outcome, onSpectate, onExit }: GameEndOverlayProps) {
+    return (
+        <div className="fixed top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex items-center justify-center z-1000 pointer-events-none">
+            <div className="pointer-events-auto user-select-none w-80 text-sm">
+                {/* Victory/Defeat text */}
+                <div className="bg-slate-900/75 p-6 text-center rounded-t-md">
+                    <div className="font-oswald text-2xl font-medium mb-2">{outcome === "Victory" ? "Victory" : "Defeat"}</div>
+                    {/* TODO: Make subtitle dynamic based on win/loss condition:
+              - Victory by elimination: "You destroyed all other Nations."
+              - Victory by occupation: "You reached 80% occupation of the map."
+              - Defeat by elimination: "Your nation was eradicated."
+              - Defeat by enemy occupation: "{NationName} reached 80% occupation of the map."
+          */}
+                    <div className="font-inter text-lg font-medium opacity-85">
+                        {outcome === "Victory" ? "You conquered the map." : "Your nation fell."}
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+
+                {/* Button row */}
+                <div className="flex bg-slate-900/60 rounded-b-md">
+                    <button
+                        className="bg-transparent flex-1 p-3 border-none text-white font-inter text-lg font-medium transition-colors duration-150 hover:bg-white/6 cursor-pointer"
+                        onClick={onSpectate}
+                        onMouseEnter={(e) => {
+                            e.currentTarget.style.background = "rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06)";
+                        }}
+                        onMouseLeave={(e) => {
+                            e.currentTarget.style.background = "transparent";
+                        }}
+                    >
+                        Spectate
+                    </button>
+                    <button
+                        className="bg-transparent flex-1 p-3 border-none text-white font-inter text-lg font-medium transition-colors duration-150 hover:bg-white/6 cursor-pointer"
+                        onClick={onExit}
+                        onMouseEnter={(e) => {
+                            e.currentTarget.style.background = "rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06)";
+                        }}
+                        onMouseLeave={(e) => {
+                            e.currentTarget.style.background = "transparent";
+                        }}
+                    >
+                        Exit
+                    </button>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
+
+export default GameEndOverlay;
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/SpawnPhase.tsx b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/SpawnPhase.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45ac2ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/components/overlays/SpawnPhase.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import { useState, useEffect } from "react";
+
+interface SpawnPhaseOverlayProps {
+    isVisible: boolean;
+    countdown: { startedAtMs: number; durationSecs: number } | null;
+}
+
+export function SpawnPhaseOverlay({ isVisible, countdown }: SpawnPhaseOverlayProps) {
+    const [progress, setProgress] = useState(1.0); // 1.0 = full, 0.0 = empty
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!isVisible || !countdown) {
+            setProgress(1.0);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const animate = () => {
+            const nowMs = Date.now();
+            const elapsedMs = nowMs - countdown.startedAtMs;
+            const elapsedSecs = elapsedMs / 1000;
+            const remaining = Math.max(0, countdown.durationSecs - elapsedSecs);
+            const newProgress = remaining / countdown.durationSecs;
+
+            setProgress(newProgress);
+
+            if (newProgress > 0) {
+                requestAnimationFrame(animate);
+            }
+        };
+
+        const frameId = requestAnimationFrame(animate);
+        return () => cancelAnimationFrame(frameId);
+    }, [isVisible, countdown]);
+
+    // Hide overlay when explicitly hidden or when countdown reaches 0
+    if (!isVisible || progress <= 0) return null;
+
+    return (
+        // Timeout bar only - sits at top of UI container
+        <div className="w-full h-2 pointer-events-none relative bg-black/50 overflow-hidden">
+            <div
+                className="h-full bg-gradient-to-r from-green-500 to-lime-400"
+                style={{ width: `${progress * 100}%` }}
+            />
+        </div>
+    );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/hooks/index.ts b/frontend/src/shared/hooks/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0945bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/hooks/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export * from "@/shared/hooks/useThrottledCallback";
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/hooks/useThrottledCallback.ts b/frontend/src/shared/hooks/useThrottledCallback.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b60519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/hooks/useThrottledCallback.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import { useCallback, useRef } from "react";
+
+/**
+ * Creates a throttled callback with trailing edge behavior.
+ * Ensures the last call is executed after the throttle period elapses.
+ *
+ * @param callback - The function to throttle
+ * @param delay - The throttle delay in milliseconds
+ * @returns A throttled version of the callback
+ */
+export function useThrottledCallback<T extends (...args: any[]) => void>(callback: T, delay: number): T {
+    const lastCallTimeRef = useRef<number>(0);
+    const pendingTimeoutRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+    const callbackRef = useRef(callback);
+
+    // Keep callback ref updated
+    callbackRef.current = callback;
+
+    const throttledCallback = useCallback(
+        (...args: Parameters<T>) => {
+            const now = Date.now();
+            const timeSinceLastCall = now - lastCallTimeRef.current;
+
+            const executeCallback = () => {
+                callbackRef.current(...args);
+            };
+
+            if (timeSinceLastCall >= delay) {
+                // Execute immediately if throttle period has elapsed
+                executeCallback();
+                lastCallTimeRef.current = now;
+
+                // Clear any pending timeout since we just executed
+                if (pendingTimeoutRef.current !== null) {
+                    clearTimeout(pendingTimeoutRef.current);
+                    pendingTimeoutRef.current = null;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Schedule execution after the remaining throttle period
+                if (pendingTimeoutRef.current !== null) {
+                    clearTimeout(pendingTimeoutRef.current);
+                }
+
+                const remainingTime = delay - timeSinceLastCall;
+                pendingTimeoutRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+                    executeCallback();
+                    lastCallTimeRef.current = Date.now();
+                    pendingTimeoutRef.current = null;
+                }, remainingTime);
+            }
+        },
+        [delay],
+    ) as T;
+
+    // Cleanup on unmount
+    const cleanupRef = useRef(() => {
+        if (pendingTimeoutRef.current !== null) {
+            clearTimeout(pendingTimeoutRef.current);
+            pendingTimeoutRef.current = null;
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Update cleanup function
+    cleanupRef.current = () => {
+        if (pendingTimeoutRef.current !== null) {
+            clearTimeout(pendingTimeoutRef.current);
+            pendingTimeoutRef.current = null;
+        }
+    };
+
+    return throttledCallback;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/render/CameraController.ts b/frontend/src/shared/render/CameraController.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4f53ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/render/CameraController.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+import { Container } from "pixi.js";
+
+// Camera zoom constraints (shared with GameRenderer)
+const MIN_CAMERA_SCALE = 0.5;
+const MAX_CAMERA_SCALE = 13.5;
+
+export class CameraController {
+    private container: Container;
+    private canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
+    private isDragging = false;
+    private lastMouseX = 0;
+    private lastMouseY = 0;
+    private mouseDownX = 0;
+    private mouseDownY = 0;
+    private hasDragged = false;
+    private scale = 1;
+    private readonly minScale = MIN_CAMERA_SCALE;
+    private readonly maxScale = MAX_CAMERA_SCALE;
+
+    // Zoom sensitivity configuration
+    private readonly BASE_ZOOM_SENSITIVITY = 0.15; // Base: 10% zoom per scroll
+    private readonly ZOOM_IN_SENSITIVITY = 1.1; // 90% of base (10% less sensitive)
+    private readonly ZOOM_OUT_SENSITIVITY = 0.9; // 120% of base (20% more sensitive)
+
+    // Smooth interpolation state
+    private targetX = 0;
+    private targetY = 0;
+    private targetScale = 1;
+    private lerpFactor = 0.15; // Smoothness factor (0.1-0.2 is good range)
+    private isAnimating = false;
+
+    // Animation loop control
+    private animationFrameId: number | null = null;
+
+    // Event listener references for cleanup
+    private wheelHandler?: (e: WheelEvent) => void;
+    private mouseDownHandler?: (e: MouseEvent) => void;
+    private mouseMoveHandler?: (e: MouseEvent) => void;
+    private mouseUpHandler?: () => void;
+
+    // Track if window listeners are attached (during drag)
+    private windowListenersAttached = false;
+
+    constructor(container: Container, canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
+        this.container = container;
+        this.canvas = canvas;
+        this.setupEventListeners(canvas);
+        this.startAnimationLoop();
+    }
+
+    private startAnimationLoop() {
+        // Animation loop is started on demand, not continuously
+        // This is handled by updateSmooth() which requests next frame if needed
+    }
+
+    private lerp(current: number, target: number, factor: number): number {
+        return current + (target - current) * factor;
+    }
+
+    private updateSmooth() {
+        const threshold = 0.01; // Stop animating when close enough
+
+        // Interpolate position
+        const oldX = this.container.x;
+        const oldY = this.container.y;
+        this.container.x = this.lerp(this.container.x, this.targetX, this.lerpFactor);
+        this.container.y = this.lerp(this.container.y, this.targetY, this.lerpFactor);
+
+        // Interpolate scale
+        const oldScale = this.scale;
+        this.scale = this.lerp(this.scale, this.targetScale, this.lerpFactor);
+        this.container.scale.set(this.scale);
+
+        // Check if we're close enough to stop animating
+        const posChanged = Math.abs(this.container.x - oldX) > threshold || Math.abs(this.container.y - oldY) > threshold;
+        const scaleChanged = Math.abs(this.scale - oldScale) > threshold;
+
+        if (posChanged || scaleChanged) {
+            if (!this.isAnimating) {
+                this.isAnimating = true;
+            }
+            // Continue animation
+            this.animationFrameId = requestAnimationFrame(() => this.updateSmooth());
+        } else if (this.isAnimating) {
+            this.isAnimating = false;
+            // Snap to final position
+            this.container.x = this.targetX;
+            this.container.y = this.targetY;
+            this.scale = this.targetScale;
+            this.container.scale.set(this.scale);
+            // Animation stopped - no need to request next frame
+            this.animationFrameId = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ensureAnimationRunning() {
+        // Start animation loop if not already running
+        if (this.animationFrameId === null) {
+            this.animationFrameId = requestAnimationFrame(() => this.updateSmooth());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private setupEventListeners(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
+        // Mouse wheel zoom
+        this.wheelHandler = (e: WheelEvent) => {
+            // Skip zoom when shift is pressed (reserved for attack controls)
+            if (e.shiftKey) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            e.preventDefault();
+
+            const delta = -e.deltaY;
+            const scaleFactor =
+                delta > 0
+                    ? 1 + this.BASE_ZOOM_SENSITIVITY * this.ZOOM_IN_SENSITIVITY // Zooming in: base * 0.9
+                    : 1 - this.BASE_ZOOM_SENSITIVITY * this.ZOOM_OUT_SENSITIVITY; // Zooming out: base * 1.2
+            const newScale = this.targetScale * scaleFactor;
+
+            if (newScale >= this.minScale && newScale <= this.maxScale) {
+                // Get mouse position relative to canvas
+                const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+                const mouseX = e.clientX - rect.left;
+                const mouseY = e.clientY - rect.top;
+
+                // Calculate world position before zoom using TARGET scale
+                const worldX = (mouseX - this.targetX) / this.targetScale;
+                const worldY = (mouseY - this.targetY) / this.targetScale;
+
+                // Update target scale
+                this.targetScale = newScale;
+
+                // Adjust target position to keep mouse point stable
+                this.targetX = mouseX - worldX * this.targetScale;
+                this.targetY = mouseY - worldY * this.targetScale;
+
+                // Ensure animation loop is running
+                this.ensureAnimationRunning();
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Mouse down - prepare for potential drag
+        this.mouseDownHandler = (e: MouseEvent) => {
+            if (e.button === 0) {
+                // Left mouse button only
+                this.isDragging = true;
+                this.hasDragged = false;
+                this.lastMouseX = e.clientX;
+                this.lastMouseY = e.clientY;
+                this.mouseDownX = e.clientX;
+                this.mouseDownY = e.clientY;
+
+                // Attach window-level listeners to track mouse even over UI elements
+                this.attachWindowListeners();
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Mouse move - pan
+        this.mouseMoveHandler = (e: MouseEvent) => {
+            if (this.isDragging) {
+                const dx = e.clientX - this.lastMouseX;
+                const dy = e.clientY - this.lastMouseY;
+
+                // Check if user has moved enough to count as a drag (3px threshold)
+                const totalMoved = Math.abs(e.clientX - this.mouseDownX) + Math.abs(e.clientY - this.mouseDownY);
+                if (totalMoved > 3 && !this.hasDragged) {
+                    this.hasDragged = true;
+                    canvas.style.cursor = "grabbing";
+                }
+
+                // Update target position for smooth dragging
+                this.targetX += dx;
+                this.targetY += dy;
+
+                // Also update current position directly for responsive feel during drag
+                this.container.x += dx;
+                this.container.y += dy;
+
+                this.lastMouseX = e.clientX;
+                this.lastMouseY = e.clientY;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Mouse up - stop dragging
+        const stopDragging = () => {
+            if (this.isDragging) {
+                this.isDragging = false;
+                canvas.style.cursor = "default";
+
+                // Remove window-level listeners
+                this.detachWindowListeners();
+            }
+        };
+
+        this.mouseUpHandler = stopDragging;
+
+        canvas.addEventListener("wheel", this.wheelHandler);
+        canvas.addEventListener("mousedown", this.mouseDownHandler);
+    }
+
+    // Attach mousemove and mouseup to window during drag
+    private attachWindowListeners() {
+        if (this.windowListenersAttached) return;
+
+        if (this.mouseMoveHandler) {
+            window.addEventListener("mousemove", this.mouseMoveHandler);
+        }
+        if (this.mouseUpHandler) {
+            window.addEventListener("mouseup", this.mouseUpHandler);
+        }
+
+        this.windowListenersAttached = true;
+    }
+
+    // Detach window listeners when drag ends
+    private detachWindowListeners() {
+        if (!this.windowListenersAttached) return;
+
+        if (this.mouseMoveHandler) {
+            window.removeEventListener("mousemove", this.mouseMoveHandler);
+        }
+        if (this.mouseUpHandler) {
+            window.removeEventListener("mouseup", this.mouseUpHandler);
+        }
+
+        this.windowListenersAttached = false;
+    }
+
+    // Check if the last interaction was a drag (for click filtering)
+    public hadCameraInteraction(): boolean {
+        return this.hasDragged;
+    }
+
+    // Public methods for backend control
+    centerOnTile(tileX: number, tileY: number, animate: boolean = false) {
+        // Convert tile coordinates to world position (center of tile)
+        const worldX = tileX + 0.5;
+        const worldY = tileY + 0.5;
+
+        // Center the camera on the world position
+        const newX = this.canvas.width / 2 - worldX * this.scale;
+        const newY = this.canvas.height / 2 - worldY * this.scale;
+
+        if (animate) {
+            // Smooth animation - set target
+            this.targetX = newX;
+            this.targetY = newY;
+            this.ensureAnimationRunning();
+        } else {
+            // Instant - set both current and target
+            this.container.x = newX;
+            this.container.y = newY;
+            this.targetX = newX;
+            this.targetY = newY;
+        }
+    }
+
+    setZoom(zoom: number, animate: boolean = false) {
+        const newScale = Math.max(this.minScale, Math.min(this.maxScale, zoom));
+
+        if (animate) {
+            // Smooth animation - set target
+            this.targetScale = newScale;
+            this.ensureAnimationRunning();
+        } else {
+            // Instant - set both current and target
+            this.scale = newScale;
+            this.targetScale = newScale;
+            this.container.scale.set(this.scale);
+        }
+    }
+
+    panBy(dx: number, dy: number, animate: boolean = false) {
+        if (animate) {
+            // Smooth animation - add to target
+            this.targetX += dx;
+            this.targetY += dy;
+            this.ensureAnimationRunning();
+        } else {
+            // Instant - add to both current and target
+            this.container.x += dx;
+            this.container.y += dy;
+            this.targetX += dx;
+            this.targetY += dy;
+        }
+    }
+
+    reset() {
+        this.scale = 1;
+        this.targetScale = 1;
+        this.container.scale.set(1);
+        this.container.x = 0;
+        this.container.y = 0;
+        this.targetX = 0;
+        this.targetY = 0;
+    }
+
+    // Convert screen coordinates to world coordinates
+    screenToWorld(screenX: number, screenY: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+        const worldX = (screenX - this.container.x) / this.scale;
+        const worldY = (screenY - this.container.y) / this.scale;
+        return { x: worldX, y: worldY };
+    }
+
+    // Convert world coordinates to screen coordinates
+    worldToScreen(worldX: number, worldY: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+        const screenX = worldX * this.scale + this.container.x;
+        const screenY = worldY * this.scale + this.container.y;
+        return { x: screenX, y: screenY };
+    }
+
+    getState() {
+        return {
+            x: this.container.x,
+            y: this.container.y,
+            zoom: this.scale,
+        };
+    }
+
+    destroy() {
+        // Reset cursor
+        this.canvas.style.cursor = "default";
+
+        // Stop animation loop
+        if (this.animationFrameId !== null) {
+            cancelAnimationFrame(this.animationFrameId);
+            this.animationFrameId = null;
+        }
+
+        // Remove window listeners if attached
+        this.detachWindowListeners();
+
+        // Remove canvas event listeners
+        if (this.wheelHandler) {
+            this.canvas.removeEventListener("wheel", this.wheelHandler);
+        }
+        if (this.mouseDownHandler) {
+            this.canvas.removeEventListener("mousedown", this.mouseDownHandler);
+        }
+
+        // Clear references
+        this.wheelHandler = undefined;
+        this.mouseDownHandler = undefined;
+        this.mouseMoveHandler = undefined;
+        this.mouseUpHandler = undefined;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/render/CoordinateMapper.ts b/frontend/src/shared/render/CoordinateMapper.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91f5c0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/render/CoordinateMapper.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/**
+ * Utility for converting between tile indices, tile coordinates, and world positions.
+ *
+ * Coordinate systems:
+ * - Tile index: Linear index into terrain array (0 to width*height-1)
+ * - Tile coords: (x, y) grid coordinates (0,0 = top-left corner)
+ * - World position: Centered coordinates where (0,0) = map center, used for rendering
+ */
+export class CoordinateMapper {
+    private mapWidth: number;
+    private mapHeight: number;
+
+    constructor(mapWidth: number, mapHeight: number) {
+        this.mapWidth = mapWidth;
+        this.mapHeight = mapHeight;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert tile index to tile coordinates (x, y)
+     */
+    tileIndexToCoords(tileIndex: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+        return {
+            x: tileIndex % this.mapWidth,
+            y: Math.floor(tileIndex / this.mapWidth),
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert tile coordinates (x, y) to tile index
+     */
+    coordsToTileIndex(tileX: number, tileY: number): number {
+        return tileY * this.mapWidth + tileX;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert tile index to world position (centered at tile center)
+     */
+    tileIndexToWorld(tileIndex: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+        const { x, y } = this.tileIndexToCoords(tileIndex);
+        return this.tileCoordsToWorld(x, y);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert tile coordinates to world position (centered at tile center)
+     */
+    tileCoordsToWorld(tileX: number, tileY: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+        const worldX = tileX + 0.5 - this.mapWidth / 2;
+        const worldY = tileY + 0.5 - this.mapHeight / 2;
+        return { x: worldX, y: worldY };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert world position to tile coordinates (returns null if out of bounds)
+     */
+    worldToTileCoords(worldX: number, worldY: number): { x: number; y: number } | null {
+        const adjustedX = worldX + this.mapWidth / 2;
+        const adjustedY = worldY + this.mapHeight / 2;
+
+        const tileX = Math.floor(adjustedX);
+        const tileY = Math.floor(adjustedY);
+
+        if (tileX >= 0 && tileX < this.mapWidth && tileY >= 0 && tileY < this.mapHeight) {
+            return { x: tileX, y: tileY };
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert world position to tile index (returns null if out of bounds)
+     */
+    worldToTileIndex(worldX: number, worldY: number): number | null {
+        const coords = this.worldToTileCoords(worldX, worldY);
+        return coords !== null ? this.coordsToTileIndex(coords.x, coords.y) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if tile coordinates are within map bounds
+     */
+    isInBounds(tileX: number, tileY: number): boolean {
+        return tileX >= 0 && tileX < this.mapWidth && tileY >= 0 && tileY < this.mapHeight;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if tile index is within map bounds
+     */
+    isValidTileIndex(tileIndex: number): boolean {
+        return tileIndex >= 0 && tileIndex < this.mapWidth * this.mapHeight;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get map dimensions in world units
+     */
+    getMapWorldSize(): { width: number; height: number } {
+        return {
+            width: this.mapWidth,
+            height: this.mapHeight,
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/render/GameRenderer.ts b/frontend/src/shared/render/GameRenderer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..befe5ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/render/GameRenderer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+import { Application, Container, WebGPURenderer, Renderer, WebGLRenderer } from "pixi.js";
+import { CameraController } from "@/shared/render/CameraController";
+import { TerritoryLayer } from "@/shared/render/TerritoriesRenderer";
+import { ShipLayer } from "@/shared/render/ShipsRenderer";
+import { CoordinateMapper } from "@/shared/render/CoordinateMapper";
+import { TerrainTextureBuilder } from "@/shared/render/TerrainTextureBuilder";
+import type { ShipsUpdatePayload } from "@/shared/api/types";
+import { RgbColor } from "@/shared/render";
+
+// Renderer configuration constants
+const DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_COLOR = 0x1a1a2e; // Dark blue-grey
+const MIN_CAMERA_SCALE = 0.5;
+const MAX_CAMERA_SCALE = 13.5;
+const FIT_ZOOM_PADDING = 0.8; // 0.8 = 20% padding around map when fitting to viewport
+const GAME_TICKS_PER_SECOND = 10;
+const TARGET_FPS = 60;
+
+export interface TileChange {
+    index: number;
+    owner_id: number;
+}
+
+export interface TerrainData {
+    size: { x: number; y: number }; // Normalized from glam::U16Vec2 (WASM converts [x, y] → { x, y })
+    terrain_data: Uint8Array | number[]; // Tile type IDs (u8 values from backend)
+}
+
+export interface PaletteData {
+    colors: Array<RgbColor>;
+}
+
+export interface GameRendererConfig {
+    canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
+    terrainPalette: PaletteData;
+    terrain: TerrainData;
+    nationPalette: PaletteData;
+    initialTerritories: {
+        turn: number;
+        territories: { indices: Uint32Array; ownerIds: Uint16Array };
+    };
+}
+
+export class GameRenderer {
+    private readonly app: Application;
+    private readonly territoryLayer: TerritoryLayer;
+    private readonly shipLayer: ShipLayer;
+    private readonly cameraController: CameraController;
+    public readonly coordinateMapper: CoordinateMapper;
+    private readonly resizeHandler: () => void;
+
+    private constructor(
+        app: Application,
+        territoryLayer: TerritoryLayer,
+        shipLayer: ShipLayer,
+        cameraController: CameraController,
+        coordinateMapper: CoordinateMapper,
+        resizeHandler: () => void,
+    ) {
+        this.app = app;
+        this.territoryLayer = territoryLayer;
+        this.shipLayer = shipLayer;
+        this.cameraController = cameraController;
+        this.coordinateMapper = coordinateMapper;
+        this.resizeHandler = resizeHandler;
+    }
+
+    static async create(config: GameRendererConfig): Promise<GameRenderer> {
+        const { canvas, terrainPalette, terrain, nationPalette, initialTerritories } = config;
+
+        // Validate canvas dimensions
+        const width = canvas.clientWidth || canvas.width || 800;
+        const height = canvas.clientHeight || canvas.height || 600;
+
+        if (width === 0 || height === 0) {
+            throw new Error(
+                `Canvas has invalid dimensions: ${width}x${height}. ` +
+                    `Ensure the canvas element and its parent have explicit dimensions.`,
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Initialize Pixi application
+        const app = new Application();
+        await app.init({
+            canvas,
+            width,
+            height,
+            backgroundColor: DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_COLOR,
+            antialias: false,
+            resolution: window.devicePixelRatio || 1,
+            autoDensity: true,
+        });
+
+        // Verify initialization succeeded
+        if (!app.stage) {
+            throw new Error("PixiJS Application failed to initialize - stage is null");
+        }
+
+        // Create main container
+        const mainContainer = new Container();
+        app.stage.addChild(mainContainer);
+
+        // Create layers container (this gets transformed by camera)
+        const layersContainer = new Container();
+        layersContainer.sortableChildren = true; // Enable z-index sorting
+        mainContainer.addChild(layersContainer);
+
+        // Extract terrain dimensions
+        const mapWidth = terrain.size.x;
+        const mapHeight = terrain.size.y;
+
+        // Create coordinate mapper
+        const coordinateMapper = new CoordinateMapper(mapWidth, mapHeight);
+
+        // Layer z-index ordering: 0=terrain (bottom), 1=territories, 2=ships (top)
+
+        // 1. Terrain layer (water/land/mountains)
+        const terrainLayer = new Container();
+        terrainLayer.zIndex = 0;
+        layersContainer.addChild(terrainLayer);
+
+        const { sprite: terrainSprite } = TerrainTextureBuilder.createTerrainTexture(
+            terrain.terrain_data,
+            terrainPalette.colors,
+            mapWidth,
+            mapHeight,
+        );
+        terrainLayer.addChild(terrainSprite);
+
+        // 2. Territory layer (nation borders and ownership)
+        const territoryLayer = new TerritoryLayer(mapWidth, mapHeight, nationPalette.colors);
+        territoryLayer.container.zIndex = 1;
+        layersContainer.addChild(territoryLayer.container);
+
+        territoryLayer.applySnapshot(initialTerritories.territories);
+
+        // 3. Ship layer (animated units moving between territories)
+        const shipLayer = new ShipLayer(coordinateMapper, nationPalette.colors);
+        shipLayer.container.zIndex = 2;
+        layersContainer.addChild(shipLayer.container);
+
+        // Initialize camera controller
+        const cameraController = new CameraController(layersContainer, canvas);
+
+        // Handle window resize
+        const resizeHandler = () => {
+            const parent = canvas.parentElement;
+            if (parent) {
+                const resizeWidth = parent.clientWidth;
+                const resizeHeight = parent.clientHeight;
+
+                app.renderer.resize(resizeWidth, resizeHeight);
+                canvas.style.width = `${resizeWidth}px`;
+                canvas.style.height = `${resizeHeight}px`;
+            }
+        };
+        window.addEventListener("resize", resizeHandler);
+
+        // Add ticker for ship interpolation updates
+        app.ticker.add((ticker) => {
+            // Convert frame deltaTime to game ticks
+            // deltaTime is in frames (60fps = 1.0), convert to game ticks per frame
+            const tickDelta = ticker.deltaTime * (GAME_TICKS_PER_SECOND / TARGET_FPS);
+            shipLayer.update(tickDelta);
+        });
+
+        // Force an immediate render to ensure texture is processed
+        app.renderer.render(app.stage);
+
+        // Center camera on map and set initial zoom
+        // Calculate zoom to fit map in viewport with padding
+        const fitZoom = Math.min(width / mapWidth, height / mapHeight) * FIT_ZOOM_PADDING;
+
+        // Clamp zoom to valid range
+        const initialZoom = Math.max(MIN_CAMERA_SCALE, Math.min(MAX_CAMERA_SCALE, fitZoom));
+
+        // Apply zoom first
+        cameraController.setZoom(initialZoom, false);
+
+        // Center on world origin (0, 0) since terrain sprite is already centered there
+        cameraController.panBy(width / 2, height / 2, false);
+
+        // Create and return the renderer instance
+        return new GameRenderer(app, territoryLayer, shipLayer, cameraController, coordinateMapper, resizeHandler);
+    }
+
+    // Update ships with new variant-based system
+    updateShips(data: ShipsUpdatePayload) {
+        this.shipLayer.processUpdates(data.updates);
+    }
+
+    // Handle binary territory delta (used by both WASM and Tauri)
+    updateBinaryDelta(data: Uint8Array) {
+        // Decode binary format: [turn:8][count:4][changes...]
+        if (data.length < 12) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const view = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+        // Turn number at offset 0-7, not currently used
+        const count = view.getUint32(8, true);
+
+        const expectedSize = 12 + count * 6;
+        if (data.length !== expectedSize) {
+            console.error(`Invalid binary delta size: expected ${expectedSize}, got ${data.length}`);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const changes: TileChange[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            const offset = 12 + i * 6;
+            const index = view.getUint32(offset, true);
+            const owner_id = view.getUint16(offset + 4, true);
+            changes.push({ index, owner_id });
+        }
+
+        this.territoryLayer.applyDelta(changes);
+    }
+
+    // Check if the last interaction was a camera drag
+    hadCameraInteraction(): boolean {
+        return this.cameraController.hadCameraInteraction();
+    }
+
+    // Convert screen position to world coordinates
+    screenToWorld(screenX: number, screenY: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+        return this.cameraController.screenToWorld(screenX, screenY);
+    }
+
+    // Convert screen position to tile index
+    screenToTile(screenX: number, screenY: number): number | null {
+        const worldPos = this.cameraController.screenToWorld(screenX, screenY);
+        return this.coordinateMapper.worldToTileIndex(worldPos.x, worldPos.y);
+    }
+
+    // Get nation ID at a tile index
+    getNationAtTile(tileIndex: number | null): number | null {
+        if (tileIndex === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        const { x: tileX, y: tileY } = this.coordinateMapper.tileIndexToCoords(tileIndex);
+        const nationId = this.territoryLayer.getOwnerAt(tileX, tileY);
+
+        // Nation IDs: 0-65533 (valid), 65534 (unclaimed), 65535 (water)
+        return nationId < 65534 ? nationId : null;
+    }
+
+    // Set highlighted nation
+    setHighlightedNation(nationId: number | null) {
+        this.territoryLayer.setHighlightedNation(nationId);
+    }
+
+    // Get renderer information for analytics
+    getRendererInfo(): {
+        renderer: string;
+        gpu_vendor?: string;
+        gpu_device?: string;
+    } {
+        if (!this.app || !this.app.renderer) {
+            return {
+                renderer: "unknown",
+            };
+        }
+
+        const renderer = this.app.renderer;
+
+        const isWebGLRenderer = (renderer: Renderer): renderer is WebGLRenderer => {
+            return (renderer as any).gl != undefined;
+        };
+
+        const isWebGPURenderer = (renderer: Renderer): renderer is WebGPURenderer => {
+            return (renderer as any).gpu != undefined;
+        };
+
+        let gpuVendor: string | undefined;
+        let gpuDevice: string | undefined;
+        let rendererName = "unknown";
+
+        // Try to extract GPU info from WebGPU adapter
+        if (isWebGPURenderer(renderer)) {
+            const gpuAdapter = renderer.gpu?.adapter;
+            gpuVendor = gpuAdapter.info?.vendor;
+            gpuDevice = gpuAdapter.info?.device;
+            rendererName = "webgpu";
+        }
+        // Fallback to WebGL renderer info
+        else if (isWebGLRenderer(renderer)) {
+            const gl = (renderer as WebGLRenderer).gl;
+            const debugInfo = gl.getExtension("WEBGL_debug_renderer_info");
+            if (debugInfo) {
+                gpuVendor = gl.getParameter(debugInfo.UNMASKED_VENDOR_WEBGL);
+                gpuDevice = gl.getParameter(debugInfo.UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL);
+            }
+            rendererName = "webgl";
+        }
+
+        return {
+            renderer: rendererName,
+            gpu_vendor: gpuVendor,
+            gpu_device: gpuDevice,
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Clean up
+    destroy() {
+        // Remove window resize listener
+        window.removeEventListener("resize", this.resizeHandler);
+
+        // Destroy camera controller
+        this.cameraController.destroy();
+
+        // Destroy layers
+        this.territoryLayer.container.destroy({ children: true });
+        this.shipLayer.destroy();
+
+        // Destroy PixiJS application (this will clean up all containers and textures)
+        this.app.destroy(true, { children: true, texture: true });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/render/ShipsRenderer.ts b/frontend/src/shared/render/ShipsRenderer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5eb1ceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/render/ShipsRenderer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+import { Container, Graphics } from "pixi.js";
+import { CoordinateMapper } from "@/shared/render/CoordinateMapper";
+import type { ShipUpdateVariant } from "@/shared/api/types";
+import { RgbColor } from "@/shared/render";
+
+// Must match backend SHIP_TICKS_PER_TILE constant
+const SHIP_TICKS_PER_TILE = 1;
+
+// Ship visual size constants
+const MIN_SHIP_SIZE = 0.15; // Minimum radius for ships with few troops
+const MAX_SHIP_SIZE = 0.5; // Maximum radius for large troop counts
+const SHIP_SIZE_SCALE_FACTOR = 1001; // Logarithmic scale factor (1 troop = MIN, 1000 troops ≈ MAX)
+
+interface ShipState {
+    owner_nation_id: number;
+    path: number[];
+    current_path_index: number;
+    ticks_until_move: number;
+    troops: number;
+    sprite: Container;
+}
+
+export class ShipLayer {
+    public readonly container: Container;
+    private readonly ships: Map<number, ShipState>;
+    private readonly palette: Array<RgbColor>;
+    private readonly coordinateMapper: CoordinateMapper;
+
+    constructor(coordinateMapper: CoordinateMapper, palette: Array<RgbColor>) {
+        this.container = new Container();
+        this.container.zIndex = 2; // Above territory layer
+        this.ships = new Map();
+        this.palette = palette;
+        this.coordinateMapper = coordinateMapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process ship update variants (Create/Move/Destroy)
+     */
+    processUpdates(updates: ShipUpdateVariant[]) {
+        for (const update of updates) {
+            switch (update.type) {
+                case "Create":
+                    this.createShip(update);
+                    break;
+                case "Move":
+                    this.moveShip(update);
+                    break;
+                case "Destroy":
+                    this.destroyShip(update);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new ship with full state
+     */
+    private createShip(update: Extract<ShipUpdateVariant, { type: "Create" }>) {
+        const sprite = this.createShipSprite(update.owner_nation_id, update.troops);
+
+        const shipState: ShipState = {
+            owner_nation_id: update.owner_nation_id,
+            path: update.path,
+            current_path_index: 0,
+            ticks_until_move: SHIP_TICKS_PER_TILE,
+            troops: update.troops,
+            sprite,
+        };
+
+        this.ships.set(update.id, shipState);
+        this.container.addChild(sprite);
+
+        // Position at start of path
+        this.updateShipPosition(shipState);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update ship to next tile in path
+     */
+    private moveShip(update: Extract<ShipUpdateVariant, { type: "Move" }>) {
+        const ship = this.ships.get(update.id);
+        if (!ship) return;
+
+        ship.current_path_index = update.current_path_index;
+        ship.ticks_until_move = SHIP_TICKS_PER_TILE;
+
+        this.updateShipPosition(ship);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove ship from map
+     */
+    private destroyShip(update: Extract<ShipUpdateVariant, { type: "Destroy" }>) {
+        const ship = this.ships.get(update.id);
+        if (!ship) return;
+
+        this.container.removeChild(ship.sprite);
+        ship.sprite.destroy({ children: true });
+        this.ships.delete(update.id);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a ship sprite (circle with logarithmic size scaling)
+     */
+    private createShipSprite(owner_nation_id: number, troops: number): Container {
+        const container = new Container();
+
+        const color: RgbColor = this.palette[owner_nation_id] || { r: 128, g: 128, b: 128 };
+        const hexColor = (color.r << 16) | (color.g << 8) | color.b;
+
+        const graphics = new Graphics();
+
+        // Logarithmic size scaling based on troop count
+        const size = MIN_SHIP_SIZE + (Math.log10(troops + 1) / Math.log10(SHIP_SIZE_SCALE_FACTOR)) * (MAX_SHIP_SIZE - MIN_SHIP_SIZE);
+
+        // Draw circle
+        graphics.circle(0, 0, size);
+        graphics.fill({ color: hexColor, alpha: 0.9 });
+
+        container.addChild(graphics);
+        return container;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update ship position with interpolation
+     */
+    private updateShipPosition(ship: ShipState) {
+        const currentTile = ship.path[ship.current_path_index];
+        const nextTile = ship.path[ship.current_path_index + 1];
+
+        // Get world position of current tile
+        const currentWorld = this.coordinateMapper.tileIndexToWorld(currentTile);
+        let worldX = currentWorld.x;
+        let worldY = currentWorld.y;
+
+        // Interpolate to next tile if available
+        if (nextTile !== undefined) {
+            const nextWorld = this.coordinateMapper.tileIndexToWorld(nextTile);
+
+            // Calculate interpolation progress (0 to 1)
+            const progress = 1.0 - ship.ticks_until_move / SHIP_TICKS_PER_TILE;
+
+            // Lerp between current and next position
+            worldX = worldX + (nextWorld.x - worldX) * progress;
+            worldY = worldY + (nextWorld.y - worldY) * progress;
+        }
+
+        ship.sprite.x = worldX;
+        ship.sprite.y = worldY;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update interpolation for all ships (called each render frame)
+     */
+    update(deltaTime: number) {
+        for (const ship of this.ships.values()) {
+            // Decrement ticks_until_move locally
+            ship.ticks_until_move = Math.max(0, ship.ticks_until_move - deltaTime);
+
+            // Update visual position
+            this.updateShipPosition(ship);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear all ships
+     */
+    clear() {
+        for (const ship of this.ships.values()) {
+            this.container.removeChild(ship.sprite);
+            ship.sprite.destroy({ children: true });
+        }
+        this.ships.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroy the layer and clean up resources
+     */
+    destroy() {
+        this.clear();
+        this.container.destroy();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/render/TerrainTextureBuilder.ts b/frontend/src/shared/render/TerrainTextureBuilder.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c621812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/render/TerrainTextureBuilder.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import { RgbColor } from "@/shared/render";
+import { Sprite, Texture, BufferImageSource } from "pixi.js";
+
+export interface TerrainTextureResult {
+    texture: Texture;
+    sprite: Sprite;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds terrain textures from tile type data and color palettes.
+ * Uses optimized Uint32 writes for fast texture generation.
+ */
+export class TerrainTextureBuilder {
+    /**
+     * Create a terrain texture from tile type IDs and a color palette
+     */
+    static createTerrainTexture(
+        terrainData: Uint8Array | number[],
+        palette: RgbColor[],
+        width: number,
+        height: number,
+    ): TerrainTextureResult {
+        // Normalize terrain_data to Uint8Array for consistent handling
+        const normalizedTerrainData = terrainData instanceof Uint8Array ? terrainData : new Uint8Array(terrainData);
+
+        // Create texture from tile type IDs
+        const totalPixels = width * height;
+        const imageData = new Uint8Array(totalPixels * 4); // RGBA
+
+        // Pre-compute RGBA tuples for all palette entries (cache-friendly)
+        const paletteRGBA = new Uint32Array(palette.length);
+        for (let i = 0; i < palette.length; i++) {
+            const c = palette[i];
+            // Pack RGBA as single uint32 (little-endian: ABGR in memory)
+            paletteRGBA[i] = (255 << 24) | (c.b << 16) | (c.g << 8) | c.r;
+        }
+
+        // Fast path: Use Uint32 view for 4x fewer writes
+        const imageData32 = new Uint32Array(imageData.buffer);
+        const defaultColor = (255 << 24) | (100 << 16) | (100 << 8) | 100; // Default gray
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < totalPixels; i++) {
+            const tileTypeId = normalizedTerrainData[i];
+            imageData32[i] = paletteRGBA[tileTypeId] ?? defaultColor;
+        }
+
+        const bufferSource = new BufferImageSource({
+            resource: imageData,
+            width,
+            height,
+        });
+
+        // Create the texture
+        const texture = new Texture({ source: bufferSource });
+
+        // Use nearest neighbor filtering for crisp pixel edges
+        texture.source.scaleMode = "nearest";
+
+        // Mark source as needing update
+        bufferSource.update();
+
+        // Create sprite with the texture
+        const sprite = new Sprite(texture);
+
+        // Set dimensions explicitly (don't use width/height setters which can cause issues)
+        sprite.scale.set(width / texture.width, height / texture.height);
+
+        // Center the terrain
+        sprite.anchor.set(0.5, 0.5);
+        sprite.x = 0;
+        sprite.y = 0;
+
+        // Ensure sprite is visible and rendered
+        sprite.alpha = 1.0;
+        sprite.visible = true;
+        sprite.renderable = true;
+
+        // Disable culling to prevent disappearing at certain zoom levels
+        sprite.cullable = false;
+
+        return { texture, sprite };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/render/TerritoriesRenderer.ts b/frontend/src/shared/render/TerritoriesRenderer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf0ef14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/render/TerritoriesRenderer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+import { Container, Sprite, Texture, BufferImageSource, Filter, GlProgram } from "pixi.js";
+import { RgbColor } from "@/shared/render";
+
+// Territory ownership sentinel values (must match backend)
+const OWNER_UNCLAIMED = 65535; // Unclaimed/water tiles (rendered as transparent)
+
+/**
+ * Territory rendering shaders
+ *
+ * This shader system renders nation ownership on the map using:
+ * - RG8 texture storing u16 nation IDs (R=low byte, G=high byte)
+ * - 256x256 palette texture for nation colors (supports up to 65536 nations)
+ * - Edge detection for borders between different nations
+ * - Highlighting system for UI hover states
+ */
+
+// Vertex shader - PixiJS v8 standard filter vertex shader (GLSL 100 ES)
+const TERRITORY_VERTEX_SHADER = `
+attribute vec2 aPosition;
+
+varying vec2 vTextureCoord;
+varying vec2 vFilterCoord;
+
+uniform vec4 uInputSize;
+uniform vec4 uOutputFrame;
+uniform vec4 uOutputTexture;
+
+vec4 filterVertexPosition() {
+    vec2 position = aPosition * uOutputFrame.zw + uOutputFrame.xy;
+    position.x = position.x * (2.0 / uOutputTexture.x) - 1.0;
+    position.y = position.y * (2.0 * uOutputTexture.z / uOutputTexture.y) - uOutputTexture.z;
+    return vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+
+vec2 filterTextureCoord() {
+    return aPosition * (uOutputFrame.zw * uInputSize.zw);
+}
+
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = filterVertexPosition();
+    vTextureCoord = filterTextureCoord();
+    vFilterCoord = vTextureCoord;
+}
+`;
+
+const TERRITORY_FRAGMENT_SHADER = `
+precision mediump float;
+
+varying vec2 vTextureCoord;
+
+uniform sampler2D uTexture;
+uniform vec2 uMapSize;
+uniform sampler2D uPalette;
+uniform float uHighlightedNation;
+
+// Decode u16 from RG8 (R=low byte, G=high byte)
+float decodeU16(vec2 rg) {
+    return rg.r * 255.0 + rg.g * 65280.0;
+}
+
+void main() {
+    vec4 center = texture2D(uTexture, vTextureCoord);
+    float centerOwner = decodeU16(center.rg);
+
+    // Unclaimed = 65535 (backend sends this for tiles with no owner)
+    if (centerOwner >= 65535.0) {
+        discard;
+    }
+
+    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / uMapSize;
+
+    bool isBorder = false;
+    for (float dist = 1.0; dist <= 2.0; dist += 1.0) {
+        vec2 offset = texelSize * dist;
+
+        float left = decodeU16(texture2D(uTexture, vTextureCoord + vec2(-offset.x, 0.0)).rg);
+        float right = decodeU16(texture2D(uTexture, vTextureCoord + vec2(offset.x, 0.0)).rg);
+        float top = decodeU16(texture2D(uTexture, vTextureCoord + vec2(0.0, -offset.y)).rg);
+        float bottom = decodeU16(texture2D(uTexture, vTextureCoord + vec2(0.0, offset.y)).rg);
+
+        if (centerOwner != left || centerOwner != right ||
+            centerOwner != top || centerOwner != bottom) {
+            isBorder = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Map nation ID to 2D palette texture (256x256 grid = 65536 colors)
+    // X = nation_id % 256, Y = nation_id / 256
+    float x = mod(centerOwner, 256.0) / 256.0;
+    float y = floor(centerOwner / 256.0) / 256.0;
+    vec4 territoryColor = texture2D(uPalette, vec2(x, y));
+
+    // Highlighting logic
+    bool isHighlighting = uHighlightedNation >= 0.0;
+    bool isHighlighted = (isHighlighting && centerOwner == uHighlightedNation);
+
+    float alpha = isBorder ? 0.85 : 0.60;
+
+    if (isBorder) {
+        if (isHighlighted) {
+            territoryColor.rgb = vec3(255, 255, 255);
+        } else {
+            territoryColor.rgb *= 0.85;
+        }
+    }
+
+    gl_FragColor = vec4(territoryColor.rgb, alpha);
+}
+`;
+
+export class TerritoryLayer {
+    public readonly container: Container;
+
+    private readonly sprite: Sprite;
+    private readonly texture: Texture;
+    private readonly bufferSource: BufferImageSource;
+
+    private readonly ownerData: Uint16Array;
+    private readonly textureData: Uint8Array;
+
+    private readonly paletteTexture: Texture;
+    private readonly paletteSource: BufferImageSource;
+    private readonly paletteData: Uint8Array;
+
+    private readonly territoryFilter: Filter;
+
+    // Dirty region tracking for partial updates
+    private isDirty: boolean = false;
+    private dirtyMinX: number = 0;
+    private dirtyMinY: number = 0;
+    private dirtyMaxX: number = 0;
+    private dirtyMaxY: number = 0;
+
+    // Batching state
+    private pendingChanges: Array<{ index: number; owner_id: number }> = [];
+    private updateScheduled: boolean = false;
+
+    private readonly width: number;
+    private readonly height: number;
+
+    constructor(width: number, height: number, palette: Array<RgbColor>) {
+        this.width = width;
+        this.height = height;
+
+        this.container = new Container();
+
+        // Initialize all tiles to unclaimed (65535)
+        this.ownerData = new Uint16Array(width * height);
+        this.ownerData.fill(65535);
+
+        this.textureData = new Uint8Array(width * height * 2);
+        // Support up to 65536 players (u16::MAX + 1)
+        this.paletteData = new Uint8Array(65536 * 4);
+
+        // Initialize palette
+        for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(palette.length, 65536); i++) {
+            const color = palette[i];
+            const pixelIndex = i * 4;
+            this.paletteData[pixelIndex] = color.r;
+            this.paletteData[pixelIndex + 1] = color.g;
+            this.paletteData[pixelIndex + 2] = color.b;
+            this.paletteData[pixelIndex + 3] = 255;
+        }
+
+        // Use 256x256 2D texture (65536 total colors) to avoid WebGL texture size limits
+        this.paletteSource = new BufferImageSource({
+            resource: this.paletteData,
+            width: 256,
+            height: 256,
+        });
+        this.paletteTexture = new Texture({ source: this.paletteSource });
+
+        const { sprite, texture, bufferSource } = this.initTexture();
+        this.sprite = sprite;
+        this.texture = texture;
+        this.bufferSource = bufferSource;
+
+        this.territoryFilter = this.setupShader();
+    }
+
+    private initTexture(): { sprite: Sprite; texture: Texture; bufferSource: BufferImageSource } {
+        // RG8 format: R=low byte, G=high byte (stores u16 nation IDs)
+        // Initialize all tiles to OWNER_UNCLAIMED which the shader will discard
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.textureData.length; i += 2) {
+            this.textureData[i] = OWNER_UNCLAIMED & 0xff; // R = 255
+            this.textureData[i + 1] = (OWNER_UNCLAIMED >> 8) & 0xff; // G = 255
+        }
+
+        const bufferSource = new BufferImageSource({
+            resource: this.textureData,
+            width: this.width,
+            height: this.height,
+            format: "rg8unorm",
+        });
+
+        const texture = new Texture({ source: bufferSource });
+        texture.source.scaleMode = "nearest";
+        texture.source.update();
+
+        const sprite = new Sprite(texture);
+        sprite.scale.set(this.width / texture.width, this.height / texture.height);
+        sprite.anchor.set(0.5, 0.5);
+        sprite.x = 0;
+        sprite.y = 0;
+        sprite.alpha = 1.0;
+        sprite.visible = true;
+        sprite.renderable = true;
+        sprite.cullable = false;
+        sprite.blendMode = "screen";
+
+        this.container.addChild(sprite);
+
+        return { sprite, texture, bufferSource };
+    }
+
+    applySnapshot(snapshot: { indices: Uint32Array; ownerIds: Uint16Array }) {
+        // Clear all tiles to unclaimed
+        // The sparse format only includes player-owned tiles (0-65533)
+        // All other tiles default to OWNER_UNCLAIMED which the shader discards
+        this.ownerData.fill(OWNER_UNCLAIMED);
+
+        // Fill texture data with OWNER_UNCLAIMED encoded as RG8 (low byte, high byte)
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.textureData.length; i += 2) {
+            this.textureData[i] = OWNER_UNCLAIMED & 0xff; // R = 255
+            this.textureData[i + 1] = (OWNER_UNCLAIMED >> 8) & 0xff; // G = 255
+        }
+
+        // Apply claimed tiles from sparse snapshot using parallel arrays (no object allocations)
+        const { indices, ownerIds } = snapshot;
+        const length = indices.length;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+            const index = indices[i];
+            const owner_id = ownerIds[i];
+
+            if (index < this.ownerData.length) {
+                this.ownerData[index] = owner_id;
+
+                const texIndex = index * 2;
+                this.textureData[texIndex] = owner_id & 0xff;
+                this.textureData[texIndex + 1] = (owner_id >> 8) & 0xff;
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.isDirty = true;
+        this.dirtyMinX = 0;
+        this.dirtyMinY = 0;
+        this.dirtyMaxX = this.width - 1;
+        this.dirtyMaxY = this.height - 1;
+
+        this.updateTexture();
+    }
+
+    applyDelta(changes: Array<{ index: number; owner_id: number }>) {
+        if (changes.length === 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.pendingChanges.push(...changes);
+
+        if (!this.updateScheduled) {
+            this.updateScheduled = true;
+            requestAnimationFrame(() => this.processPendingChanges());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private processPendingChanges() {
+        this.updateScheduled = false;
+
+        if (this.pendingChanges.length === 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let minX = this.width;
+        let minY = this.height;
+        let maxX = 0;
+        let maxY = 0;
+
+        for (const change of this.pendingChanges) {
+            if (change.index >= 0 && change.index < this.ownerData.length) {
+                const value = change.owner_id;
+
+                // Update texture with ALL values, including 65535 (unclaimed)
+                // The shader will discard unclaimed tiles during rendering
+                this.ownerData[change.index] = value;
+
+                const texIndex = change.index * 2;
+                this.textureData[texIndex] = value & 0xff;
+                this.textureData[texIndex + 1] = (value >> 8) & 0xff;
+
+                const x = change.index % this.width;
+                const y = Math.floor(change.index / this.width);
+                minX = Math.min(minX, x);
+                minY = Math.min(minY, y);
+                maxX = Math.max(maxX, x);
+                maxY = Math.max(maxY, y);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.pendingChanges = [];
+
+        if (maxX >= minX && maxY >= minY) {
+            this.isDirty = true;
+            this.dirtyMinX = minX;
+            this.dirtyMinY = minY;
+            this.dirtyMaxX = maxX;
+            this.dirtyMaxY = maxY;
+            this.updateTexture();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private updateTexture() {
+        if (!this.isDirty) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const imageData = this.bufferSource.resource as Uint8Array;
+        const gl = (this.texture.source as any)._glTextures?.[0]?.gl;
+        const glTexture = (this.texture.source as any)._glTextures?.[0]?.texture;
+
+        // If GL context not ready, fall back to full upload
+        if (!gl || !glTexture) {
+            this.bufferSource.update();
+            this.isDirty = false;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Calculate dirty region dimensions
+        const regionWidth = this.dirtyMaxX - this.dirtyMinX + 1;
+        const regionHeight = this.dirtyMaxY - this.dirtyMinY + 1;
+        const totalPixels = this.width * this.height;
+        const dirtyPixels = regionWidth * regionHeight;
+
+        // Use partial update if dirty region is small (< 25% of texture)
+        if (dirtyPixels < totalPixels * 0.25) {
+            // Extract dirty region into contiguous buffer (R8 format)
+            const regionData = new Uint8Array(regionWidth * regionHeight);
+
+            for (let y = 0; y < regionHeight; y++) {
+                const srcY = this.dirtyMinY + y;
+                const srcOffset = srcY * this.width + this.dirtyMinX;
+                const dstOffset = y * regionWidth;
+
+                // Copy one row at a time (single channel)
+                regionData.set(imageData.subarray(srcOffset, srcOffset + regionWidth), dstOffset);
+            }
+
+            // Upload dirty region only
+            gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, glTexture);
+            gl.texSubImage2D(
+                gl.TEXTURE_2D,
+                0, // mip level
+                this.dirtyMinX,
+                this.dirtyMinY,
+                regionWidth,
+                regionHeight,
+                gl.RED,
+                gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+                regionData,
+            );
+        } else {
+            // Dirty region is large, upload full texture
+            this.bufferSource.update();
+        }
+
+        // Clear dirty flag
+        this.isDirty = false;
+    }
+
+    private setupShader(): Filter {
+        // Create filter with the territory shader
+        const filter = new Filter({
+            glProgram: new GlProgram({
+                vertex: TERRITORY_VERTEX_SHADER,
+                fragment: TERRITORY_FRAGMENT_SHADER,
+            }),
+            resources: {
+                // uTexture is auto-bound to sprite texture
+                uPalette: this.paletteTexture.source,
+                territoryUniforms: {
+                    uMapSize: { value: [this.width, this.height], type: "vec2<f32>" },
+                    uHighlightedNation: { value: -1, type: "f32" },
+                },
+            },
+        });
+
+        // Apply filter to sprite
+        this.sprite.filters = [filter];
+
+        return filter;
+    }
+
+    // Get owner at specific tile
+    getOwnerAt(tileX: number, tileY: number): number {
+        if (tileX >= 0 && tileX < this.width && tileY >= 0 && tileY < this.height) {
+            const index = tileY * this.width + tileX;
+            return this.ownerData[index];
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Set highlighted nation (-1 or null to clear)
+    setHighlightedNation(nationId: number | null) {
+        this.territoryFilter.resources.territoryUniforms.uniforms.uHighlightedNation = nationId ?? -1;
+    }
+
+    // Clear all territory
+    clear() {
+        this.ownerData.fill(OWNER_UNCLAIMED);
+        const imageData = this.bufferSource.resource as Uint8Array;
+
+        // Clear all pixels to OWNER_UNCLAIMED
+        for (let i = 0; i < imageData.length; i += 2) {
+            imageData[i] = OWNER_UNCLAIMED & 0xff;
+            imageData[i + 1] = (OWNER_UNCLAIMED >> 8) & 0xff;
+        }
+
+        // Mark entire texture as dirty
+        this.isDirty = true;
+        this.dirtyMinX = 0;
+        this.dirtyMinY = 0;
+        this.dirtyMaxX = this.width - 1;
+        this.dirtyMaxY = this.height - 1;
+
+        this.updateTexture();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/render/index.ts b/frontend/src/shared/render/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09f82ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/render/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+export { GameRenderer } from "@/shared/render/GameRenderer";
+
+export interface RgbColor {
+    r: number;
+    g: number;
+    b: number;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/styles/animations.css b/frontend/src/shared/styles/animations.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86c951c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/styles/animations.css
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+.fade-blur-in[data-state="open"] {
+    animation: fadeBlurIn 300ms cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1) forwards;
+}
+
+.fade-blur-in[data-state="closed"] {
+    animation: fadeBlurOut 300ms cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1) forwards;
+}
+
+@keyframes fadeBlurIn {
+    from {
+        opacity: 0;
+        backdrop-filter: blur(0px);
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 1;
+        backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+    }
+}
+
+@keyframes fadeBlurOut {
+    from {
+        opacity: 1;
+        backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 0;
+        backdrop-filter: blur(0px);
+    }
+}
+
+.fade-in[data-state="open"] {
+    animation: fadeIn 300ms cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1) forwards;
+}
+
+.fade-in[data-state="closed"] {
+    animation: fadeOut 300ms cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1) forwards;
+}
+
+@keyframes fadeIn {
+    from {
+        opacity: 0;
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 1;
+    }
+}
+
+@keyframes fadeOut {
+    from {
+        opacity: 1;
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 0;
+    }
+}
+
+@keyframes fadeIn {
+    from {
+        opacity: 0;
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 1;
+    }
+}
+
+@keyframes fadeOut {
+    from {
+        opacity: 1;
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 0;
+    }
+}
+
+@keyframes slideUp {
+    from {
+        opacity: 0;
+        transform: translateY(20px);
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 1;
+        transform: translateY(0);
+    }
+}
+
+@keyframes slideDown {
+    from {
+        opacity: 1;
+        transform: translateY(0);
+    }
+    to {
+        opacity: 0;
+        transform: translateY(20px);
+    }
+}
+
+@keyframes shimmer {
+    0%,
+    100% {
+        color: #ffffff;
+        text-shadow:
+            0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
+            0 0 10px rgba(30, 41, 59, 0.2);
+    }
+    50% {
+        color: #ececec;
+        text-shadow:
+            0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
+            0 0 15px rgba(51, 65, 85, 0.3);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/styles/fonts.css b/frontend/src/shared/styles/fonts.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3829085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/styles/fonts.css
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* oswald-latin-wght-normal */
+@font-face {
+    font-family: "Oswald Variable";
+    font-style: normal;
+    font-display: block;
+    font-weight: 200 700;
+    src: url(@fontsource-variable/oswald/files/oswald-latin-wght-normal.woff2) format("woff2-variations");
+    unicode-range:
+        U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122,
+        U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
+}
+
+/* inter-latin-wght-normal */
+@font-face {
+    font-family: "Inter Variable";
+    font-style: normal;
+    font-display: swap;
+    font-weight: 100 900;
+    src: url(@fontsource-variable/inter/files/inter-latin-wght-normal.woff2) format("woff2-variations");
+    unicode-range:
+        U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122,
+        U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/styles/global.css b/frontend/src/shared/styles/global.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9db87ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/styles/global.css
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+@import "tailwindcss";
+
+@theme {
+    --font-oswald: "Oswald Variable", sans-serif;
+    --font-inter: "Inter Variable", Inter, Avenir, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+
+    --color-parchment: rgb(241 235 219);
+}
+
+:root {
+    font-family: "Inter Variable", Inter, Avenir, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+    color: #1e293b;
+    background-color: transparent;
+
+    font-synthesis: none;
+    text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
+    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+    -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
+}
+
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    @apply fixed top-0 left-0;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/utils/CallbackManager.ts b/frontend/src/shared/utils/CallbackManager.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24aef7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/utils/CallbackManager.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import type { UnsubscribeFn } from "@/shared/api/types";
+
+/**
+ * Generic callback manager for event subscriptions.
+ * Handles registration, notification, and cleanup of callback functions.
+ */
+export class CallbackManager<T = void> {
+    private callbacks: Array<T extends void ? () => void : (data: T) => void> = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Subscribe to events with a callback.
+     * Returns an unsubscribe function to remove this specific callback.
+     */
+    subscribe(callback: T extends void ? () => void : (data: T) => void): UnsubscribeFn {
+        this.callbacks.push(callback);
+
+        return () => {
+            const index = this.callbacks.indexOf(callback);
+            if (index !== -1) {
+                this.callbacks.splice(index, 1);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify all subscribed callbacks with data.
+     * For void callbacks, call with no arguments.
+     */
+    notify(data?: T): void {
+        if (data === undefined) {
+            // Handle void callbacks
+            this.callbacks.forEach((callback) => (callback as () => void)());
+        } else {
+            // Handle callbacks with data
+            this.callbacks.forEach((callback) => (callback as (data: T) => void)(data));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear all callbacks (used for cleanup/destroy).
+     */
+    clear(): void {
+        this.callbacks = [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/utils/binaryDecoding.ts b/frontend/src/shared/utils/binaryDecoding.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8e361e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/utils/binaryDecoding.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/**
+ * Binary decoding for initialization and territory data.
+ * Optimized for minimal allocations and fast parsing.
+ */
+
+import { RgbColor } from "@/shared/render";
+import { BinaryMessageType } from "@/shared/api/messages";
+
+/**
+ * Decode binary message envelope to extract message type and payload.
+ *
+ * Format: [type:1][payload:N]
+ * - type: 0 = Init, 1 = Delta
+ * - payload: remaining bytes (zero-copy slice)
+ *
+ * Returns null if the envelope is invalid or has an unknown message type.
+ */
+export function decodeBinaryEnvelope(
+    data: Uint8Array,
+): { type: BinaryMessageType; payload: Uint8Array } | null {
+    if (data.length < 1) {
+        console.error("Binary envelope too short (need at least 1 byte)");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    const type = data[0];
+    if (type !== BinaryMessageType.Init && type !== BinaryMessageType.Delta) {
+        console.error(`Unknown binary message type: ${type}`);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Zero-copy slice of payload (no allocation)
+    return {
+        type,
+        payload: data.subarray(1),
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decoded territory snapshot using parallel arrays for zero-allocation parsing.
+ * This avoids creating millions of temporary objects which would trigger GC.
+ */
+interface DecodedSnapshot {
+    indices: Uint32Array;
+    ownerIds: Uint16Array;
+}
+
+export interface TerrainData {
+    width: number;
+    height: number;
+    tileIds: Uint8Array;
+    palette: Array<RgbColor>;
+}
+
+export interface DecodedInitBinary {
+    terrain: TerrainData;
+    territory: DecodedSnapshot;
+    nationPalette: Array<RgbColor>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode RGB palette from binary data with pre-allocation.
+ * Helper to avoid code duplication and optimize memory allocation.
+ */
+function decodeRgbPalette(data: Uint8Array, offset: number, count: number): Array<RgbColor> {
+    const palette = new Array<RgbColor>(count);
+    let idx = offset;
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        palette[i] = {
+            r: data[idx++],
+            g: data[idx++],
+            b: data[idx++],
+        };
+    }
+    return palette;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode sparse binary territory snapshot from Rust backend.
+ * Uses parallel typed arrays instead of objects to eliminate GC pressure.
+ *
+ * @param data Binary data array (serialized from Vec<u8> in Rust)
+ * @returns Parallel arrays of indices and owner IDs, or null if invalid
+ */
+function decodeTerritorySnapshot(data: number[] | Uint8Array): DecodedSnapshot | null {
+    // Convert to Uint8Array if needed for faster access
+    const bytes = data instanceof Uint8Array ? data : new Uint8Array(data);
+
+    if (bytes.length < 4) {
+        console.error("Invalid territory snapshot: not enough data for count");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Use DataView for faster little-endian reads
+    const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+
+    // Read count (4 bytes, little-endian u32)
+    const count = view.getUint32(0, true);
+
+    // Sanity check: reject unreasonably large counts (likely malformed data)
+    const MAX_TILES = 10_000_000; // Adjust based on your max map size
+    if (count > MAX_TILES) {
+        console.error(`Invalid territory snapshot: count ${count} exceeds maximum ${MAX_TILES}`);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    const expectedSize = 4 + count * 6;
+    if (bytes.length !== expectedSize) {
+        console.error(`Invalid territory snapshot: expected ${expectedSize} bytes, got ${bytes.length}`);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Pre-allocate typed arrays (no objects, no GC pressure)
+    const indices = new Uint32Array(count);
+    const ownerIds = new Uint16Array(count);
+
+    // Decode directly into typed arrays
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        const offset = 4 + i * 6;
+        indices[i] = view.getUint32(offset, true);
+        ownerIds[i] = view.getUint16(offset + 4, true);
+    }
+
+    return { indices, ownerIds };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode binary initialization data sent from Rust backend.
+ * Format: [terrain_len:4][terrain_data][territory_len:4][territory_data][nation_palette_count:2][nation_palette_rgb:N*3]
+ * Terrain data: [width:2][height:2][tile_ids:N][palette_count:2][palette_rgb:N*3]
+ * Territory data: [count:4][tiles...] where tiles = [index:4][owner:2]
+ */
+export function decodeInitBinary(data: Uint8Array): DecodedInitBinary | null {
+    console.log(`Decoding init binary: ${data.length} bytes`);
+
+    const view = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+    let offset = 0;
+
+    // Parse terrain length and extract terrain data
+    if (offset + 4 > data.length) {
+        console.error("Invalid init binary: not enough data for terrain length");
+        return null;
+    }
+    const terrainLen = view.getUint32(offset, true);
+    offset += 4;
+
+    if (offset + terrainLen > data.length) {
+        console.error(`Invalid init binary: terrain data truncated (expected ${terrainLen} bytes)`);
+        return null;
+    }
+    const terrainStart = offset;
+    offset += terrainLen;
+
+    // Parse territory length and extract territory data
+    if (offset + 4 > data.length) {
+        console.error("Invalid init binary: not enough data for territory length");
+        return null;
+    }
+    const territoryLen = view.getUint32(offset, true);
+    offset += 4;
+
+    if (offset + territoryLen > data.length) {
+        console.error(`Invalid init binary: territory data truncated (expected ${territoryLen} bytes)`);
+        return null;
+    }
+    const territoryData = data.subarray(offset, offset + territoryLen);
+    offset += territoryLen;
+
+    // Decode terrain data using main DataView (optimization: reuse view instead of creating new one)
+    if (terrainLen < 4) {
+        console.error("Invalid terrain data: not enough data for dimensions");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    const width = view.getUint16(terrainStart, true);
+    const height = view.getUint16(terrainStart + 2, true);
+
+    const tileDataLength = width * height;
+    if (terrainLen < 4 + tileDataLength + 2) {
+        console.error("Invalid terrain data: not enough data for tile IDs and palette count");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    const tileIds = data.subarray(terrainStart + 4, terrainStart + 4 + tileDataLength);
+
+    const paletteStart = terrainStart + 4 + tileDataLength;
+    const paletteCount = view.getUint16(paletteStart, true);
+
+    if (terrainLen < 4 + tileDataLength + 2 + paletteCount * 3) {
+        console.error("Invalid terrain data: not enough data for palette colors");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    const palette = decodeRgbPalette(data, paletteStart + 2, paletteCount);
+
+    console.log(`Decoded terrain: ${width}x${height}, ${paletteCount} colors`);
+
+    // Decode territory data using existing function
+    const territory = decodeTerritorySnapshot(territoryData);
+    if (!territory) {
+        console.error("Failed to decode territory data from init binary");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    console.log(`Decoded territory: ${territory.indices.length} claimed tiles`);
+
+    // Decode nation palette
+    if (offset + 2 > data.length) {
+        console.error("Invalid init binary: not enough data for nation palette count");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    const nationPaletteCount = view.getUint16(offset, true);
+    offset += 2;
+
+    if (offset + nationPaletteCount * 3 > data.length) {
+        console.error(`Invalid init binary: nation palette truncated (expected ${nationPaletteCount * 3} bytes)`);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    const nationPalette = decodeRgbPalette(data, offset, nationPaletteCount);
+
+    console.log(`Decoded nation palette: ${nationPaletteCount} colors`);
+
+    return {
+        terrain: { width, height, tileIds, palette },
+        territory,
+        nationPalette,
+    };
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shared/utils/formatting.ts b/frontend/src/shared/utils/formatting.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e3b881
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shared/utils/formatting.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Format troop count for human-readable display
+// 100 => "100", 12,493 => "12.4k", 980,455 => "980k"
+export function formatTroopCount(count: number): string {
+    if (count < 1000) return count.toString();
+    if (count < 1000000) {
+        const k = count / 1000;
+        return k % 1 === 0 ? `${k}k` : `${k.toFixed(1)}k`;
+    }
+    const m = count / 1000000;
+    return m % 1 === 0 ? `${m}M` : `${m.toFixed(1)}M`;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/vite-env.d.ts b/frontend/src/vite-env.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6130991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/vite-env.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/// <reference types="vite/client" />
+
+declare const __DESKTOP__: boolean;
+declare const __APP_VERSION__: string;
+declare const __GIT_COMMIT__: string;
+declare const __BUILD_TIME__: string;
+
+declare module "@wasm/borders.js" {
+    export { default } from "../pkg/borders";
+    export * from "../pkg/borders";
+}
+
+// vite-imagetools support
+declare module "*&imagetools" {
+    const out: any;
+    export default out;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/tsconfig.browser.json b/frontend/tsconfig.browser.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..194b4ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/tsconfig.browser.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+    "include": ["src/browser/**/*", "src/shared/**/*", "src/lib/**/*", "src/*.ts", "pages/**/*"]
+}
diff --git a/frontend/tsconfig.desktop.json b/frontend/tsconfig.desktop.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0448de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/tsconfig.desktop.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+    "include": ["src/desktop/**/*", "src/shared/**/*", "src/lib/**/*", "src/*.ts", "pages/**/*"]
+}
diff --git a/frontend/tsconfig.json b/frontend/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc4062f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+    "compilerOptions": {
+        "target": "ES2020",
+        "useDefineForClassFields": true,
+        "lib": ["ES2020", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
+        "module": "ESNext",
+        "skipLibCheck": true,
+
+        /* Bundler mode */
+        "moduleResolution": "bundler",
+        "allowImportingTsExtensions": true,
+        "resolveJsonModule": true,
+        "isolatedModules": true,
+        "noEmit": true,
+        "jsx": "react-jsx",
+
+        /* Path mapping */
+        "baseUrl": ".",
+        "paths": {
+            "@/*": ["src/*"],
+            "@wasm/*": ["pkg/*"]
+        },
+
+        /* Linting */
+        "strict": true,
+        "noUnusedLocals": true,
+        "noUnusedParameters": true,
+        "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true
+    },
+    "include": ["src/shared/**/*", "src/*", "src/assets/**/*", "pages/**/*"],
+    "references": [{ "path": "./tsconfig.node.json" }]
+}
diff --git a/frontend/tsconfig.node.json b/frontend/tsconfig.node.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26063d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/tsconfig.node.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+    "compilerOptions": {
+        "composite": true,
+        "skipLibCheck": true,
+        "module": "ESNext",
+        "moduleResolution": "bundler",
+        "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true
+    },
+    "include": ["vite.config.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/frontend/vite.config.ts b/frontend/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76e8ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import { defineConfig, HmrContext } from "vite";
+import { resolve } from "path";
+import { readFileSync, existsSync } from "fs";
+import { execSync } from "child_process";
+
+// Plugins
+import react from "@vitejs/plugin-react";
+import vike from "vike/plugin";
+import { imagetools } from "vite-imagetools";
+import tailwindcss from "@tailwindcss/vite";
+
+const host = process.env.TAURI_DEV_HOST;
+
+// Read version from workspace Cargo.toml
+function getVersionFromCargoToml(): string {
+    const cargoToml = readFileSync(resolve(__dirname, "../Cargo.toml"), "utf-8");
+    const versionMatch = cargoToml.match(/^\[workspace\.package\][\s\S]*?^version\s*=\s*"(.+?)"$/m);
+    if (!versionMatch) {
+        throw new Error("Failed to find version in workspace Cargo.toml");
+    }
+    return versionMatch[1];
+}
+
+// Read git commit from .source-commit file or git command
+function getGitCommit(): string {
+    const sourceCommitPath = resolve(__dirname, "../.source-commit");
+    if (existsSync(sourceCommitPath)) {
+        return readFileSync(sourceCommitPath, "utf-8").trim();
+    }
+
+    // Fallback to git command for local development
+    try {
+        return execSync("git rev-parse HEAD", { encoding: "utf-8", cwd: resolve(__dirname, "..") }).trim();
+    } catch {
+        return "unknown";
+    }
+}
+
+// Get current build time in UTC (ISO 8601 format)
+function getBuildTime(): string {
+    return new Date().toISOString();
+}
+
+const fullReloadAlways = {
+    name: "full-reload-always",
+    handleHotUpdate(context: HmrContext): void {
+        context.server.ws.send({ type: "full-reload" });
+    },
+};
+
+// https://vite.dev/config/
+export default defineConfig(({ mode }) => ({
+    base: process.env.GITHUB_PAGES === "true" ? "/borde.rs/" : "/",
+    css: {
+        transformer: "lightningcss",
+    },
+    plugins: [vike(), react(), imagetools(), fullReloadAlways, tailwindcss()],
+
+    define: {
+        __DESKTOP__: JSON.stringify(mode !== "browser"),
+        __APP_VERSION__: JSON.stringify(getVersionFromCargoToml()),
+        __GIT_COMMIT__: JSON.stringify(getGitCommit()),
+        __BUILD_TIME__: JSON.stringify(getBuildTime()),
+    },
+
+    resolve: {
+        alias: {
+            "@wasm": resolve(__dirname, "pkg"),
+            "@": resolve(__dirname, "src"),
+        },
+    },
+
+    build: {
+        outDir: mode === "browser" ? "dist/browser" : "dist",
+        cssMinify: "lightningcss",
+        sourcemap: process.env.VITE_DEBUG_BUILD === "true",
+    },
+
+    // Vite options tailored for Tauri development and only applied in `tauri dev` or `tauri build`
+    //
+    // Prevents Vite from obscuring rust errors
+    clearScreen: false,
+    // Tauri expects a fixed port, fail if that port is not available
+    server: {
+        // Browser mode uses port 1421, desktop mode uses port 1420
+        port: mode === "browser" ? 1421 : 1420,
+        strictPort: true,
+        host: host || false,
+        hmr: host
+            ? {
+                  protocol: "ws",
+                  host,
+                  port: mode === "browser" ? 1422 : 1421,
+              }
+            : undefined,
+        watch: {
+            // tell Vite to ignore watching the crates
+            ignored: ["**/crates/**"],
+        },
+    },
+}));
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e918eb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "stable"
+targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"]
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/.env.example b/scripts/release-manager/.env.example
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..955e6e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/.env.example
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# GitHub Personal Access Token with 'repo' and 'actions:read' scopes
+# Generate at: https://github.com/settings/tokens
+GITHUB_TOKEN=ghp_your_token_here
+
+# GitHub Repository to download artifacts from (format: owner/repo)
+# Example: Xevion/my-private-repo
+GITHUB_REPOSITORY=owner/repository
+
+# R2 Bucket name for storing releases
+R2_BUCKET_NAME=borders
+
+# Base URL for downloads (CDN/R2 public URL)
+R2_BASE_URL=https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev
+
+# R2 API Credentials (generate at: https://dash.cloudflare.com/r2/api-tokens)
+# After creating an R2 API token, you'll receive these credentials
+R2_ACCOUNT_ID=your_account_id_here
+R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID=your_access_key_id_here
+R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=your_secret_access_key_here
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/.gitignore b/scripts/release-manager/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c72110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Dependencies
+node_modules/
+pnpm-lock.yaml
+
+# Environment variables
+.env
+
+# Build output
+dist/
+
+# Downloaded releases (should be in repo root)
+releases/
+
+# Temporary files
+*.tmp.json
+.manifest.tmp.json
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/bun.lock b/scripts/release-manager/bun.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6e58f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/bun.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+{
+  "lockfileVersion": 1,
+  "workspaces": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "release-manager",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@actions/artifact": "^2.2.4",
+        "@aws-sdk/client-s3": "^3.908.0",
+        "@octokit/rest": "^21.0.2",
+        "adm-zip": "^0.5.16",
+        "commander": "^13.0.0",
+        "dotenv": "^16.4.7",
+        "glob": "^11.0.0",
+        "ora": "^8.1.1",
+        "picocolors": "^1.1.1",
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "^22.15.8",
+        "tsx": "^4.19.2",
+        "typescript": "^5.9.3",
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  "packages": {
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+
+    "@actions/core": ["@actions/core@1.11.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@actions/exec": "^1.1.1", "@actions/http-client": "^2.0.1" } }, "sha512-hXJCSrkwfA46Vd9Z3q4cpEpHB1rL5NG04+/rbqW9d3+CSvtB1tYe8UTpAlixa1vj0m/ULglfEK2UKxMGxCxv5A=="],
+
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+
+    "@actions/github": ["@actions/github@5.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@actions/http-client": "^2.0.1", "@octokit/core": "^3.6.0", "@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest": "^2.17.0", "@octokit/plugin-rest-endpoint-methods": "^5.13.0" } }, "sha512-Nk59rMDoJaV+mHCOJPXuvB1zIbomlKS0dmSIqPGxd0enAXBnOfn4VWF+CGtRCwXZG9Epa54tZA7VIRlJDS8A6g=="],
+
+    "@actions/http-client": ["@actions/http-client@2.2.3", "", { "dependencies": { "tunnel": "^0.0.6", "undici": "^5.25.4" } }, "sha512-mx8hyJi/hjFvbPokCg4uRd4ZX78t+YyRPtnKWwIl+RzNaVuFpQHfmlGVfsKEJN8LwTCvL+DfVgAM04XaHkm6bA=="],
+
+    "@actions/io": ["@actions/io@1.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-wi9JjgKLYS7U/z8PPbco+PvTb/nRWjeoFlJ1Qer83k/3C5PHQi28hiVdeE2kHXmIL99mQFawx8qt/JPjZilJ8Q=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/crc32": ["@aws-crypto/crc32@5.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@aws-crypto/util": "^5.2.0", "@aws-sdk/types": "^3.222.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-nLbCWqQNgUiwwtFsen1AdzAtvuLRsQS8rYgMuxCrdKf9kOssamGLuPwyTY9wyYblNr9+1XM8v6zoDTPPSIeANg=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/crc32c": ["@aws-crypto/crc32c@5.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@aws-crypto/util": "^5.2.0", "@aws-sdk/types": "^3.222.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-+iWb8qaHLYKrNvGRbiYRHSdKRWhto5XlZUEBwDjYNf+ly5SVYG6zEoYIdxvf5R3zyeP16w4PLBn3rH1xc74Rag=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/sha1-browser": ["@aws-crypto/sha1-browser@5.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@aws-crypto/supports-web-crypto": "^5.2.0", "@aws-crypto/util": "^5.2.0", "@aws-sdk/types": "^3.222.0", "@aws-sdk/util-locate-window": "^3.0.0", "@smithy/util-utf8": "^2.0.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-OH6lveCFfcDjX4dbAvCFSYUjJZjDr/3XJ3xHtjn3Oj5b9RjojQo8npoLeA/bNwkOkrSQ0wgrHzXk4tDRxGKJeg=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/sha256-browser": ["@aws-crypto/sha256-browser@5.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@aws-crypto/sha256-js": "^5.2.0", "@aws-crypto/supports-web-crypto": "^5.2.0", "@aws-crypto/util": "^5.2.0", "@aws-sdk/types": "^3.222.0", "@aws-sdk/util-locate-window": "^3.0.0", "@smithy/util-utf8": "^2.0.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-AXfN/lGotSQwu6HNcEsIASo7kWXZ5HYWvfOmSNKDsEqC4OashTp8alTmaz+F7TC2L083SFv5RdB+qU3Vs1kZqw=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/sha256-js": ["@aws-crypto/sha256-js@5.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@aws-crypto/util": "^5.2.0", "@aws-sdk/types": "^3.222.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-FFQQyu7edu4ufvIZ+OadFpHHOt+eSTBaYaki44c+akjg7qZg9oOQeLlk77F6tSYqjDAFClrHJk9tMf0HdVyOvA=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/supports-web-crypto": ["@aws-crypto/supports-web-crypto@5.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-iAvUotm021kM33eCdNfwIN//F77/IADDSs58i+MDaOqFrVjZo9bAal0NK7HurRuWLLpF1iLX7gbWrjHjeo+YFg=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/util": ["@aws-crypto/util@5.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@aws-sdk/types": "^3.222.0", "@smithy/util-utf8": "^2.0.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-4RkU9EsI6ZpBve5fseQlGNUWKMa1RLPQ1dnjnQoe07ldfIzcsGb5hC5W0Dm7u423KWzawlrpbjXBrXCEv9zazQ=="],
+
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+    "@octokit/rest/@octokit/core/before-after-hook": ["before-after-hook@3.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-Nik3Sc0ncrMK4UUdXQmAnRtzmNQTAAXmXIopizwZ1W1t8QmfJj+zL4OA2I7XPTPW5z5TDqv4hRo/JzouDJnX3A=="],
+
+    "@octokit/rest/@octokit/core/universal-user-agent": ["universal-user-agent@7.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-TmnEAEAsBJVZM/AADELsK76llnwcf9vMKuPz8JflO1frO8Lchitr0fNaN9d+Ap0BjKtqWqd/J17qeDnXh8CL2A=="],
+
+    "archiver-utils/glob/jackspeak": ["jackspeak@3.4.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@isaacs/cliui": "^8.0.2" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@pkgjs/parseargs": "^0.11.0" } }, "sha512-OGlZQpz2yfahA/Rd1Y8Cd9SIEsqvXkLVoSw/cgwhnhFMDbsQFeZYoJJ7bIZBS9BcamUW96asq/npPWugM+RQBw=="],
+
+    "archiver-utils/glob/minimatch": ["minimatch@9.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1" } }, "sha512-G6T0ZX48xgozx7587koeX9Ys2NYy6Gmv//P89sEte9V9whIapMNF4idKxnW2QtCcLiTWlb/wfCabAtAFWhhBow=="],
+
+    "archiver-utils/glob/path-scurry": ["path-scurry@1.11.1", "", { "dependencies": { "lru-cache": "^10.2.0", "minipass": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.2 || ^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-Xa4Nw17FS9ApQFJ9umLiJS4orGjm7ZzwUrwamcGQuHSzDyth9boKDaycYdDcZDuqYATXw4HFXgaqWTctW/v1HA=="],
+
+    "lazystream/readable-stream/safe-buffer": ["safe-buffer@5.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-Gd2UZBJDkXlY7GbJxfsE8/nvKkUEU1G38c1siN6QP6a9PT9MmHB8GnpscSmMJSoF8LOIrt8ud/wPtojys4G6+g=="],
+
+    "lazystream/readable-stream/string_decoder": ["string_decoder@1.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "safe-buffer": "~5.1.0" } }, "sha512-n/ShnvDi6FHbbVfviro+WojiFzv+s8MPMHBczVePfUpDJLwoLT0ht1l4YwBCbi8pJAveEEdnkHyPyTP/mzRfwg=="],
+
+    "string-width-cjs/strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@5.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-quJQXlTSUGL2LH9SUXo8VwsY4soanhgo6LNSm84E1LBcE8s3O0wpdiRzyR9z/ZZJMlMWv37qOOb9pdJlMUEKFQ=="],
+
+    "wrap-ansi-cjs/string-width/emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@8.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-MSjYzcWNOA0ewAHpz0MxpYFvwg6yjy1NG3xteoqz644VCo/RPgnr1/GGt+ic3iJTzQ8Eu3TdM14SawnVUmGE6A=="],
+
+    "wrap-ansi-cjs/strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@5.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-quJQXlTSUGL2LH9SUXo8VwsY4soanhgo6LNSm84E1LBcE8s3O0wpdiRzyR9z/ZZJMlMWv37qOOb9pdJlMUEKFQ=="],
+
+    "wrap-ansi/string-width/emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@9.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-L18DaJsXSUk2+42pv8mLs5jJT2hqFkFE4j21wOmgbUqsZ2hL72NsUU785g9RXgo3s0ZNgVl42TiHp3ZtOv/Vyg=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/sha1-browser/@smithy/util-utf8/@smithy/util-buffer-from/@smithy/is-array-buffer": ["@smithy/is-array-buffer@2.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-GGP3O9QFD24uGeAXYUjwSTXARoqpZykHadOmA8G5vfJPK0/DC67qa//0qvqrJzL1xc8WQWX7/yc7fwudjPHPhA=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/sha256-browser/@smithy/util-utf8/@smithy/util-buffer-from/@smithy/is-array-buffer": ["@smithy/is-array-buffer@2.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-GGP3O9QFD24uGeAXYUjwSTXARoqpZykHadOmA8G5vfJPK0/DC67qa//0qvqrJzL1xc8WQWX7/yc7fwudjPHPhA=="],
+
+    "@aws-crypto/util/@smithy/util-utf8/@smithy/util-buffer-from/@smithy/is-array-buffer": ["@smithy/is-array-buffer@2.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-GGP3O9QFD24uGeAXYUjwSTXARoqpZykHadOmA8G5vfJPK0/DC67qa//0qvqrJzL1xc8WQWX7/yc7fwudjPHPhA=="],
+
+    "@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest/@octokit/core/@octokit/request/@octokit/endpoint": ["@octokit/endpoint@10.1.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@octokit/types": "^14.0.0", "universal-user-agent": "^7.0.2" } }, "sha512-OlYOlZIsfEVZm5HCSR8aSg02T2lbUWOsCQoPKfTXJwDzcHQBrVBGdGXb89dv2Kw2ToZaRtudp8O3ZIYoaOjKlA=="],
+
+    "@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest/@octokit/core/@octokit/types/@octokit/openapi-types": ["@octokit/openapi-types@25.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-idsIggNXUKkk0+BExUn1dQ92sfysJrje03Q0bv0e+KPLrvyqZF8MnBpFz8UNfYDwB3Ie7Z0TByjWfzxt7vseaA=="],
+
+    "@octokit/plugin-rest-endpoint-methods/@octokit/core/@octokit/request/@octokit/endpoint": ["@octokit/endpoint@10.1.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@octokit/types": "^14.0.0", "universal-user-agent": "^7.0.2" } }, "sha512-OlYOlZIsfEVZm5HCSR8aSg02T2lbUWOsCQoPKfTXJwDzcHQBrVBGdGXb89dv2Kw2ToZaRtudp8O3ZIYoaOjKlA=="],
+
+    "@octokit/plugin-rest-endpoint-methods/@octokit/core/@octokit/types/@octokit/openapi-types": ["@octokit/openapi-types@25.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-idsIggNXUKkk0+BExUn1dQ92sfysJrje03Q0bv0e+KPLrvyqZF8MnBpFz8UNfYDwB3Ie7Z0TByjWfzxt7vseaA=="],
+
+    "@octokit/rest/@octokit/core/@octokit/request/@octokit/endpoint": ["@octokit/endpoint@10.1.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@octokit/types": "^14.0.0", "universal-user-agent": "^7.0.2" } }, "sha512-OlYOlZIsfEVZm5HCSR8aSg02T2lbUWOsCQoPKfTXJwDzcHQBrVBGdGXb89dv2Kw2ToZaRtudp8O3ZIYoaOjKlA=="],
+
+    "@octokit/rest/@octokit/core/@octokit/types/@octokit/openapi-types": ["@octokit/openapi-types@25.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-idsIggNXUKkk0+BExUn1dQ92sfysJrje03Q0bv0e+KPLrvyqZF8MnBpFz8UNfYDwB3Ie7Z0TByjWfzxt7vseaA=="],
+
+    "archiver-utils/glob/path-scurry/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@10.4.3", "", {}, "sha512-JNAzZcXrCt42VGLuYz0zfAzDfAvJWW6AfYlDBQyDV5DClI2m5sAmK+OIO7s59XfsRsWHp02jAJrRadPRGTt6SQ=="],
+  }
+}
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/cli.ts b/scripts/release-manager/cli.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce4930b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/cli.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+import { createHash } from "crypto";
+import { mkdir, readFile, stat, unlink, writeFile } from "fs/promises";
+import { basename, resolve } from "path";
+import { program } from "commander";
+import { glob } from "glob";
+import { Octokit } from "@octokit/rest";
+import { Upload } from "@aws-sdk/lib-storage";
+import ora from "ora";
+import pc from "picocolors";
+import "dotenv/config";
+import {
+  createR2Client,
+  getReleasesDir,
+  loadManifest,
+  createManifest,
+  saveManifest,
+  padWithColor,
+  constrainString,
+  formatRelativeTime,
+} from "./utils.js";
+import type {
+  ArtifactMapping,
+  Checksums,
+  FileType,
+  Manifest,
+  Platform,
+  ReleaseFile,
+  Version,
+} from "./types.js";
+
+const ARTIFACT_MAPPINGS: ArtifactMapping[] = [
+  {
+    artifactName: "iron-borders-linux-x86_64",
+    platform: "linux-x86_64",
+    expectedFiles: [
+      { glob: "**/*.AppImage", type: "appimage" },
+      { glob: "**/*.deb", type: "deb" },
+      { glob: "**/*.rpm", type: "rpm" },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    artifactName: "iron-borders-macos-x86_64",
+    platform: "macos-x86_64",
+    expectedFiles: [
+      { glob: "**/*.dmg", type: "dmg" },
+      { glob: "**/*.app", type: "app" },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    artifactName: "iron-borders-macos-aarch64",
+    platform: "macos-aarch64",
+    expectedFiles: [
+      { glob: "**/*.dmg", type: "dmg" },
+      { glob: "**/*.app", type: "app" },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    artifactName: "iron-borders-windows-x86_64",
+    platform: "windows-x86_64",
+    expectedFiles: [{ glob: "**/*.exe", type: "exe" }],
+  },
+  {
+    artifactName: "iron-borders-windows-aarch64",
+    platform: "windows-aarch64",
+    expectedFiles: [{ glob: "**/*.exe", type: "exe" }],
+  },
+];
+
+const artifactNames = ARTIFACT_MAPPINGS.map((m) => m.artifactName);
+
+function validateEnvironment(): void {
+  const required = [
+    'GITHUB_TOKEN',
+    'GITHUB_REPOSITORY',
+    'R2_BUCKET_NAME',
+    'R2_BASE_URL',
+    'R2_ACCOUNT_ID',
+    'R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID',
+    'R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY',
+  ];
+
+  const missing = required.filter((key) => !process.env[key]);
+
+  if (missing.length > 0) {
+    console.error(pc.red('\n❌ Missing required environment variables:'));
+    for (const key of missing) {
+      console.error(pc.red(`  - ${key}`));
+    }
+    console.error(
+      pc.yellow('\nCheck .env file in scripts/release-manager/.env\n')
+    );
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+validateEnvironment();
+
+async function downloadArtifact(
+  octokit: Octokit,
+  owner: string,
+  repo: string,
+  artifactId: number,
+  outputPath: string
+): Promise<void> {
+  const response = await octokit.rest.actions.downloadArtifact({
+    owner,
+    repo,
+    artifact_id: artifactId,
+    archive_format: "zip",
+  });
+
+  const arrayBuffer = response.data as unknown as ArrayBuffer;
+  const buffer = Buffer.from(arrayBuffer);
+
+  await mkdir(resolve(outputPath, ".."), { recursive: true });
+  await writeFile(outputPath, buffer);
+}
+
+async function extractZip(zipPath: string, outputDir: string): Promise<void> {
+  const AdmZip = (await import("adm-zip")).default;
+  const zip = new AdmZip(zipPath);
+  zip.extractAllTo(outputDir, true);
+}
+
+async function listRecentRuns(
+  octokit: Octokit,
+  owner: string,
+  repo: string
+): Promise<void> {
+  const workflows = await octokit.rest.actions.listRepoWorkflows({
+    owner,
+    repo,
+  });
+
+  const buildsWorkflow = workflows.data.workflows.find(
+    (w) => w.path === ".github/workflows/builds.yml"
+  );
+
+  if (!buildsWorkflow) {
+    throw new Error("builds.yml workflow not found");
+  }
+
+  const runs = await octokit.rest.actions.listWorkflowRuns({
+    owner,
+    repo,
+    workflow_id: buildsWorkflow.id,
+    per_page: 10,
+  });
+
+  console.log(pc.bold(pc.cyan("\n📋 Recent builds workflow runs:\n")));
+  console.log(
+    pc.dim(
+      `${"Run ID".padEnd(12)} ${"Status".padEnd(12)} ${"Branch".padEnd(
+        20
+      )} ${"Created"}`
+    )
+  );
+  console.log(pc.dim("─".repeat(80)));
+
+  for (const run of runs.data.workflow_runs) {
+    let status: string;
+    if (run.status === "completed") {
+      status =
+        run.conclusion === "success"
+          ? pc.green("✓ success")
+          : pc.red(`✗ ${run.conclusion}`);
+    } else {
+      status = pc.yellow(`⋯ ${run.status}`);
+    }
+
+    const date = formatRelativeTime(new Date(run.created_at));
+    const branch = constrainString(run.head_branch || "unknown", 20);
+
+    console.log(
+      `${String(run.id).padEnd(12)} ${padWithColor(status, 12)} ${branch.padEnd(
+        20
+      )} ${date}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  console.log("");
+}
+
+async function computeChecksums(filePath: string): Promise<Checksums> {
+  const buffer = await readFile(filePath);
+
+  return {
+    sha256: createHash("sha256").update(buffer).digest("hex"),
+    sha512: createHash("sha512").update(buffer).digest("hex"),
+    md5: createHash("md5").update(buffer).digest("hex"),
+  };
+}
+
+async function findFiles(
+  baseDir: string,
+  artifactName: string,
+  expectedFiles: { glob: string; type: FileType }[]
+): Promise<{ path: string; type: FileType }[]> {
+  const artifactDir = resolve(baseDir, artifactName);
+  const results: { path: string; type: FileType }[] = [];
+
+  for (const { glob: pattern, type } of expectedFiles) {
+    const matches = await glob(pattern, {
+      cwd: artifactDir,
+      absolute: true,
+      nodir: true,
+    });
+
+    for (const match of matches) {
+      results.push({ path: match, type });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return results;
+}
+
+async function uploadToR2(
+  localPath: string,
+  remotePath: string,
+  bucket: string,
+  s3Client: ReturnType<typeof createR2Client>,
+  onProgress?: (percent: number) => void
+): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const fileContent = await readFile(localPath);
+
+    const upload = new Upload({
+      client: s3Client,
+      params: {
+        Bucket: bucket,
+        Key: remotePath,
+        Body: fileContent,
+      },
+    });
+
+    if (onProgress) {
+      upload.on('httpUploadProgress', (progress) => {
+        if (progress.loaded && progress.total) {
+          const percent = Math.round((progress.loaded / progress.total) * 100);
+          onProgress(percent);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    await upload.done();
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Failed to upload to R2 bucket "${bucket}": ${error.message}\n` +
+        `Path: ${remotePath}\n` +
+        `Hint: Check that the bucket exists and your R2 credentials are correct`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+async function processVersion(
+  version: string,
+  bucket: string,
+  baseUrl: string,
+  skipUpload: boolean,
+  s3Client: ReturnType<typeof createR2Client>
+): Promise<Version> {
+  const releasesDir = getReleasesDir();
+  const versionDir = resolve(releasesDir, version);
+
+  const version_obj: Version = {
+    version,
+    released: new Date().toISOString(),
+    visible: true,
+    platforms: {},
+  };
+
+  for (const mapping of ARTIFACT_MAPPINGS) {
+    const spinner = ora(`Finding files for ${mapping.platform}`).start();
+
+    try {
+      const files = await findFiles(
+        versionDir,
+        mapping.artifactName,
+        mapping.expectedFiles
+      );
+
+      if (files.length === 0) {
+        spinner.warn(pc.yellow(`No files found for ${mapping.platform}`));
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const releaseFiles: ReleaseFile[] = [];
+
+      for (const { path: filePath, type } of files) {
+        const filename = basename(filePath);
+        const remotePath = `releases/v${version}/${mapping.platform}/${filename}`;
+
+        spinner.text = `Computing checksums for ${filename}`;
+        const checksums = await computeChecksums(filePath);
+        const fileStats = await stat(filePath);
+
+        if (!skipUpload) {
+          spinner.text = `Uploading ${filename} (0%)`;
+          await uploadToR2(filePath, remotePath, bucket, s3Client, (percent) => {
+            spinner.text = `Uploading ${filename} (${percent}%)`;
+          });
+        }
+
+        releaseFiles.push({
+          type,
+          url: `${baseUrl}/${remotePath}`,
+          filename,
+          size: fileStats.size,
+          checksums,
+        });
+      }
+
+      version_obj.platforms[mapping.platform] = { files: releaseFiles };
+      spinner.succeed(
+        pc.green(`Processed ${mapping.platform} (${releaseFiles.length} files)`)
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      spinner.fail(pc.red(`Failed to process ${mapping.platform}`));
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return version_obj;
+}
+
+program
+  .name("release-manager")
+  .description("Manage Iron Borders releases")
+  .version("1.0.0");
+
+program
+  .command("download [version] [run-id]")
+  .description("Download and extract GitHub Actions artifacts")
+  .action(async (version, runId) => {
+    try {
+      const [owner, repo] = process.env.GITHUB_REPOSITORY!.split('/');
+      const token = process.env.GITHUB_TOKEN!;
+      const octokit = new Octokit({ auth: token });
+
+      if (!version && !runId) {
+        await listRecentRuns(octokit, owner, repo);
+        throw new Error(
+          "No version and run ID specified. Provide both: download <version> <run-id>"
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (!version || !runId) {
+        throw new Error(
+          "Both version and run ID are required: download <version> <run-id>"
+        );
+      }
+
+      const runIdNum = parseInt(runId, 10);
+
+      const run = await octokit.rest.actions.getWorkflowRun({
+        owner,
+        repo,
+        run_id: runIdNum,
+      });
+
+      if (run.data.status !== "completed") {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Cannot download artifacts from run ${runId}: workflow is still ${run.data.status}`
+        );
+      }
+
+      console.log(
+        pc.bold(pc.cyan(`\n📦 Downloading artifacts from run ${runId}\n`))
+      );
+
+      const artifacts = await octokit.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
+        owner,
+        repo,
+        run_id: runIdNum,
+      });
+
+      const releasesDir = getReleasesDir();
+      const versionDir = resolve(releasesDir, version);
+      await mkdir(versionDir, { recursive: true });
+
+      for (const artifactName of artifactNames) {
+        const artifact = artifacts.data.artifacts.find(
+          (a) => a.name === artifactName
+        );
+
+        if (!artifact) {
+          console.log(
+            pc.yellow(`⚠️  Artifact ${artifactName} not found, skipping`)
+          );
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        const spinner = ora(`Downloading ${artifactName}`).start();
+
+        try {
+          const zipPath = resolve(versionDir, `${artifactName}.zip`);
+          await downloadArtifact(octokit, owner, repo, artifact.id, zipPath);
+
+          spinner.text = `Extracting ${artifactName}`;
+          const extractDir = resolve(versionDir, artifactName);
+          await extractZip(zipPath, extractDir);
+
+          await unlink(zipPath);
+
+          spinner.succeed(pc.green(`Downloaded and extracted ${artifactName}`));
+        } catch (error) {
+          spinner.fail(pc.red(`Failed to download ${artifactName}`));
+          throw error;
+        }
+      }
+
+      console.log(
+        pc.bold(pc.green(`\n✅ All artifacts downloaded to ${versionDir}\n`))
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(
+        pc.red("\n❌ Error:"),
+        error instanceof Error ? error.message : error
+      );
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  });
+
+program
+  .command("upload <version>")
+  .description("Upload release artifacts to R2 and update manifest")
+  .option("--latest", "Set this version as latest")
+  .option("--skip-upload", "Skip upload, only generate manifest locally")
+  .action(async (version, options) => {
+    try {
+      const { latest, skipUpload } = options;
+      const bucket = process.env.R2_BUCKET_NAME!;
+      const baseUrl = process.env.R2_BASE_URL!;
+
+      console.log(pc.bold(pc.cyan(`\n🚀 Uploading release ${version}\n`)));
+
+      const s3Client = createR2Client();
+
+      const spinner = ora("Loading existing manifest").start();
+      let manifest: Manifest;
+      try {
+        manifest = await loadManifest(bucket, s3Client);
+        spinner.succeed("Loaded manifest");
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        if (error.message.includes("not found")) {
+          spinner.warn("Manifest not found, creating new one");
+          manifest = await createManifest();
+        } else {
+          spinner.fail("Failed to load manifest");
+          throw error;
+        }
+      }
+
+      const versionObj = await processVersion(
+        version,
+        bucket,
+        baseUrl,
+        skipUpload,
+        s3Client
+      );
+
+      const existingIndex = manifest.versions.findIndex(
+        (v) => v.version === version
+      );
+      if (existingIndex >= 0) {
+        manifest.versions[existingIndex] = versionObj;
+        console.log(
+          pc.yellow(`\n⚠️  Updated existing version ${version} in manifest`)
+        );
+      } else {
+        manifest.versions.unshift(versionObj);
+        console.log(pc.green(`\n✅ Added new version ${version} to manifest`));
+      }
+
+      manifest.versions.sort((a, b) =>
+        b.version.localeCompare(a.version, undefined, { numeric: true })
+      );
+
+      const shouldSetLatest =
+        latest || !manifest.latest || manifest.latest < version;
+      if (shouldSetLatest) {
+        manifest.latest = version;
+        console.log(pc.cyan(`📌 Set ${version} as latest version`));
+      }
+
+      if (!skipUpload) {
+        const manifestSpinner = ora("Uploading manifest").start();
+        await saveManifest(manifest, bucket, s3Client);
+        manifestSpinner.succeed("Uploaded manifest");
+      } else {
+        console.log(pc.yellow("\n⚠️  Skipped upload (--skip-upload flag)"));
+        console.log("\nGenerated manifest:");
+        console.log(JSON.stringify(manifest, null, 2));
+      }
+
+      console.log(
+        pc.bold(pc.green(`\n✅ Release ${version} uploaded successfully!\n`))
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(pc.red("\n❌ Error:"), error);
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  });
+
+program
+  .command("list")
+  .description("List all available releases")
+  .action(async () => {
+    try {
+      const bucket = process.env.R2_BUCKET_NAME!;
+
+      const s3Client = createR2Client();
+      const manifest = await loadManifest(bucket, s3Client);
+
+      console.log(pc.bold(pc.cyan("\n📦 Available Releases\n")));
+      console.log(
+        pc.dim(
+          `${"Version".padEnd(12)} ${"Visible".padEnd(10)} ${"Released".padEnd(
+            30
+          )} ${"Status"}`
+        )
+      );
+      console.log(pc.dim("─".repeat(80)));
+
+      for (const version of manifest.versions) {
+        const isLatest = version.version === manifest.latest;
+        const versionStr = isLatest
+          ? pc.green(version.version)
+          : version.version;
+        const visibleStr = version.visible ? pc.green("✓ Yes") : pc.red("✗ No");
+        const releasedStr = new Date(version.released).toLocaleString();
+        const statusStr = isLatest ? pc.cyan(" (latest)") : "";
+
+        console.log(
+          `${padWithColor(versionStr, 12)} ${padWithColor(
+            visibleStr,
+            10
+          )} ${releasedStr.padEnd(30)} ${statusStr}`
+        );
+      }
+
+      console.log("");
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      if (error.message.includes("not found")) {
+        console.error(
+          pc.red("\n❌ No releases found (manifest.json does not exist)\n")
+        );
+        process.exit(1);
+      }
+
+      console.error(pc.red("\n❌ Error:"), error.message);
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  });
+
+program
+  .command("set-latest")
+  .description("Set a version as the latest in the manifest")
+  .requiredOption(
+    "-v, --version <version>",
+    "Version to set as latest (e.g., 0.5.7)"
+  )
+  .action(async (options) => {
+    try {
+      const { version } = options;
+      const bucket = process.env.R2_BUCKET_NAME!;
+
+      const s3Client = createR2Client();
+
+      const spinner = ora("Loading manifest").start();
+      const manifest = await loadManifest(bucket, s3Client);
+      spinner.succeed("Loaded manifest");
+
+      const versionExists = manifest.versions.some(
+        (v) => v.version === version
+      );
+
+      if (!versionExists) {
+        console.error(pc.red(`\n❌ Version ${version} not found in manifest`));
+        console.log(pc.yellow("\nAvailable versions:"));
+        manifest.versions.forEach((v) => {
+          const indicator =
+            v.version === manifest.latest ? pc.green(" (current latest)") : "";
+          console.log(`  - ${v.version}${indicator}`);
+        });
+        process.exit(1);
+      }
+
+      const previousLatest = manifest.latest;
+      manifest.latest = version;
+
+      const uploadSpinner = ora("Updating manifest").start();
+      await saveManifest(manifest, bucket, s3Client);
+      uploadSpinner.succeed("Updated manifest");
+
+      console.log(pc.bold(pc.green(`\n✅ Latest version updated:`)));
+      console.log(`   ${previousLatest} → ${pc.cyan(version)}\n`);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(pc.red("\n❌ Error:"), error);
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  });
+
+program.parse();
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/manifest.json b/scripts/release-manager/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c50b22a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+{
+  "latest": "0.5.7",
+  "display_mode": "latest_only",
+  "versions": [
+    {
+      "version": "0.5.7",
+      "released": "2025-10-11T16:56:44.403Z",
+      "visible": true,
+      "platforms": {
+        "linux-x86_64": {
+          "files": [
+            {
+              "type": "appimage",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/linux-x86_64/iron-borders_0.1.0_amd64.AppImage",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_amd64.AppImage",
+              "size": 86313464,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "40343d73e0dd47e1af8f31c8f4e84689883982374fbeda8d6b2baf25c9402c52",
+                "sha512": "ea9e09c35d39b800ed7d837d0b2bb352298d7cff87bbd9fdc4bffed7fcc3ff6f0293efc183f075442692bb2ebc861bfcc234c18938602bc125681fcbe65dfedf",
+                "md5": "afa799a612aeca1bbbfdcd3226bbcf7f"
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "deb",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/linux-x86_64/iron-borders_0.1.0_amd64.deb",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_amd64.deb",
+              "size": 10504424,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "54fd6568d38b457688b509a3cd4096e735d1a8e4174eeaf5c9103dc926f87777",
+                "sha512": "008bcd687c8dc2f5cbc4c104a25201339c77a3ace1788bf50bc386e2f14a9cf6752d519c4f4b5b8c8cddbe65cb12ca1bded688f14297b977c786f10d455a31fe",
+                "md5": "cd0128c310616b1ddf906128608ccd0c"
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "rpm",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/linux-x86_64/iron-borders-0.1.0-1.x86_64.rpm",
+              "filename": "iron-borders-0.1.0-1.x86_64.rpm",
+              "size": 10504162,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "ff244308de628f2af6b56363516c7aca4b69adb67dc678a5c3bdcfdb16635120",
+                "sha512": "8aecae09425c98f210c41ddcc3a89c85d4b97dc9065412ba2d7b105cf04e1f3e1cb3f6a8491f9c2fa2539acac4fdec8bc35cddfd6010597e7f928c7b692b503b",
+                "md5": "be75cfa33ba9ecb44421864e72ea9967"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "macos-x86_64": {
+          "files": [
+            {
+              "type": "dmg",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/macos-x86_64/iron-borders_0.1.0_x64.dmg",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_x64.dmg",
+              "size": 9602672,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "01f1fb16ae253cdd27234b02e9885a83d02fe1798226cb2d659ac68702824c20",
+                "sha512": "a704bf2e084eb89768a169005d3fa53ccada1089b676e01cd8525e84b3dff269cc442f7c1d62010850b6e5105648eba532217b3aa60644717baac07266e80ea0",
+                "md5": "d7a950210a22e88995dbb64618377151"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "macos-aarch64": {
+          "files": [
+            {
+              "type": "dmg",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/macos-aarch64/iron-borders_0.1.0_aarch64.dmg",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_aarch64.dmg",
+              "size": 9060820,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "43e63e7194e895350603faa6c6272b4cf1ddf0ea4c94769ef0584815ad9f88e5",
+                "sha512": "b6b9e3c2d871bffdea1de6506ae1b3e5bd5a1b6559f59dc29fda289c7bfc74231fd72f0e8b97f0529e6c08fcbc12f9fe808216ba56c86fb3a48323cd6972817b",
+                "md5": "c4524a748b7064eb6b1cb1973cf69f27"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "windows-x86_64": {
+          "files": [
+            {
+              "type": "exe",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/windows-x86_64/iron-borders_0.1.0_x64-setup.exe",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_x64-setup.exe",
+              "size": 6371644,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "3f6f22a7efe09603338631d2fe66ed3ad6b8d1a1120651fcfb14463e429ae1f3",
+                "sha512": "a6bee3f0f1ca07b27ac63bce56adaf6953299051bb74f09e7d2a44dbb6a2ee5fe064739fc0efd46e117f584b7a5a13b2e99d8ba8219ccba3dd255c5f5926c6e8",
+                "md5": "977b59994347542a475847ddef9c1622"
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "msi",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/windows-x86_64/iron-borders_0.1.0_x64_en-US.msi",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_x64_en-US.msi",
+              "size": 9154560,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "4df0b207825e9ac5a60d8e3e2cd608aa76e665c9b550e9e0167f16a90d8441ba",
+                "sha512": "54e6b396e65bae859c396362f8c5f3c6cc8b18d6d338d29241565995871e8db6a1ed76268a8dc5f330077b1ae8986c5d872098bf1758de29d997d0070f130458",
+                "md5": "01cb21e9cab2b76918c47db7b7685024"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "windows-aarch64": {
+          "files": [
+            {
+              "type": "exe",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/windows-aarch64/iron-borders_0.1.0_arm64-setup.exe",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_arm64-setup.exe",
+              "size": 5664249,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "4cab4d2568717c50c7fd6f397eba95db45259c09215ebff23bf4a99ceec175d0",
+                "sha512": "1bc6c53233c9934aeb87f911f53ed0e0090f9e3164abde7e72e6f119489420ffec48509d07ea29b147d29e791ea507cfc7422f1d6025ca054b21a7f26b4b9105",
+                "md5": "0878dd2c37501774a494d25d57c890a3"
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "msi",
+              "url": "https://cdn.borders.xevion.dev/releases/v0.5.7/windows-aarch64/iron-borders_0.1.0_arm64_en-US.msi",
+              "filename": "iron-borders_0.1.0_arm64_en-US.msi",
+              "size": 8593408,
+              "checksums": {
+                "sha256": "2ef849bd77082afff7ea3d624c37ccc6ffa3ab53326f630c66323db7769af775",
+                "sha512": "54de9b1805a75d9134e7ce0b1697f86cadc88a2986168ae99b74ee4a365949991b2ee05f4072859c278646b0972c6d13d889164b3c99ea5b28f05dec9f308d02",
+                "md5": "d40f963278fb6488bfe4e264448438e5"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/package.json b/scripts/release-manager/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..443010a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "name": "release-manager",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "cli": "tsx cli.ts"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@actions/artifact": "^2.2.4",
+    "@aws-sdk/client-s3": "^3.908.0",
+    "@aws-sdk/lib-storage": "^3.908.0",
+    "@octokit/rest": "^21.0.2",
+    "adm-zip": "^0.5.16",
+    "commander": "^13.0.0",
+    "dotenv": "^16.4.7",
+    "glob": "^11.0.0",
+    "ora": "^8.1.1",
+    "picocolors": "^1.1.1"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "^22.15.8",
+    "tsx": "^4.19.2",
+    "typescript": "^5.9.3"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/pnpm-workspace.yaml b/scripts/release-manager/pnpm-workspace.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efc037a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/pnpm-workspace.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+onlyBuiltDependencies:
+  - esbuild
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/tsconfig.json b/scripts/release-manager/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f437370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "lib": ["ES2022"],
+    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true,
+    "strict": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "outDir": "dist",
+    "rootDir": ".",
+    "types": ["node"]
+  },
+  "include": ["*.ts"],
+  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
+}
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/types.ts b/scripts/release-manager/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83797a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+export interface Checksums {
+  sha256: string;
+  sha512: string;
+  md5: string;
+}
+
+export type FileType = 'appimage' | 'deb' | 'rpm' | 'dmg' | 'app' | 'exe' | 'msi';
+
+export interface ReleaseFile {
+  type: FileType;
+  url: string;
+  filename: string;
+  size: number;
+  checksums: Checksums;
+}
+
+export type Platform =
+  | 'linux-x86_64'
+  | 'linux-aarch64'
+  | 'macos-x86_64'
+  | 'macos-aarch64'
+  | 'windows-x86_64'
+  | 'windows-aarch64';
+
+export type PlatformFiles = {
+  [K in Platform]?: {
+    files: ReleaseFile[];
+  };
+};
+
+export interface Version {
+  version: string;
+  released: string;
+  visible: boolean;
+  platforms: PlatformFiles;
+}
+
+export type DisplayMode = 'latest_only' | 'all' | 'recent_n';
+
+export interface Manifest {
+  latest: string;
+  display_mode: DisplayMode;
+  recent_n?: number;
+  versions: Version[];
+}
+
+export interface ArtifactMapping {
+  artifactName: string;
+  platform: Platform;
+  expectedFiles: {
+    glob: string;
+    type: FileType;
+  }[];
+}
diff --git a/scripts/release-manager/utils.ts b/scripts/release-manager/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e54deae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-manager/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+import { S3Client } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
+import { GetObjectCommand, PutObjectCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
+import { existsSync } from 'fs';
+import { dirname, resolve } from 'path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
+import type { Manifest } from './types.js';
+
+const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = dirname(__filename);
+
+export function getRepoRoot(): string {
+  let currentDir = __dirname;
+
+  while (currentDir !== dirname(currentDir)) {
+    if (existsSync(resolve(currentDir, '.git'))) {
+      return currentDir;
+    }
+    currentDir = dirname(currentDir);
+  }
+
+  throw new Error('Could not find repository root (no .git directory found)');
+}
+
+export function getReleasesDir(): string {
+  return resolve(getRepoRoot(), 'releases');
+}
+
+export function createR2Client(): S3Client {
+  const accountId = process.env.R2_ACCOUNT_ID!;
+  const accessKeyId = process.env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID!;
+  const secretAccessKey = process.env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY!;
+
+  return new S3Client({
+    region: 'auto',
+    endpoint: `https://${accountId}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`,
+    credentials: {
+      accessKeyId,
+      secretAccessKey,
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+export async function loadManifest(bucket: string, s3Client: S3Client): Promise<Manifest> {
+  try {
+    const response = await s3Client.send(
+      new GetObjectCommand({
+        Bucket: bucket,
+        Key: 'manifest.json',
+      })
+    );
+
+    const bodyString = await response.Body?.transformToString();
+    if (!bodyString || bodyString.trim() === '') {
+      throw new Error('manifest.json is empty');
+    }
+
+    const manifest = JSON.parse(bodyString);
+
+    if (!manifest.versions || !Array.isArray(manifest.versions)) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid manifest.json: missing or invalid "versions" array');
+    }
+
+    return manifest;
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    if (error.name === 'NoSuchKey' || error.Code === 'NoSuchKey') {
+      throw new Error('manifest.json not found in R2 bucket. Upload a release first.');
+    }
+
+    if (error instanceof SyntaxError) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Invalid JSON in manifest.json from bucket "${bucket}".\n` +
+          `Please fix or delete the manifest and try again.`
+      );
+    }
+
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function createManifest(): Promise<Manifest> {
+  return {
+    latest: '',
+    display_mode: 'latest_only',
+    versions: [],
+  };
+}
+
+export async function saveManifest(
+  manifest: Manifest,
+  bucket: string,
+  s3Client: S3Client
+): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const manifestJson = JSON.stringify(manifest, null, 2);
+
+    await s3Client.send(
+      new PutObjectCommand({
+        Bucket: bucket,
+        Key: 'manifest.json',
+        Body: manifestJson,
+        ContentType: 'application/json',
+      })
+    );
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Failed to upload manifest to R2 bucket "${bucket}": ${error.message}\n` +
+        `Hint: Check that the bucket exists and your R2 credentials are correct`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+function stripAnsi(str: string): number {
+  return str.replace(/\u001B\[\d+m/g, '').length;
+}
+
+export function padWithColor(str: string, targetLength: number): string {
+  const visibleLength = stripAnsi(str);
+  const padding = Math.max(0, targetLength - visibleLength);
+  return str + ' '.repeat(padding);
+}
+
+export function constrainString(str: string, maxLength: number): string {
+  if (str.length <= maxLength) {
+    return str;
+  }
+
+  const ratio = maxLength / str.length;
+
+  if (ratio < 0.65) {
+    const charsPerSide = Math.floor((maxLength - 1) / 2);
+    const start = str.slice(0, charsPerSide);
+    const end = str.slice(-charsPerSide);
+    return `${start}…${end}`;
+  } else {
+    return str.slice(0, maxLength - 1) + '…';
+  }
+}
+
+export function formatRelativeTime(date: Date): string {
+  const now = new Date();
+  const diffMs = now.getTime() - date.getTime();
+  const diffHours = diffMs / (1000 * 60 * 60);
+
+  if (diffHours > 12) {
+    return date.toLocaleString();
+  }
+
+  const diffMins = Math.floor(diffMs / (1000 * 60));
+
+  if (diffMins < 60) {
+    return `${diffMins} min${diffMins !== 1 ? 's' : ''} ago`;
+  }
+
+  const hours = Math.floor(diffMins / 60);
+  const mins = diffMins % 60;
+
+  if (mins === 0) {
+    return `${hours} hour${hours !== 1 ? 's' : ''} ago`;
+  }
+
+  return `${hours}h ${mins}m ago`;
+}