feat: enhance profiling with tick-based timing management and zero-padding for skipped frames

You have no idea how much pain this has been causing me.

.github/workflows/build.yaml

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ jobs:
           done
 
       - name: Upload Artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v4
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' && github.event_name == 'push'
         with:
           path: "./dist/"

Cargo.lock

@@ -301,6 +301,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "deranged"
+version = "0.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d630bccd429a5bb5a64b5e94f693bfc48c9f8566418fda4c494cc94f911f87cc"
+dependencies = [
+ "powerfmt",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -561,6 +570,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-conv"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "51d515d32fb182ee37cda2ccdcb92950d6a3c2893aa280e540671c2cd0f3b1d9"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
 version = "0.2.19"
@@ -608,6 +623,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "strum_macros",
  "thiserror",
  "thousands",
+ "time",
  "tracing",
  "tracing-error",
  "tracing-subscriber",
@@ -722,6 +738,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "portable-atomic",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "powerfmt"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "439ee305def115ba05938db6eb1644ff94165c5ab5e9420d1c1bcedbba909391"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ppv-lite86"
+version = "0.2.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "85eae3c4ed2f50dcfe72643da4befc30deadb458a9b590d720cde2f2b1e97da9"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pretty_assertions"
 version = "1.4.1"
@@ -762,6 +793,17 @@ version = "0.9.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6db2770f06117d490610c7488547d543617b21bfa07796d7a12f6f1bd53850d1"
 dependencies = [
+ "rand_chacha",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_chacha"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "ppv-lite86",
  "rand_core",
 ]
 
@@ -1012,6 +1054,36 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "time"
+version = "0.3.43"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "83bde6f1ec10e72d583d91623c939f623002284ef622b87de38cfd546cbf2031"
+dependencies = [
+ "deranged",
+ "num-conv",
+ "powerfmt",
+ "serde",
+ "time-core",
+ "time-macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "time-core"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40868e7c1d2f0b8d73e4a8c7f0ff63af4f6d19be117e90bd73eb1d62cf831c6b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "time-macros"
+version = "0.2.24"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "30cfb0125f12d9c277f35663a0a33f8c30190f4e4574868a330595412d34ebf3"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-conv",
+ "time-core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
 version = "0.6.11"
@@ -1529,3 +1601,23 @@ name = "yansi"
 version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cfe53a6657fd280eaa890a3bc59152892ffa3e30101319d168b781ed6529b049"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.26"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1039dd0d3c310cf05de012d8a39ff557cb0d23087fd44cad61df08fc31907a2f"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.26"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ecf5b4cc5364572d7f4c329661bcc82724222973f2cab6f050a4e5c22f75181"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]

Cargo.toml

@@ -13,30 +13,52 @@ keywords = ["game", "pacman", "arcade", "sdl2"]
 categories = ["games", "emulators"]
 publish = false
 exclude = ["/assets/unpacked/**", "/assets/site/**", "/bacon.toml", "/Justfile"]
+default-run = "pacman"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
+bevy_ecs = "0.16.1"
+glam = "0.30.5"
+pathfinding = "4.14"
 tracing = { version = "0.1.41", features = ["max_level_debug", "release_max_level_debug"]}
 tracing-error = "0.2.0"
 tracing-subscriber = {version = "0.3.20", features = ["env-filter"]}
+time = { version = "0.3.43", features = ["formatting", "macros"] }
 thiserror = "2.0.16"
 anyhow = "1.0"
-bevy_ecs = "0.16.1"
-glam = "0.30.5"
-rand = { version = "0.9.2", default-features = false, features = ["small_rng", "os_rng"] }
-pathfinding = "4.14"
 smallvec = "1.15.1"
 bitflags = "2.9.4"
 micromap = "0.1.0"
 circular-buffer = "1.1.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12.3"
-spin_sleep = "1.3.2"
 strum = "0.27.2"
 strum_macros = "0.27.2"
-phf = { version = "0.13.1", features = ["macros"] }
 thousands = "0.2.0"
 num-width = "0.1.0"
+# While not actively used in code, `build.rs` generates code that relies on this. Keep the versions synchronized.
+phf = { version = "0.13.1", features = ["macros"] }
+
+# Windows-specific dependencies
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies]
+# Used for customizing console output on Windows; both are required due to the `windows` crate having poor Result handling with `GetStdHandle`.
+windows = { version = "0.61.3", features = ["Win32_Security", "Win32_Storage_FileSystem", "Win32_System_Console"] }
+windows-sys = { version = "0.60.2", features = ["Win32_System_Console"] }
+
+# Desktop-specific dependencies
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))'.dependencies]
+# On desktop platforms, build SDL2 with cargo-vcpkg
+sdl2 = { version = "0.38", default-features = false, features = ["image", "ttf", "gfx", "mixer", "unsafe_textures", "static-link", "use-vcpkg"] }
+rand = { version = "0.9.2", default-features = false, features = ["thread_rng"] }
+spin_sleep = "1.3.2"
+
+# Browser-specific dependencies
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "emscripten")'.dependencies]
+# On Emscripten, we don't use cargo-vcpkg
+sdl2 = { version = "0.38", default-features = false, features = ["image", "ttf", "gfx", "mixer", "unsafe_textures"] }
+# TODO: Document why Emscripten cannot use `os_rng`.
+rand = { version = "0.9.2", default-features = false, features = ["small_rng", "os_rng"] }
+libc = "0.2.175"  # TODO: Describe why this is required.
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.1"
@@ -59,32 +81,16 @@ opt-level = 3
 lto = false
 panic = 'unwind'
 
-# LTO optimizations, no unwinding on panic, optimize for size
+# Optimized release profile for size
 [profile.release]
+opt-level = "z"
 lto = true
 panic = "abort"
-opt-level = "z"
-
-# Used for customizing console output on Windows; both are required due to the `windows` crate having poor Result handling with `GetStdHandle`.
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies]
-windows = { version = "0.61.3", features = ["Win32_Security", "Win32_Storage_FileSystem", "Win32_System_Console"] }
-windows-sys = { version = "0.60.2", features = ["Win32_System_Console"] }
-
-# On desktop platforms, build SDL2 with cargo-vcpkg
-[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))'.dependencies.sdl2]
-version = "0.38"
-default-features = false
-features = ["image", "ttf", "gfx", "mixer", "unsafe_textures", "static-link", "use-vcpkg"]
-
-# On Emscripten, we don't use cargo-vcpkg
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "emscripten")'.dependencies]
-sdl2 = { version = "0.38", default-features = false, features = ["image", "ttf", "gfx", "mixer", "unsafe_textures"] }
-libc = "0.2.175"  # TODO: Describe why this is required.
 
 [package.metadata.vcpkg]
 dependencies = ["sdl2", "sdl2-image", "sdl2-ttf", "sdl2-gfx", "sdl2-mixer"]
 git = "https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg"
-rev = "2024.05.24" # release 2024.05.24 # to check for a new one, check https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg/releases
+rev = "2024.05.24" # to check for a new one, check https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg/releases
 
 [package.metadata.vcpkg.target]
 x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md" }

Justfile

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ set windows-shell := ["powershell.exe", "-NoLogo", "-Command"]
 
 # Regex to exclude files from coverage report, double escapes for Justfile + CLI
 # You can use src\\\\..., but the filename alone is acceptable too
-coverage_exclude_pattern := "src\\\\app.rs|audio.rs|src\\\\error.rs|platform\\\\emscripten.rs"
+coverage_exclude_pattern := "src\\\\app\\.rs|audio\\.rs|src\\\\error\\.rs|platform\\\\emscripten\\.rs|bin\\\\.+\\.rs|main\\.rs|platform\\\\desktop\\.rs|platform\\\\tracing_buffer\\.rs|platform\\\\buffered_writer\\.rs|systems\\\\debug\\.rs|systems\\\\profiling\\.rs"
 
 binary_extension := if os() == "windows" { ".exe" } else { "" }
 
@@ -38,3 +38,8 @@ coverage:
 samply:
     cargo build --profile profile
     samply record ./target/profile/pacman{{ binary_extension }}
+
+# Build the project for Emscripten
+web *args:
+    bun run web.build.ts {{args}};
+    caddy file-server --root dist

src/app.rs

@@ -1,38 +1,39 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use crate::error::{GameError, GameResult};
 
 use crate::constants::{CANVAS_SIZE, LOOP_TIME, SCALE};
+use crate::formatter;
 use crate::game::Game;
-use crate::platform::get_platform;
+use crate::platform;
+use sdl2::pixels::PixelFormatEnum;
+use sdl2::render::RendererInfo;
+use sdl2::{AudioSubsystem, Sdl};
+use tracing::debug;
 
 /// Main application wrapper that manages SDL initialization, window lifecycle, and the game loop.
-///
-/// Handles platform-specific setup, maintains consistent frame timing, and delegates
-/// game logic to the contained `Game` instance. The app manages focus state to
-/// optimize CPU usage when the window loses focus.
 pub struct App {
     pub game: Game,
     last_tick: Instant,
     focused: bool,
+    // Keep SDL alive for the app lifetime so subsystems (audio) are not shut down
+    _sdl_context: Sdl,
+    _audio_subsystem: AudioSubsystem,
 }
 
 impl App {
     /// Initializes SDL subsystems, creates the game window, and sets up the game state.
     ///
-    /// Performs comprehensive initialization including video/audio subsystems,
-    /// window creation with proper scaling, and canvas configuration. All SDL
-    /// resources are leaked to maintain 'static lifetimes required by the game architecture.
-    ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Returns `GameError::Sdl` if any SDL initialization step fails, or propagates
     /// errors from `Game::new()` during game state setup.
     pub fn new() -> GameResult<Self> {
         let sdl_context = sdl2::init().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+        let ttf_context = sdl2::ttf::init().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
         let video_subsystem = sdl_context.video().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
-        let _audio_subsystem = sdl_context.audio().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+        let audio_subsystem = sdl_context.audio().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
-        let _ttf_context = sdl2::ttf::init().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
         let event_pump = sdl_context.event_pump().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
 
         let window = video_subsystem
@@ -46,25 +47,62 @@ impl App {
             .build()
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
 
+        #[derive(Debug)]
+        struct DriverDetail {
+            info: RendererInfo,
+            index: usize,
+        }
+
+        let drivers: HashMap<&'static str, DriverDetail> = sdl2::render::drivers()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(index, d)| (d.name, DriverDetail { info: d, index }))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+
+        let get_driver =
+            |name: &'static str| -> Option<u32> { drivers.get(name.to_lowercase().as_str()).map(|d| d.index as u32) };
+
+        {
+            let mut names = drivers.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            names.sort_by_key(|k| get_driver(k));
+            debug!("Drivers: {names:?}")
+        }
+
+        // Count the number of times each pixel format is supported by each driver
+        let pixel_format_counts: HashMap<PixelFormatEnum, usize> = drivers
+            .values()
+            .flat_map(|d| d.info.texture_formats.iter())
+            .fold(HashMap::new(), |mut counts, format| {
+                *counts.entry(*format).or_insert(0) += 1;
+                counts
+            });
+
+        debug!("Pixel format counts: {pixel_format_counts:?}");
+
+        let index = get_driver("direct3d");
+        debug!("Driver index: {index:?}");
+
         let mut canvas = window
             .into_canvas()
             .accelerated()
+            // .index(index)
             .build()
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
 
         canvas
             .set_logical_size(CANVAS_SIZE.x, CANVAS_SIZE.y)
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+        debug!("Renderer: {:?}", canvas.info());
 
         let texture_creator = canvas.texture_creator();
 
-        let game = Game::new(canvas, texture_creator, event_pump)?;
+        let game = Game::new(canvas, ttf_context, texture_creator, event_pump)?;
-        // game.audio.set_mute(cfg!(debug_assertions));
 
         Ok(App {
             game,
             focused: true,
             last_tick: Instant::now(),
+            _sdl_context: sdl_context,
+            _audio_subsystem: audio_subsystem,
         })
     }
 
@@ -83,7 +121,10 @@ impl App {
             let start = Instant::now();
 
             let dt = self.last_tick.elapsed().as_secs_f32();
-            self.last_tick = Instant::now();
+            self.last_tick = start;
+
+            // Increment the global tick counter for tracing
+            formatter::increment_tick();
 
             let exit = self.game.tick(dt);
 
@@ -95,7 +136,7 @@ impl App {
             if start.elapsed() < LOOP_TIME {
                 let time = LOOP_TIME.saturating_sub(start.elapsed());
                 if time != Duration::ZERO {
-                    get_platform().sleep(time, self.focused);
+                    platform::sleep(time, self.focused);
                 }
             }
 

src/asset.rs

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl Asset {
 mod imp {
     use super::*;
     use crate::error::AssetError;
-    use crate::platform::get_platform;
+    use crate::platform;
 
     /// Loads asset bytes using the appropriate platform-specific method.
     ///
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ mod imp {
     /// Returns `AssetError::NotFound` if the asset file cannot be located (Emscripten only),
     /// or `AssetError::Io` for filesystem I/O failures.
     pub fn get_asset_bytes(asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError> {
-        get_platform().get_asset_bytes(asset)
+        platform::get_asset_bytes(asset)
     }
 }
 

src/bin/aspect_demo.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use sdl2::event::Event;
+use sdl2::keyboard::Keycode;
+use sdl2::pixels::Color;
+use sdl2::rect::Rect;
+
+// A self-contained SDL2 demo showing how to keep a consistent aspect ratio
+// with letterboxing/pillarboxing in a resizable window.
+//
+// This uses SDL2's logical size feature, which automatically sets a viewport
+// to preserve the target aspect ratio and adds black bars as needed.
+// We also clear the full window to black and then clear the logical viewport
+// to a content color, so bars remain visibly black.
+
+const LOGICAL_WIDTH: u32 = 320; // target content width
+const LOGICAL_HEIGHT: u32 = 180; // target content height (16:9)
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), String> {
+    // Initialize SDL2
+    let sdl = sdl2::init()?;
+    let video = sdl.video()?;
+
+    // Create a resizable window
+    let window = video
+        .window("SDL2 Aspect Ratio Demo", 960, 540)
+        .resizable()
+        .position_centered()
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+    let mut canvas = window.into_canvas().build().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+    // Set the desired logical (virtual) resolution. SDL will letterbox/pillarbox
+    // as needed to preserve this aspect ratio when the window is resized.
+    canvas
+        .set_logical_size(LOGICAL_WIDTH, LOGICAL_HEIGHT)
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    // Optional: uncomment to enforce integer scaling only (more retro look)
+    // canvas.set_integer_scale(true)?;
+
+    let mut events = sdl.event_pump()?;
+
+    let mut running = true;
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    let mut last_log = Instant::now();
+
+    while running {
+        for event in events.poll_iter() {
+            match event {
+                Event::Quit { .. }
+                | Event::KeyDown {
+                    keycode: Some(Keycode::Escape),
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    running = false;
+                }
+                Event::Window { win_event, .. } => {
+                    // Periodically log window size and the computed viewport
+                    // to demonstrate how letterboxing/pillarboxing behaves.
+                    use sdl2::event::WindowEvent;
+                    match win_event {
+                        WindowEvent::Resized(_, _)
+                        | WindowEvent::SizeChanged(_, _)
+                        | WindowEvent::Maximized
+                        | WindowEvent::Restored => {
+                            if last_log.elapsed() > Duration::from_millis(250) {
+                                let out_size = canvas.output_size()?;
+                                let viewport = canvas.viewport();
+                                println!(
+                                    "window={}x{}, viewport x={}, y={}, w={}, h={}",
+                                    out_size.0,
+                                    out_size.1,
+                                    viewport.x(),
+                                    viewport.y(),
+                                    viewport.width(),
+                                    viewport.height()
+                                );
+                                last_log = Instant::now();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 1) Clear the entire window to black (no viewport) so the bars are black
+        canvas.set_viewport(None);
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGB(0, 0, 0));
+        canvas.clear();
+
+        // 2) Re-apply logical size so SDL sets a viewport that preserves aspect
+        //    ratio. Clearing now only affects the letterboxed content area.
+        canvas
+            .set_logical_size(LOGICAL_WIDTH, LOGICAL_HEIGHT)
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+        // Fill the content area with a background color to differentiate from bars
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGB(30, 30, 40));
+        canvas.clear();
+
+        // Draw a simple grid to visualize scaling clearly
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGB(60, 60, 90));
+        let step = 20i32;
+        for x in (0..=LOGICAL_WIDTH as i32).step_by(step as usize) {
+            let _ = canvas.draw_line(sdl2::rect::Point::new(x, 0), sdl2::rect::Point::new(x, LOGICAL_HEIGHT as i32));
+        }
+        for y in (0..=LOGICAL_HEIGHT as i32).step_by(step as usize) {
+            let _ = canvas.draw_line(sdl2::rect::Point::new(0, y), sdl2::rect::Point::new(LOGICAL_WIDTH as i32, y));
+        }
+
+        // Draw a border around the logical content area
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGB(200, 200, 220));
+        let border = Rect::new(0, 0, LOGICAL_WIDTH, LOGICAL_HEIGHT);
+        canvas.draw_rect(border)?;
+
+        // Draw a moving box to demonstrate dynamic content staying within aspect
+        let elapsed_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as i32;
+        let t = (elapsed_ms / 8) % LOGICAL_WIDTH as i32;
+        let box_rect = Rect::new(t - 10, (LOGICAL_HEIGHT as i32 / 2) - 10, 20, 20);
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGB(255, 140, 0));
+        canvas.fill_rect(box_rect).ok();
+
+        canvas.present();
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

src/bin/timing_demo.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+use circular_buffer::CircularBuffer;
+use pacman::constants::CANVAS_SIZE;
+use sdl2::event::Event;
+use sdl2::keyboard::Keycode;
+use sdl2::pixels::Color;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), String> {
+    let sdl_context = sdl2::init()?;
+    let video_subsystem = sdl_context.video()?;
+
+    let window = video_subsystem
+        .window("SDL2 Timing Demo", CANVAS_SIZE.x, CANVAS_SIZE.y)
+        .opengl()
+        .position_centered()
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+    let mut canvas = window.into_canvas().accelerated().build().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    canvas
+        .set_logical_size(CANVAS_SIZE.x, CANVAS_SIZE.y)
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+    let mut event_pump = sdl_context.event_pump()?;
+
+    // Store frame timings in milliseconds
+    let mut frame_timings = CircularBuffer::<20_000, f64>::new();
+    let mut last_report_time = Instant::now();
+    let report_interval = Duration::from_millis(500);
+
+    'running: loop {
+        let frame_start_time = Instant::now();
+
+        for event in event_pump.poll_iter() {
+            match event {
+                Event::Quit { .. }
+                | Event::KeyDown {
+                    keycode: Some(Keycode::Escape),
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    break 'running;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Clear the screen
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGB(0, 0, 0));
+        canvas.clear();
+        canvas.present();
+
+        // Record timing
+        let frame_duration = frame_start_time.elapsed();
+        frame_timings.push_back(frame_duration.as_secs_f64());
+
+        // Report stats every `report_interval`
+        let elapsed = last_report_time.elapsed();
+        if elapsed >= report_interval {
+            if !frame_timings.is_empty() {
+                let count = frame_timings.len() as f64;
+                let sum: f64 = frame_timings.iter().sum();
+                let mean = sum / count;
+
+                let variance = frame_timings
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|value| {
+                        let diff = mean - value;
+                        diff * diff
+                    })
+                    .sum::<f64>()
+                    / count;
+                let std_dev = variance.sqrt();
+
+                println!(
+                    "Rendered {count} frames at {fps:.1} fps (last {elapsed:.2?}): mean={mean:.3?}, std_dev={std_dev:.3?}",
+                    count = frame_timings.len(),
+                    fps = count / elapsed.as_secs_f64(),
+                    elapsed = elapsed,
+                    mean = Duration::from_secs_f64(mean),
+                    std_dev = Duration::from_secs_f64(std_dev),
+                );
+            }
+
+            // Reset for next interval
+            frame_timings.clear();
+            last_report_time = Instant::now();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

src/constants.rs

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use glam::UVec2;
 ///
 /// Calculated as 1/60th of a second (≈16.67ms).
 ///
-/// Written out explicitly to satisfy const-eval constraints.
+/// Uses integer arithmetic to avoid floating-point precision loss.
-pub const LOOP_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_nanos((1_000_000_000.0 / 60.0) as u64);
+pub const LOOP_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_nanos(1_000_000_000 / 60);
 
 /// The size of each cell, in pixels.
 pub const CELL_SIZE: u32 = 8;
@@ -49,6 +49,13 @@ pub const CANVAS_SIZE: UVec2 = UVec2::new(
     (BOARD_CELL_SIZE.y + BOARD_CELL_OFFSET.y) * CELL_SIZE,
 );
 
+pub const LARGE_SCALE: f32 = 2.6;
+
+pub const LARGE_CANVAS_SIZE: UVec2 = UVec2::new(
+    (((BOARD_CELL_SIZE.x + BOARD_CELL_OFFSET.x) * CELL_SIZE) as f32 * LARGE_SCALE) as u32,
+    (((BOARD_CELL_SIZE.y + BOARD_CELL_OFFSET.y) * CELL_SIZE) as f32 * LARGE_SCALE) as u32,
+);
+
 /// Collider size constants for different entity types
 pub mod collider {
     use super::CELL_SIZE;

src/formatter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//! Custom tracing formatter with tick counter integration
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use time::macros::format_description;
+use time::{format_description::FormatItem, OffsetDateTime};
+use tracing::{Event, Subscriber};
+use tracing_subscriber::fmt::format::Writer;
+use tracing_subscriber::fmt::{FmtContext, FormatEvent, FormatFields};
+use tracing_subscriber::registry::LookupSpan;
+
+/// Global atomic counter for tracking game ticks
+static TICK_COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+/// Maximum value for tick counter display (16-bit hex)
+const TICK_DISPLAY_MASK: u64 = 0xFFFF;
+
+/// Cached format description for timestamps
+/// Uses 3 subsecond digits on Emscripten, 5 otherwise for better performance
+#[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+const TIMESTAMP_FORMAT: &[FormatItem<'static>] = format_description!("[hour]:[minute]:[second].[subsecond digits:3]");
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+const TIMESTAMP_FORMAT: &[FormatItem<'static>] = format_description!("[hour]:[minute]:[second].[subsecond digits:5]");
+
+/// A custom formatter that includes both timestamp and tick counter in hexadecimal
+///
+/// This formatter provides:
+/// - High-precision timestamps (HH:MM:SS.mmm on Emscripten, HH:MM:SS.mmmmm otherwise)
+/// - Hexadecimal tick counter for frame correlation
+/// - Standard log level and target information
+///
+/// Performance considerations:
+/// - Timestamp format is cached at compile time
+/// - Tick counter access is atomic and very fast
+/// - Combined formatting operations for efficiency
+pub struct CustomFormatter;
+
+impl<S, N> FormatEvent<S, N> for CustomFormatter
+where
+    S: Subscriber + for<'a> LookupSpan<'a>,
+    N: for<'a> FormatFields<'a> + 'static,
+{
+    fn format_event(&self, ctx: &FmtContext<'_, S, N>, mut writer: Writer<'_>, event: &Event<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // Format timestamp using cached format description
+        let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+        let formatted_time = now.format(&TIMESTAMP_FORMAT).map_err(|e| {
+            // Preserve the original error information for debugging
+            eprintln!("Failed to format timestamp: {}", e);
+            fmt::Error
+        })?;
+
+        // Get tick count and format everything together
+        let tick_count = get_tick_count();
+        let metadata = event.metadata();
+
+        // Combined formatting: timestamp, tick counter, level, and target in one write
+        write!(
+            writer,
+            "{} 0x{:04X} {:5} {}: ",
+            formatted_time,
+            tick_count & TICK_DISPLAY_MASK,
+            metadata.level(),
+            metadata.target()
+        )?;
+
+        // Format the fields (the actual log message)
+        ctx.field_format().format_fields(writer.by_ref(), event)?;
+
+        writeln!(writer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Increment the global tick counter by 1
+///
+/// This should be called once per game tick/frame from the main game loop
+pub fn increment_tick() {
+    TICK_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+/// Get the current tick count
+///
+/// Returns the current value of the global tick counter
+pub fn get_tick_count() -> u64 {
+    TICK_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+}
+
+/// Reset the tick counter to 0
+///
+/// This can be used for testing or when restarting the game
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn reset_tick_counter() {
+    TICK_COUNTER.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}

src/game.rs

@@ -5,31 +5,36 @@ include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/atlas_data.rs"));
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use crate::constants::{self, animation, MapTile, CANVAS_SIZE};
-use crate::error::{GameError, GameResult, TextureError};
+use crate::error::{GameError, GameResult};
 use crate::events::GameEvent;
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
 use crate::map::direction::Direction;
 use crate::systems::blinking::Blinking;
 use crate::systems::components::{GhostAnimation, GhostState, LastAnimationState};
 use crate::systems::movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity};
-use crate::systems::profiling::SystemId;
+use crate::systems::profiling::{SystemId, Timing};
+use crate::systems::render::touch_ui_render_system;
 use crate::systems::render::RenderDirty;
-use crate::systems::{self, ghost_collision_system, present_system, Hidden, LinearAnimation, MovementModifiers, NodeId};
 use crate::systems::{
-    audio_system, blinking_system, collision_system, debug_render_system, directional_render_system, dirty_render_system,
+    self, combined_render_system, ghost_collision_system, present_system, Hidden, LinearAnimation, MovementModifiers, NodeId,
-    eaten_ghost_system, ghost_movement_system, ghost_state_system, hud_render_system, item_system, linear_render_system, profile,
+    TouchState,
-    render_system, AudioEvent, AudioResource, AudioState, BackbufferResource, Collider, DebugFontResource, DebugState,
+};
-    DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimation, EntityType, Frozen, Ghost, GhostAnimations, GhostBundle,
+use crate::systems::{
-    GhostCollider, GlobalState, ItemBundle, ItemCollider, MapTextureResource, PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled,
+    audio_system, blinking_system, collision_system, directional_render_system, dirty_render_system, eaten_ghost_system,
-    Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence, SystemTimings,
+    ghost_movement_system, ghost_state_system, hud_render_system, item_system, linear_render_system, profile, AudioEvent,
+    AudioResource, AudioState, BackbufferResource, Collider, DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimation,
+    EntityType, Frozen, Ghost, GhostAnimations, GhostBundle, GhostCollider, GlobalState, ItemBundle, ItemCollider,
+    MapTextureResource, PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled, Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence,
+    SystemTimings,
 };
 use crate::texture::animated::{DirectionalTiles, TileSequence};
 use crate::texture::sprite::AtlasTile;
+use crate::texture::sprites::{FrightenedColor, GameSprite, GhostSprite, MazeSprite, PacmanSprite};
 use bevy_ecs::event::EventRegistry;
 use bevy_ecs::observer::Trigger;
 use bevy_ecs::schedule::common_conditions::resource_changed;
 use bevy_ecs::schedule::{Condition, IntoScheduleConfigs, Schedule, SystemSet};
-use bevy_ecs::system::ResMut;
+use bevy_ecs::system::{Local, ResMut};
 use bevy_ecs::world::World;
 use sdl2::event::EventType;
 use sdl2::image::LoadTexture;
@@ -42,6 +47,7 @@ use crate::{
     asset::{get_asset_bytes, Asset},
     events::GameCommand,
     map::render::MapRenderer,
+    systems::debug::{BatchedLinesResource, TtfAtlasResource},
     systems::input::{Bindings, CursorPosition},
     texture::sprite::{AtlasMapper, SpriteAtlas},
 };
@@ -83,10 +89,55 @@ impl Game {
     /// errors, or entity initialization issues.
     pub fn new(
         mut canvas: Canvas<Window>,
+        ttf_context: sdl2::ttf::Sdl2TtfContext,
         texture_creator: TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
         mut event_pump: EventPump,
     ) -> GameResult<Game> {
-        // Disable uninteresting events
+        Self::disable_sdl_events(&mut event_pump);
+
+        let (backbuffer, mut map_texture, debug_texture, ttf_atlas) =
+            Self::setup_textures_and_fonts(&mut canvas, &texture_creator, ttf_context)?;
+
+        let audio = crate::audio::Audio::new();
+
+        let (mut atlas, map_tiles) = Self::load_atlas_and_map_tiles(&texture_creator)?;
+        canvas
+            .with_texture_canvas(&mut map_texture, |map_canvas| {
+                MapRenderer::render_map(map_canvas, &mut atlas, &map_tiles);
+            })
+            .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+
+        let map = Map::new(constants::RAW_BOARD)?;
+
+        let (player_animation, player_start_sprite) = Self::create_player_animations(&atlas)?;
+        let player_bundle = Self::create_player_bundle(&map, player_animation, player_start_sprite);
+
+        let mut world = World::default();
+        let mut schedule = Schedule::default();
+
+        Self::setup_ecs(&mut world);
+        Self::insert_resources(
+            &mut world,
+            map,
+            audio,
+            atlas,
+            event_pump,
+            canvas,
+            backbuffer,
+            map_texture,
+            debug_texture,
+            ttf_atlas,
+        )?;
+        Self::configure_schedule(&mut schedule);
+
+        world.spawn(player_bundle).insert((Frozen, Hidden));
+        Self::spawn_ghosts(&mut world)?;
+        Self::spawn_items(&mut world)?;
+
+        Ok(Game { world, schedule })
+    }
+
+    fn disable_sdl_events(event_pump: &mut EventPump) {
         for event_type in [
             EventType::JoyAxisMotion,
             EventType::JoyBallMotion,
@@ -104,9 +155,6 @@ impl Game {
             EventType::ControllerTouchpadDown,
             EventType::ControllerTouchpadMotion,
             EventType::ControllerTouchpadUp,
-            EventType::FingerDown,
-            EventType::FingerUp,
-            EventType::FingerMotion,
             EventType::DollarGesture,
             EventType::DollarRecord,
             EventType::MultiGesture,
@@ -123,12 +171,7 @@ impl Game {
             EventType::TextInput,
             EventType::TextEditing,
             EventType::Display,
-            EventType::Window,
             EventType::MouseWheel,
-            EventType::MouseMotion,
-            EventType::MouseButtonDown,
-            EventType::MouseButtonUp,
-            EventType::MouseButtonDown,
             EventType::AppDidEnterBackground,
             EventType::AppWillEnterForeground,
             EventType::AppWillEnterBackground,
@@ -140,8 +183,18 @@ impl Game {
         ] {
             event_pump.disable_event(event_type);
         }
+    }
 
-        let ttf_context = Box::leak(Box::new(sdl2::ttf::init().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?));
+    fn setup_textures_and_fonts(
+        canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
+        texture_creator: &TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
+        ttf_context: sdl2::ttf::Sdl2TtfContext,
+    ) -> GameResult<(
+        sdl2::render::Texture,
+        sdl2::render::Texture,
+        sdl2::render::Texture,
+        crate::texture::ttf::TtfAtlas,
+    )> {
         let mut backbuffer = texture_creator
             .create_texture_target(None, CANVAS_SIZE.x, CANVAS_SIZE.y)
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
@@ -152,13 +205,10 @@ impl Game {
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
         map_texture.set_scale_mode(ScaleMode::Nearest);
 
-        // Create debug texture at output resolution for crisp debug rendering
+        let output_size = constants::LARGE_CANVAS_SIZE;
-        let output_size = canvas.output_size().unwrap();
         let mut debug_texture = texture_creator
-            .create_texture_target(None, output_size.0, output_size.1)
+            .create_texture_target(Some(sdl2::pixels::PixelFormatEnum::ARGB8888), output_size.x, output_size.y)
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
-
-        // Debug texture is copied over the backbuffer, it requires transparency abilities
         debug_texture.set_blend_mode(BlendMode::Blend);
         debug_texture.set_scale_mode(ScaleMode::Nearest);
 
@@ -168,10 +218,13 @@ impl Game {
             .load_font_from_rwops(font_asset, constants::ui::DEBUG_FONT_SIZE)
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
 
-        // Initialize audio system
+        let mut ttf_atlas = crate::texture::ttf::TtfAtlas::new(texture_creator, &debug_font)?;
-        let audio = crate::audio::Audio::new();
+        ttf_atlas.populate_atlas(canvas, texture_creator, &debug_font)?;
 
-        // Load atlas and create map texture
+        Ok((backbuffer, map_texture, debug_texture, ttf_atlas))
+    }
+
+    fn load_atlas_and_map_tiles(texture_creator: &TextureCreator<WindowContext>) -> GameResult<(SpriteAtlas, Vec<AtlasTile>)> {
         let atlas_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::AtlasImage)?;
         let atlas_texture = texture_creator.load_texture_bytes(&atlas_bytes).map_err(|e| {
             if e.to_string().contains("format") || e.to_string().contains("unsupported") {
@@ -186,57 +239,44 @@ impl Game {
         let atlas_mapper = AtlasMapper {
             frames: ATLAS_FRAMES.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.to_string(), *v)).collect(),
         };
-        let mut atlas = SpriteAtlas::new(atlas_texture, atlas_mapper);
+        let atlas = SpriteAtlas::new(atlas_texture, atlas_mapper);
 
-        // Create map tiles
         let mut map_tiles = Vec::with_capacity(35);
         for i in 0..35 {
-            let tile_name = format!("maze/tiles/{}.png", i);
+            let tile_name = GameSprite::Maze(MazeSprite::Tile(i)).to_path();
-            let tile = atlas.get_tile(&tile_name).unwrap();
+            let tile = atlas.get_tile(&tile_name)?;
             map_tiles.push(tile);
         }
 
-        // Render map to texture
+        Ok((atlas, map_tiles))
-        canvas
+    }
-            .with_texture_canvas(&mut map_texture, |map_canvas| {
-                MapRenderer::render_map(map_canvas, &mut atlas, &map_tiles);
-            })
-            .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
 
-        let map = Map::new(constants::RAW_BOARD)?;
+    fn create_player_animations(atlas: &SpriteAtlas) -> GameResult<(DirectionalAnimation, AtlasTile)> {
-
-        // Create directional animated textures for Pac-Man
         let up_moving_tiles = [
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/up_a.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Up, 0)).to_path())?,
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/up_a.png".to_string())))?,
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Up, 1)).to_path())?,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/up_b.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Full).to_path())?,
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/up_b.png".to_string())))?,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/full.png")
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/full.png".to_string())))?,
         ];
         let down_moving_tiles = [
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/down_a.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Down, 0)).to_path())?,
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/down_a.png".to_string())))?,
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Down, 1)).to_path())?,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/down_b.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Full).to_path())?,
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/down_b.png".to_string())))?,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/full.png")
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/full.png".to_string())))?,
         ];
         let left_moving_tiles = [
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/left_a.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Left, 0)).to_path())?,
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/left_a.png".to_string())))?,
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Left, 1)).to_path())?,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/left_b.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Full).to_path())?,
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/left_b.png".to_string())))?,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/full.png")
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/full.png".to_string())))?,
         ];
         let right_moving_tiles = [
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/right_a.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/right_a.png".to_string())))?,
+                atlas,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/right_b.png")
+                &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Right, 0)).to_path(),
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/right_b.png".to_string())))?,
+            )?,
-            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/full.png")
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/full.png".to_string())))?,
+                atlas,
+                &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Right, 1)).to_path(),
+            )?,
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Full).to_path())?,
         ];
 
         let moving_tiles = DirectionalTiles::new(
@@ -246,14 +286,16 @@ impl Game {
             TileSequence::new(&right_moving_tiles),
         );
 
-        let up_stopped_tile = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/up_b.png")
+        let up_stopped_tile =
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/up_b.png".to_string())))?;
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Up, 1)).to_path())?;
-        let down_stopped_tile = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/down_b.png")
+        let down_stopped_tile =
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/down_b.png".to_string())))?;
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Down, 1)).to_path())?;
-        let left_stopped_tile = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/left_b.png")
+        let left_stopped_tile =
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/left_b.png".to_string())))?;
+            SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Left, 1)).to_path())?;
-        let right_stopped_tile = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/right_b.png")
+        let right_stopped_tile = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/right_b.png".to_string())))?;
+            atlas,
+            &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Moving(Direction::Right, 1)).to_path(),
+        )?;
 
         let stopped_tiles = DirectionalTiles::new(
             TileSequence::new(&[up_stopped_tile]),
@@ -262,7 +304,14 @@ impl Game {
             TileSequence::new(&[right_stopped_tile]),
         );
 
-        let player = PlayerBundle {
+        let player_animation = DirectionalAnimation::new(moving_tiles, stopped_tiles, 5);
+        let player_start_sprite = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &GameSprite::Pacman(PacmanSprite::Full).to_path())?;
+
+        Ok((player_animation, player_start_sprite))
+    }
+
+    fn create_player_bundle(map: &Map, player_animation: DirectionalAnimation, player_start_sprite: AtlasTile) -> PlayerBundle {
+        PlayerBundle {
             player: PlayerControlled,
             position: Position::Stopped {
                 node: map.start_positions.pacman,
@@ -274,49 +323,22 @@ impl Game {
             movement_modifiers: MovementModifiers::default(),
             buffered_direction: BufferedDirection::None,
             sprite: Renderable {
-                sprite: SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/full.png")
+                sprite: player_start_sprite,
-                    .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/full.png".to_string())))?,
                 layer: 0,
             },
-            directional_animation: DirectionalAnimation::new(moving_tiles, stopped_tiles, 5),
+            directional_animation: player_animation,
             entity_type: EntityType::Player,
             collider: Collider {
                 size: constants::collider::PLAYER_GHOST_SIZE,
             },
             pacman_collider: PacmanCollider,
-        };
+        }
+    }
 
-        let mut world = World::default();
+    fn setup_ecs(world: &mut World) {
-        let mut schedule = Schedule::default();
+        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameError>(world);
-
+        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameEvent>(world);
-        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameError>(&mut world);
+        EventRegistry::register_event::<AudioEvent>(world);
-        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameEvent>(&mut world);
-        EventRegistry::register_event::<AudioEvent>(&mut world);
-
-        world.insert_resource(Self::create_ghost_animations(&atlas)?);
-        world.insert_resource(map);
-        world.insert_resource(GlobalState { exit: false });
-        world.insert_resource(ScoreResource(0));
-        world.insert_resource(SystemTimings::default());
-        world.insert_resource(Bindings::default());
-        world.insert_resource(DeltaTime(0f32));
-        world.insert_resource(RenderDirty::default());
-        world.insert_resource(DebugState::default());
-        world.insert_resource(AudioState::default());
-        world.insert_resource(CursorPosition::default());
-        world.insert_resource(StartupSequence::new(
-            constants::startup::STARTUP_FRAMES,
-            constants::startup::STARTUP_TICKS_PER_FRAME,
-        ));
-
-        world.insert_non_send_resource(atlas);
-        world.insert_non_send_resource(event_pump);
-        world.insert_non_send_resource::<&mut Canvas<Window>>(Box::leak(Box::new(canvas)));
-        world.insert_non_send_resource(BackbufferResource(backbuffer));
-        world.insert_non_send_resource(MapTextureResource(map_texture));
-        world.insert_non_send_resource(DebugTextureResource(debug_texture));
-        world.insert_non_send_resource(DebugFontResource(debug_font));
-        world.insert_non_send_resource(AudioResource(audio));
 
         world.add_observer(
             |event: Trigger<GameEvent>, mut state: ResMut<GlobalState>, _score: ResMut<ScoreResource>| {
@@ -325,7 +347,53 @@ impl Game {
                 }
             },
         );
+    }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn insert_resources(
+        world: &mut World,
+        map: Map,
+        audio: crate::audio::Audio,
+        atlas: SpriteAtlas,
+        event_pump: EventPump,
+        canvas: Canvas<Window>,
+        backbuffer: sdl2::render::Texture,
+        map_texture: sdl2::render::Texture,
+        debug_texture: sdl2::render::Texture,
+        ttf_atlas: crate::texture::ttf::TtfAtlas,
+    ) -> GameResult<()> {
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(atlas);
+        world.insert_resource(Self::create_ghost_animations(world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>())?);
+
+        world.insert_resource(BatchedLinesResource::new(&map, constants::LARGE_SCALE));
+        world.insert_resource(map);
+        world.insert_resource(GlobalState { exit: false });
+        world.insert_resource(ScoreResource(0));
+        world.insert_resource(SystemTimings::default());
+        world.insert_resource(Timing::default());
+        world.insert_resource(Bindings::default());
+        world.insert_resource(DeltaTime(0f32));
+        world.insert_resource(RenderDirty::default());
+        world.insert_resource(DebugState::default());
+        world.insert_resource(AudioState::default());
+        world.insert_resource(CursorPosition::default());
+        world.insert_resource(TouchState::default());
+        world.insert_resource(StartupSequence::new(
+            constants::startup::STARTUP_FRAMES,
+            constants::startup::STARTUP_TICKS_PER_FRAME,
+        ));
+
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(event_pump);
+        world.insert_non_send_resource::<&mut Canvas<Window>>(Box::leak(Box::new(canvas)));
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(BackbufferResource(backbuffer));
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(MapTextureResource(map_texture));
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(DebugTextureResource(debug_texture));
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(TtfAtlasResource(ttf_atlas));
+        world.insert_non_send_resource(AudioResource(audio));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn configure_schedule(schedule: &mut Schedule) {
         let input_system = profile(SystemId::Input, systems::input::input_system);
         let player_control_system = profile(SystemId::PlayerControls, systems::player_control_system);
         let player_movement_system = profile(SystemId::PlayerMovement, systems::player_movement_system);
@@ -341,9 +409,7 @@ impl Game {
         let directional_render_system = profile(SystemId::DirectionalRender, directional_render_system);
         let linear_render_system = profile(SystemId::LinearRender, linear_render_system);
         let dirty_render_system = profile(SystemId::DirtyRender, dirty_render_system);
-        let render_system = profile(SystemId::Render, render_system);
         let hud_render_system = profile(SystemId::HudRender, hud_render_system);
-        let debug_render_system = profile(SystemId::DebugRender, debug_render_system);
         let present_system = profile(SystemId::Present, present_system);
         let unified_ghost_state_system = profile(SystemId::GhostStateAnimation, ghost_state_system);
 
@@ -354,7 +420,11 @@ impl Game {
         schedule.add_systems((
             forced_dirty_system.run_if(resource_changed::<ScoreResource>.or(resource_changed::<StartupSequence>)),
             (
-                input_system,
+                input_system.run_if(|mut local: Local<u8>| {
+                    *local = local.wrapping_add(1u8);
+                    // run every nth frame
+                    *local % 2 == 0
+                }),
                 player_control_system,
                 player_movement_system,
                 startup_stage_system,
@@ -371,26 +441,25 @@ impl Game {
                 directional_render_system,
                 linear_render_system,
                 dirty_render_system,
-                render_system,
+                combined_render_system,
                 hud_render_system,
-                debug_render_system,
+                touch_ui_render_system,
                 present_system,
             )
                 .chain(),
         ));
+    }
 
-        // Spawn player and attach initial state bundle
+    fn spawn_items(world: &mut World) -> GameResult<()> {
-        world.spawn(player).insert((Frozen, Hidden));
+        let pellet_sprite = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(
+            world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>(),
+            &GameSprite::Maze(MazeSprite::Pellet).to_path(),
+        )?;
+        let energizer_sprite = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(
+            world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>(),
+            &GameSprite::Maze(MazeSprite::Energizer).to_path(),
+        )?;
 
-        // Spawn ghosts
-        Self::spawn_ghosts(&mut world)?;
-
-        let pellet_sprite = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>(), "maze/pellet.png")
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("maze/pellet.png".to_string())))?;
-        let energizer_sprite = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>(), "maze/energizer.png")
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("maze/energizer.png".to_string())))?;
-
-        // Build a list of item entities to spawn from the map
         let nodes: Vec<(NodeId, EntityType, AtlasTile, f32)> = world
             .resource::<Map>()
             .iter_nodes()
@@ -406,7 +475,6 @@ impl Game {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        // Construct and spawn the item entities
         for (id, item_type, sprite, size) in nodes {
             let mut item = world.spawn(ItemBundle {
                 position: Position::Stopped { node: id },
@@ -416,13 +484,11 @@ impl Game {
                 item_collider: ItemCollider,
             });
 
-            // Make power pellets blink
             if item_type == EntityType::PowerPellet {
                 item.insert((Frozen, Blinking::new(constants::ui::POWER_PELLET_BLINK_RATE)));
             }
         }
-
+        Ok(())
-        Ok(Game { world, schedule })
     }
 
     /// Creates and spawns all four ghosts with unique AI personalities and directional animations.
@@ -448,6 +514,7 @@ impl Game {
             let ghost = {
                 let animations = *world.resource::<GhostAnimations>().get_normal(&ghost_type).unwrap();
                 let atlas = world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>();
+                let sprite_path = GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Left, 0)).to_path();
 
                 GhostBundle {
                     ghost: ghost_type,
@@ -457,14 +524,7 @@ impl Game {
                         direction: Direction::Left,
                     },
                     sprite: Renderable {
-                        sprite: SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &format!("ghost/{}/left_a.png", ghost_type.as_str())).ok_or_else(
+                        sprite: SpriteAtlas::get_tile(atlas, &sprite_path)?,
-                            || {
-                                GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                                    "ghost/{}/left_a.png",
-                                    ghost_type.as_str()
-                                )))
-                            },
-                        )?,
                         layer: 0,
                     },
                     directional_animation: animations,
@@ -486,18 +546,10 @@ impl Game {
 
     fn create_ghost_animations(atlas: &SpriteAtlas) -> GameResult<GhostAnimations> {
         // Eaten (eyes) animations - single tile per direction
-        let up_eye = atlas
+        let up_eye = atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Eyes(Direction::Up)).to_path())?;
-            .get_tile("ghost/eyes/up.png")
+        let down_eye = atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Eyes(Direction::Down)).to_path())?;
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/eyes/up.png".to_string())))?;
+        let left_eye = atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Eyes(Direction::Left)).to_path())?;
-        let down_eye = atlas
+        let right_eye = atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Eyes(Direction::Right)).to_path())?;
-            .get_tile("ghost/eyes/down.png")
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/eyes/down.png".to_string())))?;
-        let left_eye = atlas
-            .get_tile("ghost/eyes/left.png")
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/eyes/left.png".to_string())))?;
-        let right_eye = atlas
-            .get_tile("ghost/eyes/right.png")
-            .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/eyes/right.png".to_string())))?;
 
         let eyes_tiles = DirectionalTiles::new(
             TileSequence::new(&[up_eye]),
@@ -512,76 +564,20 @@ impl Game {
         for ghost_type in [Ghost::Blinky, Ghost::Pinky, Ghost::Inky, Ghost::Clyde] {
             // Normal animations - create directional tiles for each direction
             let up_tiles = [
-                atlas
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Up, 0)).to_path())?,
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/up_a.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Up, 1)).to_path())?,
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/up_a.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
-                atlas
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/up_b.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/up_b.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
             ];
             let down_tiles = [
-                atlas
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Down, 0)).to_path())?,
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/down_a.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Down, 1)).to_path())?,
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/down_a.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
-                atlas
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/down_b.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/down_b.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
             ];
             let left_tiles = [
-                atlas
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Left, 0)).to_path())?,
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/left_a.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Left, 1)).to_path())?,
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/left_a.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
-                atlas
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/left_b.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/left_b.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
             ];
             let right_tiles = [
-                atlas
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Right, 0)).to_path())?,
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/right_a.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Normal(ghost_type, Direction::Right, 1)).to_path())?,
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/right_a.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
-                atlas
-                    .get_tile(&format!("ghost/{}/right_b.png", ghost_type.as_str()))
-                    .ok_or_else(|| {
-                        GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(format!(
-                            "ghost/{}/right_b.png",
-                            ghost_type.as_str()
-                        )))
-                    })?,
             ];
 
             let normal_moving = DirectionalTiles::new(
@@ -597,18 +593,14 @@ impl Game {
 
         let (frightened, frightened_flashing) = {
             // Load frightened animation tiles (same for all ghosts)
-            let frightened_blue_a = atlas
+            let frightened_blue_a =
-                .get_tile("ghost/frightened/blue_a.png")
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Frightened(FrightenedColor::Blue, 0)).to_path())?;
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/frightened/blue_a.png".to_string())))?;
+            let frightened_blue_b =
-            let frightened_blue_b = atlas
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Frightened(FrightenedColor::Blue, 1)).to_path())?;
-                .get_tile("ghost/frightened/blue_b.png")
+            let frightened_white_a =
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/frightened/blue_b.png".to_string())))?;
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Frightened(FrightenedColor::White, 0)).to_path())?;
-            let frightened_white_a = atlas
+            let frightened_white_b =
-                .get_tile("ghost/frightened/white_a.png")
+                atlas.get_tile(&GameSprite::Ghost(GhostSprite::Frightened(FrightenedColor::White, 1)).to_path())?;
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/frightened/white_a.png".to_string())))?;
-            let frightened_white_b = atlas
-                .get_tile("ghost/frightened/white_b.png")
-                .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("ghost/frightened/white_b.png".to_string())))?;
 
             (
                 LinearAnimation::new(
@@ -643,8 +635,21 @@ impl Game {
     pub fn tick(&mut self, dt: f32) -> bool {
         self.world.insert_resource(DeltaTime(dt));
 
-        // Run all systems
+        // Note: We don't need to read the current tick here since we increment it after running systems
+
+        // Measure total frame time including all systems
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
         self.schedule.run(&mut self.world);
+        let total_duration = start.elapsed();
+
+        // Increment tick counter and record the total timing
+        if let (Some(timings), Some(timing)) = (
+            self.world.get_resource::<systems::profiling::SystemTimings>(),
+            self.world.get_resource::<Timing>(),
+        ) {
+            let new_tick = timing.increment_tick();
+            timings.add_total_timing(total_duration, new_tick);
+        }
 
         let state = self
             .world

src/lib.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub mod audio;
 pub mod constants;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod events;
+pub mod formatter;
 pub mod game;
 pub mod map;
 pub mod platform;

src/main.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #![windows_subsystem = "windows"]
 
 use crate::{app::App, constants::LOOP_TIME};
-use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+use tracing::info;
 
 mod app;
 mod asset;
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ mod constants;
 
 mod error;
 mod events;
+mod formatter;
 mod game;
 mod map;
 mod platform;
@@ -22,20 +23,9 @@ mod texture;
 /// This function initializes SDL, the window, the game state, and then enters
 /// the main game loop.
 pub fn main() {
-    let platform = platform::get_platform();
+    // On Windows, this connects output streams to the console dynamically
-    if platform.requires_console() {
+    // On Emscripten, this connects the subscriber to the browser console
-        // Setup buffered tracing subscriber that will buffer logs until console is ready
+    platform::init_console().expect("Could not initialize console");
-        let switchable_writer = platform::tracing_buffer::setup_switchable_subscriber();
-
-        // Initialize platform-specific console
-        platform.init_console().expect("Could not initialize console");
-
-        // Now that console is initialized, flush buffered logs and switch to direct output
-        debug!("Switching to direct logging mode and flushing buffer...");
-        if let Err(error) = switchable_writer.switch_to_direct_mode() {
-            warn!("Failed to flush buffered logs to console: {error:?}");
-        }
-    }
 
     let mut app = App::new().expect("Could not create app");
 

src/platform/buffered_writer.rs

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-//! Buffered writer for tracing logs that can store logs before console attachment.
-
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-use std::io::{self, Write};
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-/// A thread-safe buffered writer that stores logs in memory until flushed.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct BufferedWriter {
-    buffer: Arc<Mutex<Vec<u8>>>,
-}
-
-impl BufferedWriter {
-    /// Creates a new buffered writer.
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            buffer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Flushes all buffered content to the provided writer and clears the buffer.
-    pub fn flush_to<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let mut buffer = self.buffer.lock();
-        if !buffer.is_empty() {
-            writer.write_all(&buffer)?;
-            writer.flush()?;
-            buffer.clear();
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the current buffer size in bytes.
-    pub fn buffer_size(&self) -> usize {
-        self.buffer.lock().len()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Write for BufferedWriter {
-    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        let mut buffer = self.buffer.lock();
-        buffer.extend_from_slice(buf);
-        Ok(buf.len())
-    }
-
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        // For buffered writer, flush is a no-op since we're storing in memory
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for BufferedWriter {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}

src/platform/desktop.rs

@@ -3,171 +3,175 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use rand::rngs::ThreadRng;
+
 use crate::asset::Asset;
 use crate::error::{AssetError, PlatformError};
-use crate::platform::CommonPlatform;
 
 /// Desktop platform implementation.
-pub struct Platform;
+pub fn sleep(duration: Duration, focused: bool) {
+    if focused {
+        spin_sleep::sleep(duration);
+    } else {
+        std::thread::sleep(duration);
+    }
+}
 
-impl CommonPlatform for Platform {
+pub fn init_console() -> Result<(), PlatformError> {
-    fn sleep(&self, duration: Duration, focused: bool) {
+    #[cfg(windows)]
-        if focused {
+    {
-            spin_sleep::sleep(duration);
+        use crate::platform::tracing_buffer::setup_switchable_subscriber;
+        use tracing::{debug, info};
+        use windows::Win32::System::Console::GetConsoleWindow;
+
+        // Setup buffered tracing subscriber that will buffer logs until console is ready
+        let switchable_writer = setup_switchable_subscriber();
+
+        // Check if we already have a console window
+        if unsafe { !GetConsoleWindow().0.is_null() } {
+            debug!("Already have a console window");
+            return Ok(());
         } else {
-            std::thread::sleep(duration);
+            debug!("No existing console window found");
+        }
+
+        if let Some(file_type) = is_output_setup()? {
+            debug!(r#type = file_type, "Existing output detected");
+        } else {
+            debug!("No existing output detected");
+
+            // Try to attach to parent console for direct cargo run
+            attach_to_parent_console()?;
+            info!("Successfully attached to parent console");
+        }
+
+        // Now that console is initialized, flush buffered logs and switch to direct output
+        debug!("Switching to direct logging mode and flushing buffer...");
+        if let Err(error) = switchable_writer.switch_to_direct_mode() {
+            use tracing::warn;
+
+            warn!("Failed to flush buffered logs to console: {error:?}");
         }
     }
 
-    fn get_time(&self) -> f64 {
+    Ok(())
-        std::time::Instant::now().elapsed().as_secs_f64()
+}
-    }
 
-    fn init_console(&self) -> Result<(), PlatformError> {
+pub fn get_asset_bytes(asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError> {
-        #[cfg(windows)]
+    match asset {
-        {
+        Asset::Wav1 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/1.ogg"))),
-            use tracing::{debug, info};
+        Asset::Wav2 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/2.ogg"))),
-            use windows::Win32::System::Console::GetConsoleWindow;
+        Asset::Wav3 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/3.ogg"))),
-
+        Asset::Wav4 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/4.ogg"))),
-            // Check if we already have a console window
+        Asset::AtlasImage => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/atlas.png"))),
-            if unsafe { !GetConsoleWindow().0.is_null() } {
+        Asset::Font => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/TerminalVector.ttf"))),
-                debug!("Already have a console window");
-                return Ok(());
-            } else {
-                debug!("No existing console window found");
-            }
-
-            if let Some(file_type) = Self::is_output_setup()? {
-                debug!(r#type = file_type, "Existing output detected");
-            } else {
-                debug!("No existing output detected");
-
-                // Try to attach to parent console for direct cargo run
-                Self::attach_to_parent_console()?;
-                info!("Successfully attached to parent console");
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn requires_console(&self) -> bool {
-        cfg!(windows)
-    }
-
-    fn get_canvas_size(&self) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
-        None // Desktop doesn't need this
-    }
-
-    fn get_asset_bytes(&self, asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError> {
-        match asset {
-            Asset::Wav1 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/1.ogg"))),
-            Asset::Wav2 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/2.ogg"))),
-            Asset::Wav3 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/3.ogg"))),
-            Asset::Wav4 => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/sound/waka/4.ogg"))),
-            Asset::AtlasImage => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/atlas.png"))),
-            Asset::Font => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(include_bytes!("../../assets/game/TerminalVector.ttf"))),
-        }
     }
 }
 
+pub fn rng() -> ThreadRng {
+    rand::rng()
+}
+
+/* Internal functions */
+
+/// Check if the output stream has been setup by a parent process
+/// Windows-only
 #[cfg(windows)]
-impl Platform {
+fn is_output_setup() -> Result<Option<&'static str>, PlatformError> {
-    /// Check if the output stream has been setup by a parent process
+    use tracing::{debug, warn};
-    fn is_output_setup() -> Result<Option<&'static str>, PlatformError> {
-        use tracing::{debug, warn};
 
-        use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
+    use windows::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
-            GetFileType, FILE_TYPE_CHAR, FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_REMOTE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+        GetFileType, FILE_TYPE_CHAR, FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_REMOTE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
-        };
+    };
 
-        use windows_sys::Win32::{
+    use windows_sys::Win32::{
-            Foundation::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+        Foundation::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
-            System::Console::{GetStdHandle, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE},
+        System::Console::{GetStdHandle, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE},
-        };
+    };
 
-        // Get the process's standard output handle, check if it's invalid
+    // Get the process's standard output handle, check if it's invalid
-        let handle = match unsafe { GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) } {
+    let handle = match unsafe { GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) } {
-            INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE => {
+        INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE => {
-                return Err(PlatformError::ConsoleInit("Invalid handle".to_string()));
+            return Err(PlatformError::ConsoleInit("Invalid handle".to_string()));
-            }
-            handle => handle,
-        };
-
-        // Identify the file type of the handle and whether it's 'well known' (i.e. we trust it to be a reasonable output destination)
-        let (well_known, file_type) = match unsafe {
-            use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
-            GetFileType(HANDLE(handle))
-        } {
-            FILE_TYPE_PIPE => (true, "pipe"),
-            FILE_TYPE_CHAR => (true, "char"),
-            FILE_TYPE_DISK => (true, "disk"),
-            FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN => (false, "unknown"),
-            FILE_TYPE_REMOTE => (false, "remote"),
-            unexpected => {
-                warn!("Unexpected file type: {unexpected:?}");
-                (false, "unknown")
-            }
-        };
-
-        debug!("File type: {file_type:?}, well known: {well_known}");
-
-        // If it's anything recognizable and valid, assume that a parent process has setup an output stream
-        Ok(well_known.then_some(file_type))
-    }
-
-    /// Try to attach to parent console
-    fn attach_to_parent_console() -> Result<(), PlatformError> {
-        use windows::{
-            core::PCSTR,
-            Win32::{
-                Foundation::{GENERIC_READ, GENERIC_WRITE},
-                Storage::FileSystem::{CreateFileA, FILE_FLAGS_AND_ATTRIBUTES, FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, OPEN_EXISTING},
-                System::Console::{
-                    AttachConsole, FreeConsole, SetStdHandle, ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS, STD_ERROR_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE,
-                },
-            },
-        };
-
-        // Attach the process to the parent's console
-        unsafe { AttachConsole(ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS) }
-            .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to attach to parent console: {:?}", e)))?;
-
-        let handle = unsafe {
-            let pcstr = PCSTR::from_raw(c"CONOUT$".as_ptr() as *const u8);
-            CreateFileA::<PCSTR>(
-                pcstr,
-                (GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE).0,
-                FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
-                None,
-                OPEN_EXISTING,
-                FILE_FLAGS_AND_ATTRIBUTES(0),
-                None,
-            )
         }
-        .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to create console handle: {:?}", e)))?;
+        handle => handle,
+    };
 
-        // Set the console's output and then error handles
+    // Identify the file type of the handle and whether it's 'well known' (i.e. we trust it to be a reasonable output destination)
-        if let Some(handle_error) = unsafe { SetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE, handle) }
+    let (well_known, file_type) = match unsafe {
-            .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to set console output handle: {:?}", e)))
+        use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
-            .and_then(|_| {
+        GetFileType(HANDLE(handle))
-                unsafe { SetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE, handle) }
+    } {
-                    .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to set console error handle: {:?}", e)))
+        FILE_TYPE_PIPE => (true, "pipe"),
-            })
+        FILE_TYPE_CHAR => (true, "char"),
-            .err()
+        FILE_TYPE_DISK => (true, "disk"),
-        {
+        FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN => (false, "unknown"),
-            // If either set handle call fails, free the console
+        FILE_TYPE_REMOTE => (false, "remote"),
-            unsafe { FreeConsole() }
+        unexpected => {
-                // Free the console if the SetStdHandle calls fail
+            warn!("Unexpected file type: {unexpected:?}");
-                .map_err(|free_error| {
+            (false, "unknown")
-                    PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!(
-                        "Failed to free console after SetStdHandle failed: {free_error:?} ({handle_error:?})"
-                    ))
-                })
-                // And then return the original error if the FreeConsole call succeeds
-                .and(Err(handle_error))?;
         }
+    };
 
-        Ok(())
+    debug!("File type: {file_type:?}, well known: {well_known}");
-    }
+
+    // If it's anything recognizable and valid, assume that a parent process has setup an output stream
+    Ok(well_known.then_some(file_type))
+}
+
+/// Try to attach to parent console
+/// Windows-only
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn attach_to_parent_console() -> Result<(), PlatformError> {
+    use windows::{
+        core::PCSTR,
+        Win32::{
+            Foundation::{GENERIC_READ, GENERIC_WRITE},
+            Storage::FileSystem::{CreateFileA, FILE_FLAGS_AND_ATTRIBUTES, FILE_SHARE_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, OPEN_EXISTING},
+            System::Console::{
+                AttachConsole, FreeConsole, SetStdHandle, ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS, STD_ERROR_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE,
+            },
+        },
+    };
+
+    // Attach the process to the parent's console
+    unsafe { AttachConsole(ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS) }
+        .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to attach to parent console: {:?}", e)))?;
+
+    let handle = unsafe {
+        let pcstr = PCSTR::from_raw(c"CONOUT$".as_ptr() as *const u8);
+        CreateFileA::<PCSTR>(
+            pcstr,
+            (GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE).0,
+            FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
+            None,
+            OPEN_EXISTING,
+            FILE_FLAGS_AND_ATTRIBUTES(0),
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+    .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to create console handle: {:?}", e)))?;
+
+    // Set the console's output and then error handles
+    if let Some(handle_error) = unsafe { SetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE, handle) }
+        .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to set console output handle: {:?}", e)))
+        .and_then(|_| {
+            unsafe { SetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE, handle) }
+                .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to set console error handle: {:?}", e)))
+        })
+        .err()
+    {
+        // If either set handle call fails, free the console
+        unsafe { FreeConsole() }
+            // Free the console if the SetStdHandle calls fail
+            .map_err(|free_error| {
+                PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!(
+                    "Failed to free console after SetStdHandle failed: {free_error:?} ({handle_error:?})"
+                ))
+            })
+            // And then return the original error if the FreeConsole call succeeds
+            .and(Err(handle_error))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
 }

src/platform/emscripten.rs

@@ -1,66 +1,96 @@
 //! Emscripten platform implementation.
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::time::Duration;
-
 use crate::asset::Asset;
 use crate::error::{AssetError, PlatformError};
-use crate::platform::CommonPlatform;
+use crate::formatter::CustomFormatter;
-
+use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, SeedableRng};
-/// Emscripten platform implementation.
+use sdl2::rwops::RWops;
-pub struct Platform;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
-
+use std::ffi::CString;
-impl CommonPlatform for Platform {
+use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
-    fn sleep(&self, duration: Duration, _focused: bool) {
+use std::time::Duration;
-        unsafe {
-            emscripten_sleep(duration.as_millis() as u32);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn get_time(&self) -> f64 {
-        unsafe { emscripten_get_now() }
-    }
-
-    fn init_console(&self) -> Result<(), PlatformError> {
-        Ok(()) // No-op for Emscripten
-    }
-
-    fn requires_console(&self) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    fn get_canvas_size(&self) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
-        Some(unsafe { get_canvas_size() })
-    }
-
-    fn get_asset_bytes(&self, asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError> {
-        use sdl2::rwops::RWops;
-        use std::io::Read;
-
-        let path = format!("assets/game/{}", asset.path());
-        let mut rwops = RWops::from_file(&path, "rb").map_err(|_| AssetError::NotFound(asset.path().to_string()))?;
-
-        let len = rwops.len().ok_or_else(|| AssetError::NotFound(asset.path().to_string()))?;
-
-        let mut buf = vec![0u8; len];
-        rwops
-            .read_exact(&mut buf)
-            .map_err(|e| AssetError::Io(std::io::Error::other(e)))?;
-
-        Ok(Cow::Owned(buf))
-    }
-}
 
 // Emscripten FFI functions
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 extern "C" {
-    fn emscripten_get_now() -> f64;
     fn emscripten_sleep(ms: u32);
     fn emscripten_get_element_css_size(target: *const u8, width: *mut f64, height: *mut f64) -> i32;
+    // Standard C functions that Emscripten redirects to console
+    fn printf(format: *const u8, ...) -> i32;
 }
 
-unsafe fn get_canvas_size() -> (u32, u32) {
+pub fn sleep(duration: Duration, _focused: bool) {
+    unsafe {
+        emscripten_sleep(duration.as_millis() as u32);
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn init_console() -> Result<(), PlatformError> {
+    use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, layer::SubscriberExt, EnvFilter};
+
+    // Set up a custom tracing subscriber that writes directly to emscripten console
+    let subscriber = tracing_subscriber::registry()
+        .with(
+            fmt::layer()
+                .with_writer(|| EmscriptenConsoleWriter)
+                .with_ansi(false)
+                .event_format(CustomFormatter),
+        )
+        .with(EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("debug")));
+
+    tracing::subscriber::set_global_default(subscriber)
+        .map_err(|e| PlatformError::ConsoleInit(format!("Failed to set tracing subscriber: {}", e)))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A writer that outputs to the browser console via printf (redirected by emscripten)
+struct EmscriptenConsoleWriter;
+
+impl Write for EmscriptenConsoleWriter {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        if let Ok(s) = std::str::from_utf8(buf) {
+            if let Ok(cstr) = CString::new(s.trim_end_matches('\n')) {
+                let format_str = CString::new("%s\n").unwrap();
+                unsafe {
+                    printf(format_str.as_ptr().cast(), cstr.as_ptr());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(buf.len())
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn get_canvas_size() -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
     let mut width = 0.0;
     let mut height = 0.0;
-    emscripten_get_element_css_size(c"canvas".as_ptr().cast(), &mut width, &mut height);
+
-    (width as u32, height as u32)
+    unsafe {
+        emscripten_get_element_css_size(c"canvas".as_ptr().cast(), &mut width, &mut height);
+        if width == 0.0 || height == 0.0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+    Some((width as u32, height as u32))
+}
+
+pub fn get_asset_bytes(asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError> {
+    let path = format!("assets/game/{}", asset.path());
+    let mut rwops = RWops::from_file(&path, "rb").map_err(|_| AssetError::NotFound(asset.path().to_string()))?;
+
+    let len = rwops.len().ok_or_else(|| AssetError::NotFound(asset.path().to_string()))?;
+
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; len];
+    rwops.read_exact(&mut buf).map_err(|e| AssetError::Io(io::Error::other(e)))?;
+
+    Ok(Cow::Owned(buf))
+}
+
+pub fn rng() -> SmallRng {
+    SmallRng::from_os_rng()
 }

src/platform/mod.rs

@@ -1,52 +1,13 @@
 //! Platform abstraction layer for cross-platform functionality.
 
-use crate::asset::Asset;
-use crate::error::{AssetError, PlatformError};
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::time::Duration;
-
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
 mod desktop;
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+pub mod tracing_buffer;
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+pub use desktop::*;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+pub use emscripten::*;
 #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
 mod emscripten;
-
-pub mod buffered_writer;
-pub mod tracing_buffer;
-
-/// Cross-platform abstraction layer providing unified APIs for platform-specific operations.
-pub trait CommonPlatform {
-    /// Platform-specific sleep function (required due to Emscripten's non-standard sleep requirements).
-    ///
-    /// Provides access to current window focus state, useful for changing sleep algorithm conditionally.
-    fn sleep(&self, duration: Duration, focused: bool);
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn get_time(&self) -> f64;
-
-    /// Configures platform-specific console and debugging output capabilities.
-    fn init_console(&self) -> Result<(), PlatformError>;
-
-    /// Retrieves the actual display canvas dimensions.
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn get_canvas_size(&self) -> Option<(u32, u32)>;
-
-    /// Loads raw asset data using the appropriate platform-specific method.
-    fn get_asset_bytes(&self, asset: Asset) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, AssetError>;
-
-    /// Whether the platform requires a console to be initialized.
-    fn requires_console(&self) -> bool;
-}
-
-/// Returns the appropriate platform implementation based on compile-time target.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub fn get_platform() -> &'static dyn CommonPlatform {
-    #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
-    {
-        &desktop::Platform
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
-    {
-        &emscripten::Platform
-    }
-}

src/platform/tracing_buffer.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,66 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
 //! Buffered tracing setup for handling logs before console attachment.
 
-use crate::platform::buffered_writer::BufferedWriter;
+use crate::formatter::CustomFormatter;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use std::io;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use tracing::{debug, Level};
 use tracing_error::ErrorLayer;
 use tracing_subscriber::fmt::MakeWriter;
 use tracing_subscriber::layer::SubscriberExt;
 
+/// A thread-safe buffered writer that stores logs in memory until flushed.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BufferedWriter {
+    buffer: Arc<Mutex<Vec<u8>>>,
+}
+
+impl BufferedWriter {
+    /// Creates a new buffered writer.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Flushes all buffered content to the provided writer and clears the buffer.
+    pub fn flush_to<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let mut buffer = self.buffer.lock();
+        if !buffer.is_empty() {
+            writer.write_all(&buffer)?;
+            writer.flush()?;
+            buffer.clear();
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current buffer size in bytes.
+    pub fn buffer_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.buffer.lock().len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Write for BufferedWriter {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        let mut buffer = self.buffer.lock();
+        buffer.extend_from_slice(buf);
+        Ok(buf.len())
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        // For buffered writer, flush is a no-op since we're storing in memory
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for BufferedWriter {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 /// A writer that can switch between buffering and direct output.
 #[derive(Clone, Default)]
 pub struct SwitchableWriter {
@@ -88,6 +142,7 @@ pub fn setup_switchable_subscriber() -> SwitchableWriter {
     let _subscriber = tracing_subscriber::fmt()
         .with_ansi(cfg!(not(target_os = "emscripten")))
         .with_max_level(Level::DEBUG)
+        .event_format(CustomFormatter)
         .with_writer(make_writer)
         .finish()
         .with(ErrorLayer::default());

src/systems/collision.rs

@@ -142,8 +142,6 @@ pub fn ghost_collision_system(
                         events.write(AudioEvent::PlayEat);
                     } else {
                         // Pac-Man dies (this would need a death system)
-                        // For now, just log it
-                        tracing::warn!("Pac-Man collided with ghost while not frightened!");
                     }
                 }
             }

src/systems/debug.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 //! Debug rendering system
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
-use crate::constants::BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET;
+use crate::constants::{self, BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET};
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
 use crate::systems::{Collider, CursorPosition, NodeId, Position, SystemTimings};
+use crate::texture::ttf::{TtfAtlas, TtfRenderer};
 use bevy_ecs::resource::Resource;
-use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Query, Res};
+use bevy_ecs::system::{Query, Res};
-use glam::{IVec2, UVec2, Vec2};
+use glam::{IVec2, Vec2};
 use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use sdl2::rect::{Point, Rect};
-use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture, TextureCreator};
+use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture};
-use sdl2::ttf::Font;
+use sdl2::video::Window;
-use sdl2::video::{Window, WindowContext};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use tracing::warn;
 
 #[derive(Resource, Default, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct DebugState {
@@ -25,31 +28,144 @@ fn f32_to_u8(value: f32) -> u8 {
 /// Resource to hold the debug texture for persistent rendering
 pub struct DebugTextureResource(pub Texture);
 
-/// Resource to hold the debug font
+/// Resource to hold the TTF text atlas
-pub struct DebugFontResource(pub Font<'static, 'static>);
+pub struct TtfAtlasResource(pub TtfAtlas);
+
+/// Resource to hold pre-computed batched line segments
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BatchedLinesResource {
+    horizontal_lines: Vec<(i32, i32, i32)>, // (y, x_start, x_end)
+    vertical_lines: Vec<(i32, i32, i32)>,   // (x, y_start, y_end)
+}
+
+impl BatchedLinesResource {
+    /// Computes and caches batched line segments for the map graph
+    pub fn new(map: &Map, scale: f32) -> Self {
+        let mut horizontal_segments: HashMap<i32, Vec<(i32, i32)>> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut vertical_segments: HashMap<i32, Vec<(i32, i32)>> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut processed_edges: HashSet<(u16, u16)> = HashSet::new();
+
+        // Process all edges and group them by axis
+        for (start_node_id, edge) in map.graph.edges() {
+            // Acquire a stable key for the edge (from < to)
+            let edge_key = (start_node_id.min(edge.target), start_node_id.max(edge.target));
+
+            // Skip if we've already processed this edge in the reverse direction
+            if processed_edges.contains(&edge_key) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            processed_edges.insert(edge_key);
+
+            let start_pos = map.graph.get_node(start_node_id).unwrap().position;
+            let end_pos = map.graph.get_node(edge.target).unwrap().position;
+
+            let start = transform_position_with_offset(start_pos, scale);
+            let end = transform_position_with_offset(end_pos, scale);
+
+            // Determine if this is a horizontal or vertical line
+            if (start.y - end.y).abs() < 2 {
+                // Horizontal line (allowing for slight vertical variance)
+                let y = start.y;
+                let x_min = start.x.min(end.x);
+                let x_max = start.x.max(end.x);
+                horizontal_segments.entry(y).or_default().push((x_min, x_max));
+            } else if (start.x - end.x).abs() < 2 {
+                // Vertical line (allowing for slight horizontal variance)
+                let x = start.x;
+                let y_min = start.y.min(end.y);
+                let y_max = start.y.max(end.y);
+                vertical_segments.entry(x).or_default().push((y_min, y_max));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// Merges overlapping or adjacent segments into continuous lines
+        fn merge_segments(segments: Vec<(i32, i32)>) -> Vec<(i32, i32)> {
+            if segments.is_empty() {
+                return Vec::new();
+            }
+
+            let mut merged = Vec::new();
+            let mut current_start = segments[0].0;
+            let mut current_end = segments[0].1;
+
+            for &(start, end) in segments.iter().skip(1) {
+                if start <= current_end + 1 {
+                    // Adjacent or overlapping
+                    current_end = current_end.max(end);
+                } else {
+                    merged.push((current_start, current_end));
+                    current_start = start;
+                    current_end = end;
+                }
+            }
+
+            merged.push((current_start, current_end));
+            merged
+        }
+
+        // Convert to flat vectors for fast iteration during rendering
+        let horizontal_lines = horizontal_segments
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|(y, mut segments)| {
+                segments.sort_unstable_by_key(|(start, _)| *start);
+                let merged = merge_segments(segments);
+                merged.into_iter().map(move |(x_start, x_end)| (y, x_start, x_end))
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let vertical_lines = vertical_segments
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|(x, mut segments)| {
+                segments.sort_unstable_by_key(|(start, _)| *start);
+                let merged = merge_segments(segments);
+                merged.into_iter().map(move |(y_start, y_end)| (x, y_start, y_end))
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        Self {
+            horizontal_lines,
+            vertical_lines,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
+        // Render horizontal lines
+        for &(y, x_start, x_end) in &self.horizontal_lines {
+            let points = [Point::new(x_start, y), Point::new(x_end, y)];
+            let _ = canvas.draw_lines(&points[..]);
+        }
+
+        // Render vertical lines
+        for &(x, y_start, y_end) in &self.vertical_lines {
+            let points = [Point::new(x, y_start), Point::new(x, y_end)];
+            let _ = canvas.draw_lines(&points[..]);
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /// Transforms a position from logical canvas coordinates to output canvas coordinates (with board offset)
 fn transform_position_with_offset(pos: Vec2, scale: f32) -> IVec2 {
     ((pos + BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET.as_vec2()) * scale).as_ivec2()
 }
 
-/// Renders timing information in the top-left corner of the screen
+/// Renders timing information in the top-left corner of the screen using the debug text atlas
 fn render_timing_display(
     canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
-    texture_creator: &mut TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
     timings: &SystemTimings,
-    font: &Font,
+    current_tick: u64,
+    text_renderer: &TtfRenderer,
+    atlas: &mut TtfAtlas,
 ) {
     // Format timing information using the formatting module
-    let lines = timings.format_timing_display();
+    let lines = timings.format_timing_display(current_tick);
-    let line_height = 14; // Approximate line height for 12pt font
+    let line_height = text_renderer.text_height(atlas) as i32 + 2; // Add 2px line spacing
     let padding = 10;
 
     // Calculate background dimensions
     let max_width = lines
         .iter()
         .filter(|l| !l.is_empty()) // Don't consider empty lines for width
-        .map(|line| font.size_of(line).unwrap().0)
+        .map(|line| text_renderer.text_width(atlas, line))
         .max()
         .unwrap_or(0);
 
@@ -75,133 +191,148 @@ fn render_timing_display(
             continue;
         }
 
-        // Render each line
-        let surface = font.render(line).blended(Color::RGBA(255, 255, 255, 200)).unwrap();
-        let texture = texture_creator.create_texture_from_surface(&surface).unwrap();
-
         // Position each line below the previous one
-        let y_pos = padding + (i * line_height) as i32;
+        let y_pos = padding + (i as i32 * line_height);
-        let dest = Rect::new(padding, y_pos, texture.query().width, texture.query().height);
+        let position = Vec2::new(padding as f32, y_pos as f32);
-        canvas.copy(&texture, None, dest).unwrap();
+
+        // Render the line using the debug text renderer
+        text_renderer
+            .render_text(canvas, atlas, line, position, Color::RGBA(255, 255, 255, 200))
+            .unwrap();
     }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn debug_render_system(
-    mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
+    canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
-    mut debug_texture: NonSendMut<DebugTextureResource>,
+    ttf_atlas: &mut TtfAtlasResource,
-    debug_font: NonSendMut<DebugFontResource>,
+    batched_lines: &Res<BatchedLinesResource>,
-    debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
+    debug_state: &Res<DebugState>,
-    timings: Res<SystemTimings>,
+    timings: &Res<SystemTimings>,
-    map: Res<Map>,
+    timing: &Res<crate::systems::profiling::Timing>,
-    colliders: Query<(&Collider, &Position)>,
+    map: &Res<Map>,
-    cursor: Res<CursorPosition>,
+    colliders: &Query<(&Collider, &Position)>,
+    cursor: &Res<CursorPosition>,
 ) {
     if !debug_state.enabled {
         return;
     }
-    let scale =
+    // Create debug text renderer
-        (UVec2::from(canvas.output_size().unwrap()).as_vec2() / UVec2::from(canvas.logical_size()).as_vec2()).min_element();
+    let text_renderer = TtfRenderer::new(1.0);
 
-    // Get texture creator before entering the closure to avoid borrowing conflicts
+    let cursor_world_pos = match &**cursor {
-    let mut texture_creator = canvas.texture_creator();
-    let font = &debug_font.0;
-
-    let cursor_world_pos = match *cursor {
         CursorPosition::None => None,
         CursorPosition::Some { position, .. } => Some(position - BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET.as_vec2()),
     };
 
-    // Draw debug info on the high-resolution debug texture
+    // Clear the debug canvas
-    canvas
+    canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0));
-        .with_texture_canvas(&mut debug_texture.0, |debug_canvas| {
+    canvas.clear();
-            // Clear the debug canvas
-            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0));
-            debug_canvas.clear();
 
-            // Find the closest node to the cursor
+    // Find the closest node to the cursor
-            let closest_node = if let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos {
+    let closest_node = if let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos {
-                map.graph
+        map.graph
-                    .nodes()
+            .nodes()
-                    .map(|node| node.position.distance(cursor_world_pos))
+            .map(|node| node.position.distance(cursor_world_pos))
-                    .enumerate()
+            .enumerate()
-                    .min_by(|(_, a), (_, b)| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(Ordering::Less))
+            .min_by(|(_, a), (_, b)| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(Ordering::Less))
-                    .map(|(id, _)| id)
+            .map(|(id, _)| id)
-            } else {
+    } else {
-                None
+        None
-            };
+    };
 
-            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::GREEN);
+    canvas.set_draw_color(Color::GREEN);
-            for (collider, position) in colliders.iter() {
+    {
+        let rects = colliders
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(collider, position)| {
                 let pos = position.get_pixel_position(&map.graph).unwrap();
 
                 // Transform position and size using common methods
-                let pos = (pos * scale).as_ivec2();
+                let pos = (pos * constants::LARGE_SCALE).as_ivec2();
-                let size = (collider.size * scale) as u32;
+                let size = (collider.size * constants::LARGE_SCALE) as u32;
 
-                let rect = Rect::from_center(Point::from((pos.x, pos.y)), size, size);
+                Rect::from_center(Point::from((pos.x, pos.y)), size, size)
-                debug_canvas.draw_rect(rect).unwrap();
+            })
-            }
+            .collect::<SmallVec<[Rect; 100]>>();
+        if rects.len() > rects.capacity() {
+            warn!(
+                capacity = rects.capacity(),
+                count = rects.len(),
+                "Collider rects capacity exceeded"
+            );
+        }
+        canvas.draw_rects(&rects).unwrap();
+    }
 
-            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color {
+    canvas.set_draw_color(Color {
-                a: f32_to_u8(0.4),
+        a: f32_to_u8(0.65),
-                ..Color::RED
+        ..Color::RED
-            });
+    });
-            debug_canvas.set_blend_mode(sdl2::render::BlendMode::Blend);
+    canvas.set_blend_mode(sdl2::render::BlendMode::Blend);
-            for (start_node, end_node) in map.graph.edges() {
-                let start_node_model = map.graph.get_node(start_node).unwrap();
-                let end_node = map.graph.get_node(end_node.target).unwrap().position;
 
-                // Transform positions using common method
+    // Use cached batched line segments
-                let start = transform_position_with_offset(start_node_model.position, scale);
+    batched_lines.render(canvas);
-                let end = transform_position_with_offset(end_node, scale);
 
-                debug_canvas
+    {
-                    .draw_line(Point::from((start.x, start.y)), Point::from((end.x, end.y)))
+        let rects: Vec<_> = map
-                    .unwrap();
+            .graph
-            }
+            .nodes()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(id, node)| {
+                let pos = transform_position_with_offset(node.position, constants::LARGE_SCALE);
+                let size = (2.0 * constants::LARGE_SCALE) as u32;
+                let rect = Rect::new(pos.x - (size as i32 / 2), pos.y - (size as i32 / 2), size, size);
 
-            for (id, node) in map.graph.nodes().enumerate() {
+                // If the node is the one closest to the cursor, draw it immediately
-                let pos = node.position;
+                if closest_node == Some(id) {
+                    canvas.set_draw_color(Color::YELLOW);
+                    canvas.fill_rect(rect).unwrap();
+                    return None;
+                }
 
-                // Set color based on whether the node is the closest to the cursor
+                Some(rect)
-                debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color {
+            })
-                    a: f32_to_u8(if Some(id) == closest_node { 0.75 } else { 0.6 }),
+            .collect();
-                    ..(if Some(id) == closest_node {
-                        Color::YELLOW
-                    } else {
-                        Color::BLUE
-                    })
-                });
 
-                // Transform position using common method
+        if rects.len() > rects.capacity() {
-                let pos = transform_position_with_offset(pos, scale);
+            warn!(
-                let size = (2.0 * scale) as u32;
+                capacity = rects.capacity(),
+                count = rects.len(),
+                "Node rects capacity exceeded"
+            );
+        }
 
-                debug_canvas
+        // Draw the non-closest nodes all at once in blue
-                    .fill_rect(Rect::new(pos.x - (size as i32 / 2), pos.y - (size as i32 / 2), size, size))
+        canvas.set_draw_color(Color::BLUE);
-                    .unwrap();
+        canvas.fill_rects(&rects).unwrap();
-            }
+    }
 
-            // Render node ID if a node is highlighted
+    // Render node ID if a node is highlighted
-            if let Some(closest_node_id) = closest_node {
+    if let Some(closest_node_id) = closest_node {
-                let node = map.graph.get_node(closest_node_id as NodeId).unwrap();
+        let node = map.graph.get_node(closest_node_id as NodeId).unwrap();
-                let pos = transform_position_with_offset(node.position, scale);
+        let pos = transform_position_with_offset(node.position, constants::LARGE_SCALE);
 
-                let surface = font
+        let node_id_text = closest_node_id.to_string();
-                    .render(&closest_node_id.to_string())
+        let text_pos = Vec2::new((pos.x + 10) as f32, (pos.y - 5) as f32);
-                    .blended(Color {
-                        a: f32_to_u8(0.4),
-                        ..Color::WHITE
-                    })
-                    .unwrap();
-                let texture = texture_creator.create_texture_from_surface(&surface).unwrap();
-                let dest = Rect::new(pos.x + 10, pos.y - 5, texture.query().width, texture.query().height);
-                debug_canvas.copy(&texture, None, dest).unwrap();
-            }
 
-            // Render timing information in the top-left corner
+        text_renderer
-            render_timing_display(debug_canvas, &mut texture_creator, &timings, font);
+            .render_text(
-        })
+                canvas,
-        .unwrap();
+                &mut ttf_atlas.0,
+                &node_id_text,
+                text_pos,
+                Color {
+                    a: f32_to_u8(0.9),
+                    ..Color::WHITE
+                },
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    // Render timing information in the top-left corner
+    // Use previous tick since current tick is incomplete (frame is still running)
+    let current_tick = timing.get_current_tick();
+    let previous_tick = current_tick.saturating_sub(1);
+    render_timing_display(canvas, timings, previous_tick, &text_renderer, &mut ttf_atlas.0);
 }

src/systems/ghost.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::platform;
 use crate::systems::components::{DirectionalAnimation, Frozen, GhostAnimation, GhostState, LastAnimationState, LinearAnimation};
 use crate::{
     map::{
@@ -14,9 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
 use crate::systems::GhostAnimations;
 use bevy_ecs::query::Without;
 use bevy_ecs::system::{Commands, Query, Res};
-use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
 use rand::seq::IndexedRandom;
-use rand::SeedableRng;
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
 /// Autonomous ghost AI system implementing randomized movement with backtracking avoidance.
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn ghost_movement_system(
                             break;
                         }
                     } else {
-                        *non_opposite_options.choose(&mut SmallRng::from_os_rng()).unwrap()
+                        *non_opposite_options.choose(&mut platform::rng()).unwrap()
                     };
 
                     velocity.direction = new_edge.direction;

src/systems/input.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ use bevy_ecs::{
     system::{NonSendMut, Res, ResMut},
 };
 use glam::Vec2;
-use sdl2::{event::Event, keyboard::Keycode, EventPump};
+use sdl2::{
+    event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+    keyboard::Keycode,
+    EventPump,
+};
 use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
 
 use crate::systems::components::DeltaTime;
@@ -15,6 +19,12 @@ use crate::{
     map::direction::Direction,
 };
 
+// Touch input constants
+const TOUCH_DIRECTION_THRESHOLD: f32 = 10.0;
+const TOUCH_EASING_DISTANCE_THRESHOLD: f32 = 1.0;
+const MAX_TOUCH_MOVEMENT_SPEED: f32 = 100.0;
+const TOUCH_EASING_FACTOR: f32 = 1.5;
+
 #[derive(Resource, Default, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum CursorPosition {
     #[default]
@@ -25,6 +35,30 @@ pub enum CursorPosition {
     },
 }
 
+#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct TouchState {
+    pub active_touch: Option<TouchData>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TouchData {
+    pub finger_id: i64,
+    pub start_pos: Vec2,
+    pub current_pos: Vec2,
+    pub current_direction: Option<Direction>,
+}
+
+impl TouchData {
+    pub fn new(finger_id: i64, start_pos: Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            finger_id,
+            start_pos,
+            current_pos: start_pos,
+            current_direction: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Bindings {
     key_bindings: HashMap<Keycode, GameCommand>,
@@ -125,12 +159,62 @@ pub fn process_simple_key_events(bindings: &mut Bindings, frame_events: &[Simple
     emitted_events
 }
 
+/// Calculates the primary direction from a 2D vector delta
+fn calculate_direction_from_delta(delta: Vec2) -> Direction {
+    if delta.x.abs() > delta.y.abs() {
+        if delta.x > 0.0 {
+            Direction::Right
+        } else {
+            Direction::Left
+        }
+    } else if delta.y > 0.0 {
+        Direction::Down
+    } else {
+        Direction::Up
+    }
+}
+
+/// Updates the touch reference position with easing
+///
+/// This slowly moves the start_pos towards the current_pos, with the speed
+/// decreasing as the distance gets smaller. The maximum movement speed is capped.
+/// Returns the delta vector and its length for reuse by the caller.
+fn update_touch_reference_position(touch_data: &mut TouchData, delta_time: f32) -> (Vec2, f32) {
+    // Calculate the vector from start to current position
+    let delta = touch_data.current_pos - touch_data.start_pos;
+    let distance = delta.length();
+
+    // If there's no significant distance, nothing to do
+    if distance < TOUCH_EASING_DISTANCE_THRESHOLD {
+        return (delta, distance);
+    }
+
+    // Calculate speed based on distance (slower as it gets closer)
+    // The easing function creates a curve where movement slows down as it approaches the target
+    let speed = (distance / TOUCH_EASING_FACTOR).min(MAX_TOUCH_MOVEMENT_SPEED);
+
+    // Calculate movement distance for this frame
+    let movement_amount = speed * delta_time;
+
+    // If the movement would overshoot, just set to target
+    if movement_amount >= distance {
+        touch_data.start_pos = touch_data.current_pos;
+    } else {
+        // Use direct vector scaling instead of normalization
+        let scale_factor = movement_amount / distance;
+        touch_data.start_pos += delta * scale_factor;
+    }
+
+    (delta, distance)
+}
+
 pub fn input_system(
     delta_time: Res<DeltaTime>,
     mut bindings: ResMut<Bindings>,
     mut writer: EventWriter<GameEvent>,
     mut pump: NonSendMut<EventPump>,
     mut cursor: ResMut<CursorPosition>,
+    mut touch_state: ResMut<TouchState>,
 ) {
     let mut cursor_seen = false;
     // Collect all events for this frame.
@@ -138,14 +222,12 @@ pub fn input_system(
 
     // Warn if the smallvec was heap allocated due to exceeding stack capacity
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
+    if frame_events.len() > frame_events.capacity() {
-        if frame_events.len() > frame_events.capacity() {
+        tracing::warn!(
-            tracing::warn!(
+            "More than {} events in a frame, consider adjusting stack capacity: {:?}",
-                "More than {} events in a frame, consider adjusting stack capacity: {:?}",
+            frame_events.capacity(),
-                frame_events.capacity(),
+            frame_events
-                frame_events
+        );
-            );
-        }
     }
 
     // Handle non-keyboard events inline and build a simplified keyboard event stream.
@@ -161,6 +243,43 @@ pub fn input_system(
                     remaining_time: 0.20,
                 };
                 cursor_seen = true;
+
+                // Handle mouse motion as touch motion for desktop testing
+                if let Some(ref mut touch_data) = touch_state.active_touch {
+                    touch_data.current_pos = Vec2::new(x as f32, y as f32);
+                }
+            }
+            // Handle mouse events as touch for desktop testing
+            Event::MouseButtonDown { x, y, .. } => {
+                let pos = Vec2::new(x as f32, y as f32);
+                touch_state.active_touch = Some(TouchData::new(0, pos)); // Use ID 0 for mouse
+            }
+            Event::MouseButtonUp { .. } => {
+                touch_state.active_touch = None;
+            }
+            // Handle actual touch events for mobile
+            Event::FingerDown { finger_id, x, y, .. } => {
+                // Convert normalized coordinates (0.0-1.0) to screen coordinates
+                let screen_x = x * crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE.x as f32;
+                let screen_y = y * crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE.y as f32;
+                let pos = Vec2::new(screen_x, screen_y);
+                touch_state.active_touch = Some(TouchData::new(finger_id, pos));
+            }
+            Event::FingerMotion { finger_id, x, y, .. } => {
+                if let Some(ref mut touch_data) = touch_state.active_touch {
+                    if touch_data.finger_id == finger_id {
+                        let screen_x = x * crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE.x as f32;
+                        let screen_y = y * crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE.y as f32;
+                        touch_data.current_pos = Vec2::new(screen_x, screen_y);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Event::FingerUp { finger_id, .. } => {
+                if let Some(ref touch_data) = touch_state.active_touch {
+                    if touch_data.finger_id == finger_id {
+                        touch_state.active_touch = None;
+                    }
+                }
             }
             Event::KeyDown { keycode, repeat, .. } => {
                 if let Some(key) = keycode {
@@ -178,8 +297,15 @@ pub fn input_system(
                     simple_key_events.push(SimpleKeyEvent::KeyUp(key));
                 }
             }
+            Event::Window { win_event, .. } => {
+                if let WindowEvent::Resized(w, h) = win_event {
+                    tracing::info!(width = w, height = h, event = ?win_event, "Window Resized");
+                }
+            }
+            // Despite disabling this event, it's still received, so we ignore it explicitly.
+            Event::RenderTargetsReset { .. } => {}
             _ => {
-                tracing::warn!("Unhandled event, consider disabling: {:?}", event);
+                tracing::warn!(event = ?event, "Unhandled Event");
             }
         }
     }
@@ -190,6 +316,25 @@ pub fn input_system(
         writer.write(event);
     }
 
+    // Update touch reference position with easing
+    if let Some(ref mut touch_data) = touch_state.active_touch {
+        // Apply easing to the reference position and get the delta for direction calculation
+        let (delta, distance) = update_touch_reference_position(touch_data, delta_time.0);
+
+        // Check for direction based on updated reference position
+        if distance >= TOUCH_DIRECTION_THRESHOLD {
+            let direction = calculate_direction_from_delta(delta);
+
+            // Only send command if direction has changed
+            if touch_data.current_direction != Some(direction) {
+                touch_data.current_direction = Some(direction);
+                writer.write(GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(direction)));
+            }
+        } else if touch_data.current_direction.is_some() {
+            touch_data.current_direction = None;
+        }
+    }
+
     if let (false, CursorPosition::Some { remaining_time, .. }) = (cursor_seen, &mut *cursor) {
         *remaining_time -= delta_time.0;
         if *remaining_time <= 0.0 {

src/systems/profiling.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use bevy_ecs::system::IntoSystem;
 use bevy_ecs::{resource::Resource, system::System};
 use circular_buffer::CircularBuffer;
-use micromap::Map;
 use num_width::NumberWidth;
-use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
 use std::time::Duration;
-use strum::EnumCount;
+use strum::{EnumCount, IntoEnumIterator};
-use strum_macros::{EnumCount, IntoStaticStr};
+use strum_macros::{EnumCount, EnumIter, IntoStaticStr};
 use thousands::Separable;
 
 /// The maximum number of systems that can be profiled. Must not be exceeded, or it will panic.
@@ -16,8 +16,127 @@ const MAX_SYSTEMS: usize = SystemId::COUNT;
 /// The number of durations to keep in the circular buffer.
 const TIMING_WINDOW_SIZE: usize = 30;
 
-#[derive(EnumCount, IntoStaticStr, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Copy, Clone)]
+/// A timing buffer that tracks durations and automatically inserts zero durations for skipped ticks.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct TimingBuffer {
+    /// Circular buffer storing timing durations
+    buffer: CircularBuffer<TIMING_WINDOW_SIZE, Duration>,
+    /// The last tick when this buffer was updated
+    last_tick: u64,
+}
+
+impl TimingBuffer {
+    /// Adds a timing duration for the current tick.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `current_tick` is less than `last_tick`, indicating time went backwards.
+    pub fn add_timing(&mut self, duration: Duration, current_tick: u64) {
+        if current_tick < self.last_tick {
+            panic!(
+                "Time went backwards: current_tick ({}) < last_tick ({})",
+                current_tick, self.last_tick
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Insert zero durations for any skipped ticks (but not the current tick)
+        if current_tick > self.last_tick {
+            let skipped_ticks = current_tick - self.last_tick - 1;
+            for _ in 0..skipped_ticks {
+                self.buffer.push_back(Duration::ZERO);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add the actual timing
+        self.buffer.push_back(duration);
+        self.last_tick = current_tick;
+    }
+
+    /// Gets statistics for this timing buffer.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `current_tick` is less than `last_tick`, indicating time went backwards.
+    pub fn get_stats(&mut self, current_tick: u64) -> (Duration, Duration) {
+        // Insert zero durations for any skipped ticks since last update (but not the current tick)
+        if current_tick > self.last_tick {
+            let skipped_ticks = current_tick - self.last_tick - 1;
+            for _ in 0..skipped_ticks {
+                self.buffer.push_back(Duration::ZERO);
+            }
+            self.last_tick = current_tick;
+        }
+
+        // Calculate statistics using Welford's algorithm
+        let mut sample_count = 0u16;
+        let mut running_mean = 0.0;
+        let mut sum_squared_diff = 0.0;
+
+        let skip = self.last_tick.saturating_sub(current_tick);
+        for duration in self.buffer.iter().skip(skip as usize) {
+            let duration_secs = duration.as_secs_f32();
+            sample_count += 1;
+
+            let diff_from_mean = duration_secs - running_mean;
+            running_mean += diff_from_mean / sample_count as f32;
+
+            let diff_from_new_mean = duration_secs - running_mean;
+            sum_squared_diff += diff_from_mean * diff_from_new_mean;
+        }
+
+        if sample_count > 0 {
+            let variance = if sample_count > 1 {
+                sum_squared_diff / (sample_count - 1) as f32
+            } else {
+                0.0
+            };
+
+            (
+                Duration::from_secs_f32(running_mean),
+                Duration::from_secs_f32(variance.sqrt()),
+            )
+        } else {
+            (Duration::ZERO, Duration::ZERO)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A resource that tracks the current game tick using an atomic counter.
+/// This ensures thread-safe access to the tick counter across systems.
+#[derive(Resource, Debug)]
+pub struct Timing {
+    /// Atomic counter for the current game tick
+    current_tick: AtomicU64,
+}
+
+impl Timing {
+    /// Creates a new Timing resource starting at tick 0
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            current_tick: AtomicU64::new(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the current tick value
+    pub fn get_current_tick(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.current_tick.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    /// Increments the tick counter and returns the new value
+    pub fn increment_tick(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.current_tick.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) + 1
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Timing {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(EnumCount, EnumIter, IntoStaticStr, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum SystemId {
+    Total,
     Input,
     PlayerControls,
     Ghost,
@@ -42,117 +161,86 @@ pub enum SystemId {
 
 impl Display for SystemId {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        // Use strum_macros::IntoStaticStr to get the static string
         write!(f, "{}", Into::<&'static str>::into(self).to_ascii_lowercase())
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Resource, Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Resource, Debug)]
 pub struct SystemTimings {
-    /// Map of system names to a queue of durations, using a circular buffer.
+    /// Statically sized map of system names to timing buffers.
-    ///
+    pub timings: micromap::Map<SystemId, Mutex<TimingBuffer>, MAX_SYSTEMS>,
-    /// Uses a RwLock to allow multiple readers for the HashMap, and a Mutex on the circular buffer for exclusive access.
+}
-    /// This is probably overkill, but it's fun to play with.
+
-    ///
+impl Default for SystemTimings {
-    /// Also, we use a micromap::Map as the number of systems is generally quite small.
+    fn default() -> Self {
-    /// Just make sure to set the capacity appropriately, or it will panic.
+        let mut timings = micromap::Map::new();
-    pub timings: RwLock<Map<SystemId, Mutex<CircularBuffer<TIMING_WINDOW_SIZE, Duration>>, MAX_SYSTEMS>>,
+
+        // Pre-populate with all SystemId variants to avoid runtime allocations
+        for id in SystemId::iter() {
+            timings.insert(id, Mutex::new(TimingBuffer::default()));
+        }
+
+        Self { timings }
+    }
 }
 
 impl SystemTimings {
-    pub fn add_timing(&self, id: SystemId, duration: Duration) {
+    pub fn add_timing(&self, id: SystemId, duration: Duration, current_tick: u64) {
-        // acquire a upgradable read lock
+        // Since all SystemId variants are pre-populated, we can use a simple read lock
-        let mut timings = self.timings.upgradable_read();
+        let buffer = self
-
+            .timings
-        // happy path, the name is already in the map (no need to mutate the hashmap)
+            .get(&id)
-        if timings.contains_key(&id) {
+            .expect("SystemId not found in pre-populated map - this is a bug");
-            let queue = timings
+        buffer.lock().add_timing(duration, current_tick);
-                .get(&id)
-                .expect("System name not found in map after contains_key check");
-            let mut queue = queue.lock();
-
-            queue.push_back(duration);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // otherwise, acquire a write lock and insert a new queue
-        timings.with_upgraded(|timings| {
-            let queue = timings.entry(id).or_insert_with(|| Mutex::new(CircularBuffer::new()));
-            queue.lock().push_back(duration);
-        });
     }
 
-    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> Map<SystemId, (Duration, Duration), MAX_SYSTEMS> {
+    /// Add timing for the Total system (total frame time including scheduler.run)
-        let timings = self.timings.read();
+    pub fn add_total_timing(&self, duration: Duration, current_tick: u64) {
-        let mut stats = Map::new();
+        self.add_timing(SystemId::Total, duration, current_tick);
+    }
 
-        for (id, queue) in timings.iter() {
+    pub fn get_stats(&self, current_tick: u64) -> micromap::Map<SystemId, (Duration, Duration), MAX_SYSTEMS> {
-            if queue.lock().is_empty() {
+        let mut stats = micromap::Map::new();
-                continue;
-            }
 
-            let durations: Vec<f64> = queue.lock().iter().map(|d| d.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0).collect();
+        // Iterate over all SystemId variants to ensure every system has an entry
-            let count = durations.len() as f64;
+        for id in SystemId::iter() {
+            let buffer = self
+                .timings
+                .get(&id)
+                .expect("SystemId not found in pre-populated map - this is a bug");
 
-            let sum: f64 = durations.iter().sum();
+            let (average, standard_deviation) = buffer.lock().get_stats(current_tick);
-            let mean = sum / count;
+            stats.insert(id, (average, standard_deviation));
-
-            let variance = durations.iter().map(|x| (x - mean).powi(2)).sum::<f64>() / count;
-            let std_dev = variance.sqrt();
-
-            stats.insert(
-                *id,
-                (
-                    Duration::from_secs_f64(mean / 1000.0),
-                    Duration::from_secs_f64(std_dev / 1000.0),
-                ),
-            );
         }
 
         stats
     }
 
-    pub fn get_total_stats(&self) -> (Duration, Duration) {
+    pub fn format_timing_display(&self, current_tick: u64) -> SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]> {
-        let duration_sums = {
+        let stats = self.get_stats(current_tick);
-            let timings = self.timings.read();
-            timings
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(_, queue)| queue.lock().iter().sum::<Duration>())
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        };
 
-        let mean = duration_sums.iter().sum::<Duration>() / duration_sums.len() as u32;
+        // Get the Total system metrics instead of averaging all systems
-        let variance = duration_sums
+        let (total_avg, total_std) = stats
-            .iter()
+            .get(&SystemId::Total)
-            .map(|x| {
+            .copied()
-                let diff_secs = x.as_secs_f64() - mean.as_secs_f64();
+            .unwrap_or((Duration::ZERO, Duration::ZERO));
-                diff_secs * diff_secs
-            })
-            .sum::<f64>()
-            / duration_sums.len() as f64;
-        let std_dev_secs = variance.sqrt();
-
-        (mean, Duration::from_secs_f64(std_dev_secs))
-    }
-
-    pub fn format_timing_display(&self) -> SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]> {
-        let stats = self.get_stats();
-        let (total_avg, total_std) = self.get_total_stats();
 
         let effective_fps = match 1.0 / total_avg.as_secs_f64() {
-            f if f > 100.0 => (f as u32).separate_with_commas(),
+            f if f > 100.0 => format!("{:>5} FPS", (f as u32).separate_with_commas()),
             f if f < 10.0 => format!("{:.1} FPS", f),
-            f => format!("{:.0} FPS", f),
+            f => format!("{:5.0} FPS", f),
         };
 
         // Collect timing data for formatting
         let mut timing_data = vec![(effective_fps, total_avg, total_std)];
 
-        // Sort the stats by average duration
+        // Sort the stats by average duration, excluding the Total system
-        let mut sorted_stats: Vec<_> = stats.iter().collect();
+        let mut sorted_stats: Vec<_> = stats.iter().filter(|(id, _)| **id != SystemId::Total).collect();
         sorted_stats.sort_by(|a, b| b.1 .0.cmp(&a.1 .0));
 
-        // Add the top 5 most expensive systems
+        // Add the top 7 most expensive systems (excluding Total)
-        for (name, (avg, std_dev)) in sorted_stats.iter().take(7) {
+        for (name, (avg, std_dev)) in sorted_stats.iter().take(9) {
             timing_data.push((name.to_string(), *avg, *std_dev));
         }
 
@@ -177,8 +265,9 @@ where
         system.run((), world);
         let duration = start.elapsed();
 
-        if let Some(timings) = world.get_resource::<SystemTimings>() {
+        if let (Some(timings), Some(timing)) = (world.get_resource::<SystemTimings>(), world.get_resource::<Timing>()) {
-            timings.add_timing(id, duration);
+            let current_tick = timing.get_current_tick();
+            timings.add_timing(id, duration, current_tick);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -250,17 +339,22 @@ pub fn format_timing_display(
         })
         .collect::<SmallVec<[Entry; 12]>>();
 
-    let (max_name_width, max_avg_int_width, max_avg_decimal_width, max_std_int_width, max_std_decimal_width) = entries
+    let (max_avg_int_width, max_avg_decimal_width, max_std_int_width, max_std_decimal_width) =
-        .iter()
+        entries
-        .fold((0, 0, 3, 0, 3), |(name_w, avg_int_w, avg_dec_w, std_int_w, std_dec_w), e| {
+            .iter()
-            (
+            .fold((0, 3, 0, 3), |(avg_int_w, avg_dec_w, std_int_w, std_dec_w), e| {
-                name_w.max(e.name.len()),
+                (
-                avg_int_w.max(e.avg_int.width() as usize),
+                    avg_int_w.max(e.avg_int.width() as usize),
-                avg_dec_w.max(e.avg_decimal.width() as usize),
+                    avg_dec_w.max(e.avg_decimal.width() as usize),
-                std_int_w.max(e.std_int.width() as usize),
+                    std_int_w.max(e.std_int.width() as usize),
-                std_dec_w.max(e.std_decimal.width() as usize),
+                    std_dec_w.max(e.std_decimal.width() as usize),
-            )
+                )
-        });
+            });
+
+    let max_name_width = SystemId::iter()
+        .map(|id| id.to_string().len())
+        .max()
+        .expect("SystemId::iter() returned an empty iterator");
 
     entries.iter().map(|e| {
             format!(

src/systems/render.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 use crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE;
 use crate::error::{GameError, TextureError};
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
+use crate::systems::input::TouchState;
 use crate::systems::{
-    DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimation, LinearAnimation, Position, Renderable, ScoreResource,
+    debug_render_system, BatchedLinesResource, Collider, CursorPosition, DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime,
-    StartupSequence, Velocity,
+    DirectionalAnimation, LinearAnimation, Position, Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence, SystemId, SystemTimings,
+    TtfAtlasResource, Velocity,
 };
 use crate::texture::sprite::SpriteAtlas;
 use crate::texture::text::TextTexture;
@@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use sdl2::rect::{Point, Rect};
 use sdl2::render::{BlendMode, Canvas, Texture};
 use sdl2::video::Window;
+use std::time::Instant;
 
 #[derive(Resource, Default)]
 pub struct RenderDirty(pub bool);
@@ -25,6 +28,13 @@ pub struct RenderDirty(pub bool);
 #[derive(Component)]
 pub struct Hidden;
 
+/// Enum to identify which texture is being rendered to in the combined render system
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum RenderTarget {
+    Backbuffer,
+    Debug,
+}
+
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub fn dirty_render_system(
     mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>,
@@ -105,6 +115,79 @@ pub struct MapTextureResource(pub Texture);
 /// A non-send resource for the backbuffer texture. This just wraps the texture with a type so it can be differentiated when exposed as a resource.
 pub struct BackbufferResource(pub Texture);
 
+/// Renders touch UI overlay for mobile/testing.
+pub fn touch_ui_render_system(
+    mut backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
+    mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
+    touch_state: Res<TouchState>,
+    mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
+) {
+    if let Some(ref touch_data) = touch_state.active_touch {
+        let _ = canvas.with_texture_canvas(&mut backbuffer.0, |canvas| {
+            // Set blend mode for transparency
+            canvas.set_blend_mode(BlendMode::Blend);
+
+            // Draw semi-transparent circle at touch start position
+            canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(255, 255, 255, 100));
+            let center = Point::new(touch_data.start_pos.x as i32, touch_data.start_pos.y as i32);
+
+            // Draw a simple circle by drawing filled rectangles (basic approach)
+            let radius = 30;
+            for dy in -radius..=radius {
+                for dx in -radius..=radius {
+                    if dx * dx + dy * dy <= radius * radius {
+                        let point = Point::new(center.x + dx, center.y + dy);
+                        if let Err(e) = canvas.draw_point(point) {
+                            errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Touch UI render error: {}", e)).into());
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Draw direction indicator if we have a direction
+            if let Some(direction) = touch_data.current_direction {
+                canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(0, 255, 0, 150));
+
+                // Draw arrow indicating direction
+                let arrow_length = 40;
+                let (dx, dy) = match direction {
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Up => (0, -arrow_length),
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Down => (0, arrow_length),
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Left => (-arrow_length, 0),
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Right => (arrow_length, 0),
+                };
+
+                let end_point = Point::new(center.x + dx, center.y + dy);
+                if let Err(e) = canvas.draw_line(center, end_point) {
+                    errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Touch arrow render error: {}", e)).into());
+                }
+
+                // Draw arrowhead (simple approach)
+                let arrow_size = 8;
+                match direction {
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Up => {
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x - arrow_size, end_point.y + arrow_size));
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x + arrow_size, end_point.y + arrow_size));
+                    }
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Down => {
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x - arrow_size, end_point.y - arrow_size));
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x + arrow_size, end_point.y - arrow_size));
+                    }
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Left => {
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x + arrow_size, end_point.y - arrow_size));
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x + arrow_size, end_point.y + arrow_size));
+                    }
+                    crate::map::direction::Direction::Right => {
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x - arrow_size, end_point.y - arrow_size));
+                        let _ = canvas.draw_line(end_point, Point::new(end_point.x - arrow_size, end_point.y + arrow_size));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
 /// Renders the HUD (score, lives, etc.) on top of the game.
 pub fn hud_render_system(
     mut backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
@@ -172,61 +255,142 @@ pub fn hud_render_system(
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn render_system(
+    canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>,
+    map_texture: &NonSendMut<MapTextureResource>,
+    atlas: &mut SpriteAtlas,
+    map: &Res<Map>,
+    dirty: &Res<RenderDirty>,
+    renderables: &Query<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), Without<Hidden>>,
+    errors: &mut EventWriter<GameError>,
+) {
+    if !dirty.0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Clear the backbuffer
+    canvas.set_draw_color(sdl2::pixels::Color::BLACK);
+    canvas.clear();
+
+    // Copy the pre-rendered map texture to the backbuffer
+    if let Err(e) = canvas.copy(&map_texture.0, None, None) {
+        errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into());
+    }
+
+    // Render all entities to the backbuffer
+    for (_, renderable, position) in renderables
+        .iter()
+        .sort_by_key::<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), _>(|(_, renderable, _)| renderable.layer)
+        .rev()
+    {
+        let pos = position.get_pixel_position(&map.graph);
+        match pos {
+            Ok(pos) => {
+                let dest = Rect::from_center(
+                    Point::from((pos.x as i32, pos.y as i32)),
+                    renderable.sprite.size.x as u32,
+                    renderable.sprite.size.y as u32,
+                );
+
+                renderable
+                    .sprite
+                    .render(canvas, atlas, dest)
+                    .err()
+                    .map(|e| errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into()));
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                errors.write(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Combined render system that renders to both backbuffer and debug textures in a single
+/// with_multiple_texture_canvas call for reduced overhead
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn combined_render_system(
     mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
     map_texture: NonSendMut<MapTextureResource>,
     mut backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
+    mut debug_texture: NonSendMut<DebugTextureResource>,
     mut atlas: NonSendMut<SpriteAtlas>,
+    mut ttf_atlas: NonSendMut<TtfAtlasResource>,
+    batched_lines: Res<BatchedLinesResource>,
+    debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
+    timings: Res<SystemTimings>,
+    timing: Res<crate::systems::profiling::Timing>,
     map: Res<Map>,
     dirty: Res<RenderDirty>,
     renderables: Query<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), Without<Hidden>>,
+    colliders: Query<(&Collider, &Position)>,
+    cursor: Res<CursorPosition>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
     if !dirty.0 {
         return;
     }
-    // Render to backbuffer
-    canvas
-        .with_texture_canvas(&mut backbuffer.0, |backbuffer_canvas| {
-            // Clear the backbuffer
-            backbuffer_canvas.set_draw_color(sdl2::pixels::Color::BLACK);
-            backbuffer_canvas.clear();
 
-            // Copy the pre-rendered map texture to the backbuffer
+    // Prepare textures and render targets
-            if let Err(e) = backbuffer_canvas.copy(&map_texture.0, None, None) {
+    let textures = [
-                errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into());
+        (&mut backbuffer.0, RenderTarget::Backbuffer),
+        (&mut debug_texture.0, RenderTarget::Debug),
+    ];
+
+    // Record timing for each system independently
+    let mut render_duration = None;
+    let mut debug_render_duration = None;
+
+    let result = canvas.with_multiple_texture_canvas(textures.iter(), |texture_canvas, render_target| match render_target {
+        RenderTarget::Backbuffer => {
+            let start_time = Instant::now();
+
+            render_system(
+                texture_canvas,
+                &map_texture,
+                &mut atlas,
+                &map,
+                &dirty,
+                &renderables,
+                &mut errors,
+            );
+
+            render_duration = Some(start_time.elapsed());
+        }
+        RenderTarget::Debug => {
+            if !debug_state.enabled {
+                return;
             }
 
-            // Render all entities to the backbuffer
+            let start_time = Instant::now();
-            for (_, renderable, position) in renderables
-                .iter()
-                .sort_by_key::<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), _>(|(_, renderable, _)| renderable.layer)
-                .rev()
-            {
-                let pos = position.get_pixel_position(&map.graph);
-                match pos {
-                    Ok(pos) => {
-                        let dest = Rect::from_center(
-                            Point::from((pos.x as i32, pos.y as i32)),
-                            renderable.sprite.size.x as u32,
-                            renderable.sprite.size.y as u32,
-                        );
 
-                        renderable
+            debug_render_system(
-                            .sprite
+                texture_canvas,
-                            .render(backbuffer_canvas, &mut atlas, dest)
+                &mut ttf_atlas,
-                            .err()
+                &batched_lines,
-                            .map(|e| errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into()));
+                &debug_state,
-                    }
+                &timings,
-                    Err(e) => {
+                &timing,
-                        errors.write(e);
+                &map,
-                    }
+                &colliders,
-                }
+                &cursor,
-            }
+            );
-        })
-        .err()
-        .map(|e| errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into()));
 
-    canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
+            debug_render_duration = Some(start_time.elapsed());
+        }
+    });
+
+    if let Err(e) = result {
+        errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(e.to_string()).into());
+    }
+
+    // Record timings for each system independently
+    let current_tick = timing.get_current_tick();
+
+    if let Some(duration) = render_duration {
+        timings.add_timing(SystemId::Render, duration, current_tick);
+    }
+    if let Some(duration) = debug_render_duration {
+        timings.add_timing(SystemId::DebugRender, duration, current_tick);
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn present_system(

src/texture/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 pub mod animated;
 pub mod blinking;
 pub mod sprite;
+pub mod sprites;
 pub mod text;
+pub mod ttf;

src/texture/sprite.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ pub struct MapperFrame {
     pub size: U16Vec2,
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+/// A single tile within a sprite atlas, defined by its position and size.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Default)]
 pub struct AtlasTile {
     pub pos: U16Vec2,
     pub size: U16Vec2,
@@ -89,9 +90,11 @@ pub struct SpriteAtlas {
 
 impl SpriteAtlas {
     pub fn new(texture: Texture, mapper: AtlasMapper) -> Self {
+        let tiles = mapper.frames.into_iter().collect();
+
         Self {
             texture,
-            tiles: mapper.frames,
+            tiles,
             default_color: None,
             last_modulation: None,
         }
@@ -103,11 +106,15 @@ impl SpriteAtlas {
     /// for the named sprite, or `None` if the sprite name is not found in the
     /// atlas. The returned tile can be used for immediate rendering or stored
     /// for repeated use in animations and entity sprites.
-    pub fn get_tile(&self, name: &str) -> Option<AtlasTile> {
+    pub fn get_tile(&self, name: &str) -> Result<AtlasTile, TextureError> {
-        self.tiles.get(name).map(|frame| AtlasTile {
+        let frame = self
+            .tiles
+            .get(name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(name.to_string()))?;
+        Ok(AtlasTile {
             pos: frame.pos,
             size: frame.size,
-            color: None,
+            color: self.default_color,
         })
     }
 

src/texture/sprites.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//! A structured representation of all sprite assets in the game.
+//!
+//! This module provides a set of enums to represent every sprite, allowing for
+//! type-safe access to asset paths and avoiding the use of raw strings.
+//! The `GameSprite` enum is the main entry point, and its `to_path` method
+//! generates the correct path for a given sprite in the texture atlas.
+
+use crate::map::direction::Direction;
+use crate::systems::components::Ghost;
+
+/// Represents the different sprites for Pac-Man.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum PacmanSprite {
+    /// A moving Pac-Man sprite for a given direction and animation frame.
+    Moving(Direction, u8),
+    /// The full, closed-mouth Pac-Man sprite.
+    Full,
+}
+
+/// Represents the color of a frightened ghost.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum FrightenedColor {
+    Blue,
+    White,
+}
+
+/// Represents the different sprites for ghosts.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum GhostSprite {
+    /// The normal appearance of a ghost for a given type, direction, and animation frame.
+    Normal(Ghost, Direction, u8),
+    /// The frightened appearance of a ghost, with a specific color and animation frame.
+    Frightened(FrightenedColor, u8),
+    /// The "eyes only" appearance of a ghost after being eaten.
+    Eyes(Direction),
+}
+
+/// Represents the different sprites for the maze and collectibles.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum MazeSprite {
+    /// A specific tile of the maze.
+    Tile(u8),
+    /// A standard pellet.
+    Pellet,
+    /// An energizer/power pellet.
+    Energizer,
+}
+
+/// A top-level enum that encompasses all game sprites.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum GameSprite {
+    Pacman(PacmanSprite),
+    Ghost(GhostSprite),
+    Maze(MazeSprite),
+}
+
+impl GameSprite {
+    /// Generates the asset path for the sprite.
+    ///
+    /// This path corresponds to the filename in the texture atlas JSON file.
+    pub fn to_path(self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            GameSprite::Pacman(sprite) => match sprite {
+                PacmanSprite::Moving(dir, frame) => {
+                    let frame_char = match frame {
+                        0 => 'a',
+                        1 => 'b',
+                        _ => panic!("Invalid animation frame"),
+                    };
+                    format!("pacman/{}_{}.png", dir.as_ref().to_lowercase(), frame_char)
+                }
+                PacmanSprite::Full => "pacman/full.png".to_string(),
+            },
+            GameSprite::Ghost(sprite) => match sprite {
+                GhostSprite::Normal(ghost, dir, frame) => {
+                    let frame_char = match frame {
+                        0 => 'a',
+                        1 => 'b',
+                        _ => panic!("Invalid animation frame"),
+                    };
+                    format!("ghost/{}/{}_{}.png", ghost.as_str(), dir.as_ref().to_lowercase(), frame_char)
+                }
+                GhostSprite::Frightened(color, frame) => {
+                    let frame_char = match frame {
+                        0 => 'a',
+                        1 => 'b',
+                        _ => panic!("Invalid animation frame"),
+                    };
+                    let color_str = match color {
+                        FrightenedColor::Blue => "blue",
+                        FrightenedColor::White => "white",
+                    };
+                    format!("ghost/frightened/{}_{}.png", color_str, frame_char)
+                }
+                GhostSprite::Eyes(dir) => format!("ghost/eyes/{}.png", dir.as_ref().to_lowercase()),
+            },
+            GameSprite::Maze(sprite) => match sprite {
+                MazeSprite::Tile(index) => format!("maze/tiles/{}.png", index),
+                MazeSprite::Pellet => "maze/pellet.png".to_string(),
+                MazeSprite::Energizer => "maze/energizer.png".to_string(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}

src/texture/text.rs

@@ -60,10 +60,7 @@ use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use sdl2::render::{Canvas, RenderTarget};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use crate::{
+use crate::texture::sprite::{AtlasTile, SpriteAtlas};
-    error::{GameError, TextureError},
-    texture::sprite::{AtlasTile, SpriteAtlas},
-};
 
 /// Converts a character to its tile name in the atlas.
 fn char_to_tile_name(c: char) -> Option<String> {
@@ -122,9 +119,7 @@ impl TextTexture {
         }
 
         if let Some(tile_name) = char_to_tile_name(c) {
-            let tile = atlas
+            let tile = atlas.get_tile(&tile_name)?;
-                .get_tile(&tile_name)
-                .ok_or(GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound(tile_name)))?;
             self.char_map.insert(c, tile);
             Ok(self.char_map.get(&c))
         } else {

src/texture/ttf.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+//! TTF font rendering using pre-rendered character atlas.
+//!
+//! This module provides efficient TTF font rendering by pre-rendering all needed
+//! characters into a texture atlas at startup, avoiding expensive SDL2 font
+//! surface-to-texture conversions every frame.
+
+use glam::{UVec2, Vec2};
+use sdl2::pixels::Color;
+use sdl2::rect::Rect;
+use sdl2::render::{Canvas, RenderTarget, Texture, TextureCreator};
+
+use sdl2::ttf::Font;
+use sdl2::video::WindowContext;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::error::{GameError, TextureError};
+
+/// Character atlas tile representing a single rendered character
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct TtfCharTile {
+    pub pos: UVec2,
+    pub size: UVec2,
+    pub advance: u32, // Character advance width for proportional fonts
+}
+
+/// TTF text atlas containing pre-rendered characters for efficient rendering
+pub struct TtfAtlas {
+    /// The texture containing all rendered characters
+    texture: Texture,
+    /// Mapping from character to its position and size in the atlas
+    char_tiles: HashMap<char, TtfCharTile>,
+    /// Cached color modulation state to avoid redundant SDL2 calls
+    last_modulation: Option<Color>,
+}
+
+const TTF_CHARS: &str = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.,:-/()ms μµ%± ";
+
+impl TtfAtlas {
+    /// Creates a new TTF text atlas by pre-rendering all needed characters.
+    ///
+    /// This should be called once at startup. It renders all characters that might
+    /// be used in text rendering into a single texture atlas for efficient GPU rendering.
+    pub fn new(texture_creator: &TextureCreator<WindowContext>, font: &Font) -> Result<Self, GameError> {
+        // Calculate character dimensions and advance widths for proportional fonts
+        let mut char_tiles = HashMap::new();
+        let mut max_height = 0u32;
+        let mut total_width = 0u32;
+        let mut char_metrics = Vec::new();
+
+        // First pass: measure all characters
+        for c in TTF_CHARS.chars() {
+            if c == ' ' {
+                // Handle space character specially - measure a non-space character for height
+                let space_height = font.size_of("0").map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?.1;
+                let space_advance = font.size_of(" ").map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?.0;
+                char_tiles.insert(
+                    c,
+                    TtfCharTile {
+                        pos: UVec2::ZERO,                  // Will be set during population
+                        size: UVec2::new(0, space_height), // Space has no visual content
+                        advance: space_advance,
+                    },
+                );
+                max_height = max_height.max(space_height);
+                char_metrics.push((c, 0, space_height, space_advance));
+            } else {
+                let (advance, height) = font.size_of(&c.to_string()).map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+                char_tiles.insert(
+                    c,
+                    TtfCharTile {
+                        pos: UVec2::ZERO, // Will be set during population
+                        size: UVec2::new(advance, height),
+                        advance,
+                    },
+                );
+                max_height = max_height.max(height);
+                total_width += advance;
+                char_metrics.push((c, advance, height, advance));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Calculate atlas dimensions (pack characters horizontally for better space utilization)
+        let atlas_size = UVec2::new(total_width, max_height);
+
+        // Create atlas texture as a render target
+        let mut atlas_texture = texture_creator
+            .create_texture_target(None, atlas_size.x, atlas_size.y)
+            .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+        atlas_texture.set_blend_mode(sdl2::render::BlendMode::Blend);
+
+        // Second pass: calculate positions
+        let mut current_x = 0u32;
+        for (c, width, _height, _advance) in char_metrics {
+            if let Some(tile) = char_tiles.get_mut(&c) {
+                tile.pos = UVec2::new(current_x, 0);
+                current_x += width;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            texture: atlas_texture,
+            char_tiles,
+            last_modulation: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Renders all characters to the atlas texture using a canvas.
+    /// This must be called after creation to populate the atlas.
+    pub fn populate_atlas<C: RenderTarget>(
+        &mut self,
+        canvas: &mut Canvas<C>,
+        texture_creator: &TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
+        font: &Font,
+    ) -> Result<(), GameError> {
+        let mut render_error: Option<GameError> = None;
+
+        let result = canvas.with_texture_canvas(&mut self.texture, |atlas_canvas| {
+            // Clear with transparent background
+            atlas_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0));
+            atlas_canvas.clear();
+
+            for c in TTF_CHARS.chars() {
+                if c == ' ' {
+                    // Skip rendering space character - it has no visual content
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Render character to surface
+                let surface = match font.render(&c.to_string()).blended(Color::WHITE) {
+                    Ok(s) => s,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        render_error = Some(GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                // Create texture from surface
+                let char_texture = match texture_creator.create_texture_from_surface(&surface) {
+                    Ok(t) => t,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        render_error = Some(GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                // Get character tile info
+                let tile = match self.char_tiles.get(&c) {
+                    Some(t) => t,
+                    None => {
+                        render_error = Some(GameError::Sdl(format!("Character '{}' not found in atlas tiles", c)));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                // Copy character to atlas
+                let dest = Rect::new(tile.pos.x as i32, tile.pos.y as i32, tile.size.x, tile.size.y);
+                if let Err(e) = atlas_canvas.copy(&char_texture, None, dest) {
+                    render_error = Some(GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()));
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        // Check the result of with_texture_canvas and any render error
+        if let Err(e) = result {
+            return Err(GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(error) = render_error {
+            return Err(error);
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a character tile from the atlas
+    pub fn get_char_tile(&self, c: char) -> Option<&TtfCharTile> {
+        self.char_tiles.get(&c)
+    }
+}
+
+/// TTF text renderer that uses the pre-rendered character atlas
+pub struct TtfRenderer {
+    scale: f32,
+}
+
+impl TtfRenderer {
+    pub fn new(scale: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { scale }
+    }
+
+    /// Renders a string of text at the given position with the specified color
+    pub fn render_text<C: RenderTarget>(
+        &self,
+        canvas: &mut Canvas<C>,
+        atlas: &mut TtfAtlas,
+        text: &str,
+        position: Vec2,
+        color: Color,
+    ) -> Result<(), TextureError> {
+        let mut x_offset = 0.0;
+
+        // Apply color modulation once at the beginning if needed
+        if atlas.last_modulation != Some(color) {
+            atlas.texture.set_color_mod(color.r, color.g, color.b);
+            atlas.texture.set_alpha_mod(color.a);
+            atlas.last_modulation = Some(color);
+        }
+
+        for c in text.chars() {
+            // Get character tile info first to avoid borrowing conflicts
+            let char_tile = atlas.get_char_tile(c);
+
+            if let Some(char_tile) = char_tile {
+                if char_tile.size.x > 0 && char_tile.size.y > 0 {
+                    // Only render non-space characters
+                    let dest = Rect::new(
+                        (position.x + x_offset) as i32,
+                        position.y as i32,
+                        (char_tile.size.x as f32 * self.scale) as u32,
+                        (char_tile.size.y as f32 * self.scale) as u32,
+                    );
+
+                    // Render the character directly
+                    let src = Rect::new(
+                        char_tile.pos.x as i32,
+                        char_tile.pos.y as i32,
+                        char_tile.size.x,
+                        char_tile.size.y,
+                    );
+                    canvas.copy(&atlas.texture, src, dest).map_err(TextureError::RenderFailed)?;
+                }
+
+                // Advance by character advance width (proportional spacing)
+                x_offset += char_tile.advance as f32 * self.scale;
+            } else {
+                // Fallback for unsupported characters - use a reasonable default
+                x_offset += 8.0 * self.scale;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Calculate the width of a text string in pixels
+    pub fn text_width(&self, atlas: &TtfAtlas, text: &str) -> u32 {
+        let mut total_width = 0u32;
+
+        for c in text.chars() {
+            if let Some(char_tile) = atlas.get_char_tile(c) {
+                total_width += (char_tile.advance as f32 * self.scale) as u32;
+            } else {
+                // Fallback for unsupported characters
+                total_width += (8.0 * self.scale) as u32;
+            }
+        }
+
+        total_width
+    }
+
+    /// Calculate the height of text in pixels
+    pub fn text_height(&self, atlas: &TtfAtlas) -> u32 {
+        // Find the maximum height among all characters
+        atlas
+            .char_tiles
+            .values()
+            .map(|tile| tile.size.y)
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+            .saturating_mul(self.scale as u32)
+    }
+}

tests/animated.rs

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-// use glam::U16Vec2;
-// use pacman::error::{AnimatedTextureError, GameError, TextureError};
-// use pacman::texture::sprite::AtlasTile;
-// use sdl2::pixels::Color;
-// use smallvec::smallvec;
-
-// fn mock_atlas_tile(id: u32) -> AtlasTile {
-//     AtlasTile {
-//         pos: U16Vec2::new(0, 0),
-//         size: U16Vec2::new(16, 16),
-//         color: Some(Color::RGB(id as u8, 0, 0)),
-//     }
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn test_animated_texture_creation_errors() {
-//     let tiles = smallvec![mock_atlas_tile(1), mock_atlas_tile(2)];
-
-//     assert!(matches!(
-//         AnimatedTexture::new(tiles.clone(), 0).unwrap_err(),
-//         GameError::Texture(TextureError::Animated(AnimatedTextureError::InvalidFrameDuration(0)))
-//     ));
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn test_animated_texture_advancement() {
-//     let tiles = smallvec![mock_atlas_tile(1), mock_atlas_tile(2), mock_atlas_tile(3)];
-//     let mut texture = AnimatedTexture::new(tiles, 10).unwrap();
-
-//     assert_eq!(texture.current_frame(), 0);
-
-//     texture.tick(25);
-//     assert_eq!(texture.current_frame(), 2);
-//     assert_eq!(texture.time_bank(), 5);
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn test_animated_texture_wrap_around() {
-//     let tiles = smallvec![mock_atlas_tile(1), mock_atlas_tile(2)];
-//     let mut texture = AnimatedTexture::new(tiles, 10).unwrap();
-
-//     texture.tick(10);
-//     assert_eq!(texture.current_frame(), 1);
-
-//     texture.tick(10);
-//     assert_eq!(texture.current_frame(), 0);
-// }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn test_animated_texture_single_frame() {
-//     let tiles = smallvec![mock_atlas_tile(1)];
-//     let mut texture = AnimatedTexture::new(tiles, 10).unwrap();
-
-//     texture.tick(10);
-//     assert_eq!(texture.current_frame(), 0);
-//     assert_eq!(texture.current_tile().color.unwrap().r, 1);
-// }

tests/blinking.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,10 @@
-use glam::U16Vec2;
 use pacman::texture::blinking::BlinkingTexture;
-use pacman::texture::sprite::AtlasTile;
-use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 
-fn mock_atlas_tile(id: u32) -> AtlasTile {
+mod common;
-    AtlasTile {
-        pos: U16Vec2::new(0, 0),
-        size: U16Vec2::new(16, 16),
-        color: Some(Color::RGB(id as u8, 0, 0)),
-    }
-}
 
 #[test]
 fn test_blinking_texture() {
-    let tile = mock_atlas_tile(1);
+    let tile = common::mock_atlas_tile(1);
     let mut texture = BlinkingTexture::new(tile, 0.5);
 
     assert!(texture.is_on());
@@ -30,7 +21,7 @@ fn test_blinking_texture() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_blinking_texture_partial_duration() {
-    let tile = mock_atlas_tile(1);
+    let tile = common::mock_atlas_tile(1);
     let mut texture = BlinkingTexture::new(tile, 0.5);
 
     texture.tick(0.625);
@@ -40,7 +31,7 @@ fn test_blinking_texture_partial_duration() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_blinking_texture_negative_time() {
-    let tile = mock_atlas_tile(1);
+    let tile = common::mock_atlas_tile(1);
     let mut texture = BlinkingTexture::new(tile, 0.5);
 
     texture.tick(-0.1);

tests/collision.rs

@@ -1,73 +1,7 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, event::Events, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
+use bevy_ecs::system::RunSystemOnce;
+use pacman::systems::{check_collision, collision_system, Collider, EntityType, GhostState, Position};
 
-use pacman::{
+mod common;
-    error::GameError,
-    events::GameEvent,
-    map::builder::Map,
-    systems::{
-        check_collision, collision_system, Collider, EntityType, Ghost, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, NodeId, PacmanCollider,
-        Position,
-    },
-};
-
-fn create_test_world() -> World {
-    let mut world = World::new();
-
-    // Add required resources
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<GameEvent>::default());
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<GameError>::default());
-
-    // Add a minimal test map
-    world.insert_resource(create_test_map());
-
-    world
-}
-
-fn create_test_map() -> Map {
-    use pacman::constants::RAW_BOARD;
-    Map::new(RAW_BOARD).expect("Failed to create test map")
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_pacman(world: &mut World) -> Entity {
-    world
-        .spawn((Position::Stopped { node: 0 }, Collider { size: 10.0 }, PacmanCollider))
-        .id()
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_item(world: &mut World) -> Entity {
-    world
-        .spawn((
-            Position::Stopped { node: 0 },
-            Collider { size: 8.0 },
-            ItemCollider,
-            EntityType::Pellet,
-        ))
-        .id()
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_ghost(world: &mut World) -> Entity {
-    world
-        .spawn((
-            Position::Stopped { node: 0 },
-            Collider { size: 12.0 },
-            GhostCollider,
-            Ghost::Blinky,
-            EntityType::Ghost,
-        ))
-        .id()
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_ghost_at_node(world: &mut World, node: usize) -> Entity {
-    world
-        .spawn((
-            Position::Stopped { node: node as NodeId },
-            Collider { size: 12.0 },
-            GhostCollider,
-            Ghost::Blinky,
-            EntityType::Ghost,
-        ))
-        .id()
-}
 
 #[test]
 fn test_collider_collision_detection() {
@@ -81,7 +15,7 @@ fn test_collider_collision_detection() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_check_collision_helper() {
-    let map = create_test_map();
+    let map = common::create_test_map();
     let pos1 = Position::Stopped { node: 0 };
     let pos2 = Position::Stopped { node: 0 }; // Same position
     let collider1 = Collider { size: 10.0 };
@@ -101,9 +35,9 @@ fn test_check_collision_helper() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_collision_system_pacman_item() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let _pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let _item = spawn_test_item(&mut world);
+    let _item = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 0, EntityType::Pellet);
 
     // Run collision system - should not panic
     world
@@ -113,9 +47,9 @@ fn test_collision_system_pacman_item() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_collision_system_pacman_ghost() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let _pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let _ghost = spawn_test_ghost(&mut world);
+    let _ghost = common::spawn_test_ghost(&mut world, 0, GhostState::Normal);
 
     // Run collision system - should not panic
     world
@@ -125,9 +59,9 @@ fn test_collision_system_pacman_ghost() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_collision_system_no_collision() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let _pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let _ghost = spawn_test_ghost_at_node(&mut world, 1); // Different node
+    let _ghost = common::spawn_test_ghost(&mut world, 1, GhostState::Normal); // Different node
 
     // Run collision system - should not panic
     world
@@ -137,10 +71,10 @@ fn test_collision_system_no_collision() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_collision_system_multiple_entities() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let _pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let _item = spawn_test_item(&mut world);
+    let _item = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 0, EntityType::Pellet);
-    let _ghost = spawn_test_ghost(&mut world);
+    let _ghost = common::spawn_test_ghost(&mut world, 0, GhostState::Normal);
 
     // Run collision system - should not panic
     world

tests/common/mod.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,26 @@
 #![allow(dead_code)]
 
+use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, event::Events, world::World};
+use glam::{U16Vec2, Vec2};
 use pacman::{
     asset::{get_asset_bytes, Asset},
+    constants::RAW_BOARD,
+    events::GameEvent,
     game::ATLAS_FRAMES,
-    texture::sprite::{AtlasMapper, SpriteAtlas},
+    map::{
+        builder::Map,
+        direction::Direction,
+        graph::{Graph, Node},
+    },
+    systems::{
+        AudioEvent, AudioState, BufferedDirection, Collider, DebugState, DeltaTime, EntityType, Ghost, GhostCollider, GhostState,
+        GlobalState, ItemCollider, MovementModifiers, PacmanCollider, PlayerControlled, Position, ScoreResource, Velocity,
+    },
+    texture::sprite::{AtlasMapper, AtlasTile, SpriteAtlas},
 };
 use sdl2::{
     image::LoadTexture,
+    pixels::Color,
     render::{Canvas, TextureCreator},
     video::{Window, WindowContext},
     Sdl,
@@ -38,3 +52,122 @@ pub fn create_atlas(canvas: &mut sdl2::render::Canvas<sdl2::video::Window>) -> S
 
     SpriteAtlas::new(texture, atlas_mapper)
 }
+
+/// Creates a simple test graph with 3 connected nodes for testing
+pub fn create_test_graph() -> Graph {
+    let mut graph = Graph::new();
+
+    let node0 = graph.add_node(Node {
+        position: Vec2::new(0.0, 0.0),
+    });
+    let node1 = graph.add_node(Node {
+        position: Vec2::new(16.0, 0.0),
+    });
+    let node2 = graph.add_node(Node {
+        position: Vec2::new(0.0, 16.0),
+    });
+
+    graph.connect(node0, node1, false, None, Direction::Right).unwrap();
+    graph.connect(node0, node2, false, None, Direction::Down).unwrap();
+
+    graph
+}
+
+/// Creates a basic test world with required resources for ECS systems
+pub fn create_test_world() -> World {
+    let mut world = World::new();
+
+    // Add required resources
+    world.insert_resource(Events::<GameEvent>::default());
+    world.insert_resource(Events::<pacman::error::GameError>::default());
+    world.insert_resource(Events::<AudioEvent>::default());
+    world.insert_resource(ScoreResource(0));
+    world.insert_resource(AudioState::default());
+    world.insert_resource(GlobalState { exit: false });
+    world.insert_resource(DebugState::default());
+    world.insert_resource(DeltaTime(1.0 / 60.0)); // 60 FPS
+    world.insert_resource(create_test_map());
+
+    world
+}
+
+/// Creates a test map using the default RAW_BOARD
+pub fn create_test_map() -> Map {
+    Map::new(RAW_BOARD).expect("Failed to create test map")
+}
+
+/// Spawns a test Pac-Man entity at the specified node
+pub fn spawn_test_pacman(world: &mut World, node: usize) -> Entity {
+    world
+        .spawn((
+            Position::Stopped { node: node as u16 },
+            Collider { size: 10.0 },
+            PacmanCollider,
+            EntityType::Player,
+        ))
+        .id()
+}
+
+/// Spawns a controllable test player entity
+pub fn spawn_test_player(world: &mut World, node: usize) -> Entity {
+    world
+        .spawn((
+            PlayerControlled,
+            Position::Stopped { node: node as u16 },
+            Velocity {
+                speed: 1.0,
+                direction: Direction::Right,
+            },
+            BufferedDirection::None,
+            EntityType::Player,
+            MovementModifiers::default(),
+        ))
+        .id()
+}
+
+/// Spawns a test item entity at the specified node
+pub fn spawn_test_item(world: &mut World, node: usize, item_type: EntityType) -> Entity {
+    world
+        .spawn((
+            Position::Stopped { node: node as u16 },
+            Collider { size: 8.0 },
+            ItemCollider,
+            item_type,
+        ))
+        .id()
+}
+
+/// Spawns a test ghost entity at the specified node
+pub fn spawn_test_ghost(world: &mut World, node: usize, ghost_state: GhostState) -> Entity {
+    world
+        .spawn((
+            Position::Stopped { node: node as u16 },
+            Collider { size: 12.0 },
+            GhostCollider,
+            Ghost::Blinky,
+            EntityType::Ghost,
+            ghost_state,
+        ))
+        .id()
+}
+
+/// Sends a game event to the world
+pub fn send_game_event(world: &mut World, event: GameEvent) {
+    let mut events = world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>();
+    events.send(event);
+}
+
+/// Sends a collision event between two entities
+pub fn send_collision_event(world: &mut World, entity1: Entity, entity2: Entity) {
+    let mut events = world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>();
+    events.send(GameEvent::Collision(entity1, entity2));
+}
+
+/// Creates a mock atlas tile for testing
+pub fn mock_atlas_tile(id: u32) -> AtlasTile {
+    AtlasTile {
+        pos: U16Vec2::new(0, 0),
+        size: U16Vec2::new(16, 16),
+        color: Some(Color::RGB(id as u8, 0, 0)),
+    }
+}

tests/events.rs

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-use pacman::events::{GameCommand, GameEvent};
-use pacman::map::direction::Direction;
-
-#[test]
-fn test_game_command_to_game_event_conversion_all_variants() {
-    let commands = vec![
-        GameCommand::Exit,
-        GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up),
-        GameCommand::ToggleDebug,
-        GameCommand::MuteAudio,
-        GameCommand::ResetLevel,
-        GameCommand::TogglePause,
-    ];
-
-    for command in commands {
-        let event: GameEvent = command.into();
-        assert_eq!(event, GameEvent::Command(command));
-    }
-}

tests/graph.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,7 @@
 use pacman::map::direction::Direction;
 use pacman::map::graph::{Graph, Node, TraversalFlags};
 
-fn create_test_graph() -> Graph {
+mod common;
-    let mut graph = Graph::new();
-    let node1 = graph.add_node(Node {
-        position: glam::Vec2::new(0.0, 0.0),
-    });
-    let node2 = graph.add_node(Node {
-        position: glam::Vec2::new(16.0, 0.0),
-    });
-    let node3 = graph.add_node(Node {
-        position: glam::Vec2::new(0.0, 16.0),
-    });
-
-    graph.connect(node1, node2, false, None, Direction::Right).unwrap();
-    graph.connect(node1, node3, false, None, Direction::Down).unwrap();
-
-    graph
-}
 
 #[test]
 fn test_graph_basic_operations() {
@@ -124,14 +108,14 @@ fn should_error_on_negative_edge_distance() {
 
 #[test]
 fn should_error_on_duplicate_edge_without_replace() {
-    let mut graph = create_test_graph();
+    let mut graph = common::create_test_graph();
     let result = graph.add_edge(0, 1, false, None, Direction::Right, TraversalFlags::ALL);
     assert!(result.is_err());
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn should_allow_replacing_an_edge() {
-    let mut graph = create_test_graph();
+    let mut graph = common::create_test_graph();
     let result = graph.add_edge(0, 1, true, Some(42.0), Direction::Right, TraversalFlags::ALL);
     assert!(result.is_ok());
 
@@ -141,7 +125,7 @@ fn should_allow_replacing_an_edge() {
 
 #[test]
 fn should_find_edge_between_nodes() {
-    let graph = create_test_graph();
+    let graph = common::create_test_graph();
     let edge = graph.find_edge(0, 1);
     assert!(edge.is_some());
     assert_eq!(edge.unwrap().target, 1);

tests/hud.rs

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{event::Events, world::World};
-
-use pacman::{error::GameError, systems::components::ScoreResource};
-
-fn create_test_world() -> World {
-    let mut world = World::new();
-
-    // Add required resources
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<GameError>::default());
-    world.insert_resource(ScoreResource(1230)); // Test score
-
-    world
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_hud_render_system_runs_without_error() {
-    let world = create_test_world();
-
-    // The HUD render system requires SDL2 resources that aren't available in tests,
-    // but we can at least verify it doesn't panic when called
-    // In a real test environment, we'd need to mock the SDL2 canvas and atlas
-
-    // For now, just verify the score resource is accessible
-    let score = world.resource::<ScoreResource>();
-    assert_eq!(score.0, 1230);
-}

tests/item.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, event::Events, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
+use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, system::RunSystemOnce};
+use pacman::systems::{is_valid_item_collision, item_system, EntityType, GhostState, Position, ScoreResource};
 
-use pacman::{
+mod common;
-    events::GameEvent,
-    map::builder::Map,
-    systems::{
-        is_valid_item_collision, item_system, AudioEvent, AudioState, EntityType, Ghost, GhostCollider, GhostState, ItemCollider,
-        PacmanCollider, Position, ScoreResource,
-    },
-};
 
 #[test]
 fn test_calculate_score_for_item() {
@@ -44,62 +38,14 @@ fn test_is_valid_item_collision() {
     assert!(!is_valid_item_collision(EntityType::Player, EntityType::Player));
 }
 
-fn create_test_world() -> World {
-    let mut world = World::new();
-
-    // Add required resources
-    world.insert_resource(ScoreResource(0));
-    world.insert_resource(AudioState::default());
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<GameEvent>::default());
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<AudioEvent>::default());
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<pacman::error::GameError>::default());
-
-    // Add a minimal test map
-    world.insert_resource(create_test_map());
-
-    world
-}
-
-fn create_test_map() -> Map {
-    use pacman::constants::RAW_BOARD;
-    Map::new(RAW_BOARD).expect("Failed to create test map")
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_pacman(world: &mut World) -> Entity {
-    world
-        .spawn((Position::Stopped { node: 0 }, EntityType::Player, PacmanCollider))
-        .id()
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_item(world: &mut World, item_type: EntityType) -> Entity {
-    world.spawn((Position::Stopped { node: 1 }, item_type, ItemCollider)).id()
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_ghost(world: &mut World, ghost_state: GhostState) -> Entity {
-    world
-        .spawn((
-            Position::Stopped { node: 2 },
-            Ghost::Blinky,
-            EntityType::Ghost,
-            GhostCollider,
-            ghost_state,
-        ))
-        .id()
-}
-
-fn send_collision_event(world: &mut World, entity1: Entity, entity2: Entity) {
-    let mut events = world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>();
-    events.send(GameEvent::Collision(entity1, entity2));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_item_system_pellet_collection() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let pellet = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::Pellet);
+    let pellet = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 1, EntityType::Pellet);
 
     // Send collision event
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet);
 
     // Run the item system
     world.run_system_once(item_system).expect("System should run successfully");
@@ -119,11 +65,11 @@ fn test_item_system_pellet_collection() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_item_system_power_pellet_collection() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let power_pellet = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::PowerPellet);
+    let power_pellet = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 1, EntityType::PowerPellet);
 
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, power_pellet);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, power_pellet);
 
     world.run_system_once(item_system).expect("System should run successfully");
 
@@ -142,16 +88,16 @@ fn test_item_system_power_pellet_collection() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_item_system_multiple_collections() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let pellet1 = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::Pellet);
+    let pellet1 = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 1, EntityType::Pellet);
-    let pellet2 = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::Pellet);
+    let pellet2 = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 2, EntityType::Pellet);
-    let power_pellet = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::PowerPellet);
+    let power_pellet = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 3, EntityType::PowerPellet);
 
     // Send multiple collision events
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet1);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet1);
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet2);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet2);
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, power_pellet);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, power_pellet);
 
     world.run_system_once(item_system).expect("System should run successfully");
 
@@ -176,8 +122,8 @@ fn test_item_system_multiple_collections() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_item_system_ignores_non_item_collisions() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Create a ghost entity (not an item)
     let ghost = world.spawn((Position::Stopped { node: 2 }, EntityType::Ghost)).id();
@@ -186,7 +132,7 @@ fn test_item_system_ignores_non_item_collisions() {
     let initial_score = world.resource::<ScoreResource>().0;
 
     // Send collision event between pacman and ghost
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, ghost);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, ghost);
 
     world.run_system_once(item_system).expect("System should run successfully");
 
@@ -205,9 +151,9 @@ fn test_item_system_ignores_non_item_collisions() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_item_system_no_collision_events() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let _pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let _pellet = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::Pellet);
+    let _pellet = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 1, EntityType::Pellet);
 
     let initial_score = world.resource::<ScoreResource>().0;
 
@@ -227,13 +173,13 @@ fn test_item_system_no_collision_events() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_item_system_collision_with_missing_entity() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Create a fake entity ID that doesn't exist
     let fake_entity = Entity::from_raw(999);
 
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, fake_entity);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, fake_entity);
 
     // System should handle gracefully and not crash
     world
@@ -247,15 +193,15 @@ fn test_item_system_collision_with_missing_entity() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_item_system_preserves_existing_score() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
 
     // Set initial score
     world.insert_resource(ScoreResource(100));
 
-    let pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let pellet = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::Pellet);
+    let pellet = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 1, EntityType::Pellet);
 
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, pellet);
 
     world.run_system_once(item_system).expect("System should run successfully");
 
@@ -266,17 +212,17 @@ fn test_item_system_preserves_existing_score() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_power_pellet_does_not_affect_ghosts_in_eyes_state() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let pacman = spawn_test_pacman(&mut world);
+    let pacman = common::spawn_test_pacman(&mut world, 0);
-    let power_pellet = spawn_test_item(&mut world, EntityType::PowerPellet);
+    let power_pellet = common::spawn_test_item(&mut world, 1, EntityType::PowerPellet);
 
     // Spawn a ghost in Eyes state (returning to ghost house)
-    let eyes_ghost = spawn_test_ghost(&mut world, GhostState::Eyes);
+    let eyes_ghost = common::spawn_test_ghost(&mut world, 2, GhostState::Eyes);
 
     // Spawn a ghost in Normal state
-    let normal_ghost = spawn_test_ghost(&mut world, GhostState::Normal);
+    let normal_ghost = common::spawn_test_ghost(&mut world, 3, GhostState::Normal);
 
-    send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, power_pellet);
+    common::send_collision_event(&mut world, pacman, power_pellet);
 
     world.run_system_once(item_system).expect("System should run successfully");
 

tests/map_builder.rs

@@ -34,61 +34,3 @@ fn test_map_node_positions() {
         assert_eq!(node.position, expected_pos);
     }
 }
-
-// #[test]
-// fn test_generate_items() {
-//     use pacman::texture::sprite::{AtlasMapper, MapperFrame, SpriteAtlas};
-//     use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-//     let map = Map::new(RAW_BOARD).unwrap();
-
-//     // Create a minimal atlas for testing
-//     let mut frames = HashMap::new();
-//     frames.insert(
-//         "maze/pellet.png".to_string(),
-//         MapperFrame {
-//             x: 0,
-//             y: 0,
-//             width: 8,
-//             height: 8,
-//         },
-//     );
-//     frames.insert(
-//         "maze/energizer.png".to_string(),
-//         MapperFrame {
-//             x: 8,
-//             y: 0,
-//             width: 8,
-//             height: 8,
-//         },
-//     );
-
-//     let mapper = AtlasMapper { frames };
-//     let texture = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<usize, Texture<'static>>(0usize) };
-//     let atlas = SpriteAtlas::new(texture, mapper);
-
-//     let items = map.generate_items(&atlas).unwrap();
-
-//     // Verify we have items
-//     assert!(!items.is_empty());
-
-//     // Count different types
-//     let pellet_count = items
-//         .iter()
-//         .filter(|item| matches!(item.item_type, pacman::entity::item::ItemType::Pellet))
-//         .count();
-//     let energizer_count = items
-//         .iter()
-//         .filter(|item| matches!(item.item_type, pacman::entity::item::ItemType::Energizer))
-//         .count();
-
-//     // Should have both types
-//     assert_eq!(pellet_count, 240);
-//     assert_eq!(energizer_count, 4);
-
-//     // All items should be uncollected initially
-//     assert!(items.iter().all(|item| !item.is_collected()));
-
-//     // All items should have valid node indices
-//     assert!(items.iter().all(|item| item.node_index < map.graph.node_count()));
-// }

tests/movement.rs

@@ -1,28 +1,8 @@
 use glam::Vec2;
 use pacman::map::direction::Direction;
-use pacman::map::graph::{Graph, Node};
 use pacman::systems::movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity};
 
-fn create_test_graph() -> Graph {
+mod common;
-    let mut graph = Graph::new();
-
-    // Add a few test nodes
-    let node0 = graph.add_node(Node {
-        position: Vec2::new(0.0, 0.0),
-    });
-    let node1 = graph.add_node(Node {
-        position: Vec2::new(16.0, 0.0),
-    });
-    let node2 = graph.add_node(Node {
-        position: Vec2::new(0.0, 16.0),
-    });
-
-    // Connect them
-    graph.connect(node0, node1, false, None, Direction::Right).unwrap();
-    graph.connect(node0, node2, false, None, Direction::Down).unwrap();
-
-    graph
-}
 
 #[test]
 fn test_position_is_at_node() {
@@ -127,7 +107,7 @@ fn test_position_tick_overshoot_with_overflow() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_position_get_pixel_position_stopped() {
-    let graph = create_test_graph();
+    let graph = common::create_test_graph();
     let pos = Position::Stopped { node: 0 };
 
     let pixel_pos = pos.get_pixel_position(&graph).unwrap();
@@ -141,7 +121,7 @@ fn test_position_get_pixel_position_stopped() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_position_get_pixel_position_moving() {
-    let graph = create_test_graph();
+    let graph = common::create_test_graph();
     let pos = Position::Moving {
         from: 0,
         to: 1,

tests/player.rs

@@ -1,63 +1,17 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, event::Events, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
+use bevy_ecs::{event::Events, system::RunSystemOnce};
-
 use pacman::{
     events::{GameCommand, GameEvent},
     map::{
-        builder::Map,
         direction::Direction,
         graph::{Edge, TraversalFlags},
     },
     systems::{
         can_traverse, player_control_system, player_movement_system, AudioState, BufferedDirection, DebugState, DeltaTime,
-        EntityType, GlobalState, MovementModifiers, PlayerControlled, Position, Velocity,
+        EntityType, GlobalState, Position, Velocity,
     },
 };
 
-// Test helper functions for ECS setup
+mod common;
-fn create_test_world() -> World {
-    let mut world = World::new();
-
-    // Add resources
-    world.insert_resource(GlobalState { exit: false });
-    world.insert_resource(DebugState::default());
-    world.insert_resource(AudioState::default());
-    world.insert_resource(DeltaTime(1.0 / 60.0)); // 60 FPS
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<GameEvent>::default());
-    world.insert_resource(Events::<pacman::error::GameError>::default());
-
-    // Create a simple test map with nodes and edges
-    let test_map = create_test_map();
-    world.insert_resource(test_map);
-
-    world
-}
-
-fn create_test_map() -> Map {
-    // Use the actual RAW_BOARD from constants.rs
-    use pacman::constants::RAW_BOARD;
-    Map::new(RAW_BOARD).expect("Failed to create test map")
-}
-
-fn spawn_test_player(world: &mut World) -> Entity {
-    world
-        .spawn((
-            PlayerControlled,
-            Position::Stopped { node: 0 },
-            Velocity {
-                speed: 1.0,
-                direction: Direction::Right,
-            },
-            BufferedDirection::None,
-            EntityType::Player,
-            MovementModifiers::default(),
-        ))
-        .id()
-}
-
-fn send_game_event(world: &mut World, command: GameCommand) {
-    let mut events = world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>();
-    events.send(GameEvent::Command(command));
-}
 
 #[test]
 fn test_can_traverse_player_on_all_edges() {
@@ -155,17 +109,13 @@ fn test_entity_type_traversal_flags() {
     assert_eq!(EntityType::PowerPellet.traversal_flags(), TraversalFlags::empty());
 }
 
-// ============================================================================
-// ECS System Tests
-// ============================================================================
-
 #[test]
 fn test_player_control_system_move_command() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Send move command
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up)));
 
     // Run the system
     world
@@ -190,11 +140,11 @@ fn test_player_control_system_move_command() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_control_system_exit_command() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Send exit command
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::Exit);
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::Exit));
 
     // Run the system
     world
@@ -208,11 +158,11 @@ fn test_player_control_system_exit_command() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_control_system_toggle_debug() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Send toggle debug command
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::ToggleDebug);
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::ToggleDebug));
 
     // Run the system
     world
@@ -226,11 +176,11 @@ fn test_player_control_system_toggle_debug() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_control_system_mute_audio() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Send mute audio command
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MuteAudio);
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MuteAudio));
 
     // Run the system
     world
@@ -243,7 +193,7 @@ fn test_player_control_system_mute_audio() {
 
     // Send mute audio command again to unmute - need fresh events
     world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>().clear(); // Clear previous events
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MuteAudio);
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MuteAudio));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");
@@ -255,10 +205,10 @@ fn test_player_control_system_mute_audio() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_control_system_no_player_entity() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
     // Don't spawn a player entity
 
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up)));
 
     // Run the system - should write an error
     world
@@ -272,8 +222,8 @@ fn test_player_control_system_no_player_entity() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_movement_system_buffered_direction_expires() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Set a buffered direction with short time
     world.entity_mut(player).insert(BufferedDirection::Some {
@@ -305,8 +255,8 @@ fn test_player_movement_system_buffered_direction_expires() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_movement_system_start_moving_from_stopped() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Player starts at node 0, facing right (towards node 1)
     // Should start moving when system runs
@@ -330,8 +280,8 @@ fn test_player_movement_system_start_moving_from_stopped() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_movement_system_buffered_direction_change() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Set a buffered direction to go down (towards node 2)
     world.entity_mut(player).insert(BufferedDirection::Some {
@@ -361,8 +311,8 @@ fn test_player_movement_system_buffered_direction_change() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_movement_system_no_valid_edge() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Set velocity to direction with no edge
     world.entity_mut(player).insert(Velocity {
@@ -386,8 +336,8 @@ fn test_player_movement_system_no_valid_edge() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_movement_system_continue_moving() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Set player to already be moving
     world.entity_mut(player).insert(Position::Moving {
@@ -414,17 +364,13 @@ fn test_player_movement_system_continue_moving() {
     }
 }
 
-// ============================================================================
-// Integration Tests
-// ============================================================================
-
 #[test]
 fn test_full_player_input_to_movement_flow() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Send move command
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Down));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Down)));
 
     // Run control system to process input
     world
@@ -454,11 +400,11 @@ fn test_full_player_input_to_movement_flow() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_buffered_direction_timing() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Send move command
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up)));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");
@@ -493,21 +439,21 @@ fn test_buffered_direction_timing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_multiple_rapid_direction_changes() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Send multiple rapid direction changes
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Up)));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");
 
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Down));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Down)));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");
 
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Left));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Left)));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");
@@ -526,15 +472,15 @@ fn test_multiple_rapid_direction_changes() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_player_state_persistence_across_systems() {
-    let mut world = create_test_world();
+    let mut world = common::create_test_world();
-    let _player = spawn_test_player(&mut world);
+    let _player = common::spawn_test_player(&mut world, 0);
 
     // Test that multiple commands can be processed - but need to handle events properly
     // Clear any existing events first
     world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>().clear();
 
     // Toggle debug mode
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::ToggleDebug);
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::ToggleDebug));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");
@@ -542,7 +488,7 @@ fn test_player_state_persistence_across_systems() {
 
     // Clear events and mute audio
     world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>().clear();
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MuteAudio);
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MuteAudio));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");
@@ -550,7 +496,7 @@ fn test_player_state_persistence_across_systems() {
 
     // Clear events and move player
     world.resource_mut::<Events<GameEvent>>().clear();
-    send_game_event(&mut world, GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Down));
+    common::send_game_event(&mut world, GameEvent::Command(GameCommand::MovePlayer(Direction::Down)));
     world
         .run_system_once(player_control_system)
         .expect("System should run successfully");

tests/profiling.rs

@@ -1,60 +1,125 @@
 use pacman::systems::profiling::{SystemId, SystemTimings};
 use std::time::Duration;
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+
+macro_rules! assert_close {
+    ($actual:expr, $expected:expr, $concern:expr) => {
+        let tolerance = Duration::from_micros(500);
+        let diff = $actual.abs_diff($expected);
+        assert!(
+            diff < tolerance,
+            "Expected {expected:?} ± {tolerance:.0?}, got {actual:?}, off by {diff:?} ({concern})",
+            concern = $concern,
+            expected = $expected,
+            actual = $actual,
+            tolerance = tolerance,
+            diff = diff
+        );
+    };
+}
 
 #[test]
 fn test_timing_statistics() {
     let timings = SystemTimings::default();
 
-    // 10ms average, 2ms std dev
+    // Add consecutive timing measurements (no skipped ticks to avoid zero padding)
-    timings.add_timing(SystemId::PlayerControls, Duration::from_millis(10));
+    timings.add_timing(SystemId::PlayerControls, Duration::from_millis(10), 1);
-    timings.add_timing(SystemId::PlayerControls, Duration::from_millis(12));
+    timings.add_timing(SystemId::PlayerControls, Duration::from_millis(12), 2);
-    timings.add_timing(SystemId::PlayerControls, Duration::from_millis(8));
+    timings.add_timing(SystemId::PlayerControls, Duration::from_millis(8), 3);
 
-    // 2ms average, 1ms std dev
+    // Add consecutive timing measurements for another system
-    timings.add_timing(SystemId::Blinking, Duration::from_millis(3));
+    timings.add_timing(SystemId::Blinking, Duration::from_millis(3), 1);
-    timings.add_timing(SystemId::Blinking, Duration::from_millis(2));
+    timings.add_timing(SystemId::Blinking, Duration::from_millis(2), 2);
-    timings.add_timing(SystemId::Blinking, Duration::from_millis(1));
+    timings.add_timing(SystemId::Blinking, Duration::from_millis(1), 3);
-    fn close_enough(a: Duration, b: Duration) -> bool {
+
-        if a > b {
+    {
-            a - b < Duration::from_micros(500) // 0.1ms
+        let stats = timings.get_stats(3);
-        } else {
+        let (avg, std_dev) = stats.get(&SystemId::PlayerControls).unwrap();
-            b - a < Duration::from_micros(500)
+
-        }
+        assert_close!(*avg, Duration::from_millis(10), "PlayerControls average timing");
+        assert_close!(*std_dev, Duration::from_millis(2), "PlayerControls standard deviation timing");
     }
 
-    let stats = timings.get_stats();
+    // Note: get_total_stats() was removed as we now use the Total system directly
-    let (avg, std_dev) = stats.get(&SystemId::PlayerControls).unwrap();
+    // This test now focuses on individual system statistics
-
-    // Average should be 10ms, standard deviation should be small
-    assert!(close_enough(*avg, Duration::from_millis(10)), "avg: {:?}", avg);
-    assert!(close_enough(*std_dev, Duration::from_millis(2)), "std_dev: {:?}", std_dev);
-
-    let (total_avg, total_std) = timings.get_total_stats();
-    assert!(
-        close_enough(total_avg, Duration::from_millis(18)),
-        "total_avg: {:?}",
-        total_avg
-    );
-    assert!(
-        close_enough(total_std, Duration::from_millis(12)),
-        "total_std: {:?}",
-        total_std
-    );
 }
 
-// #[test]
+#[test]
-// fn test_window_size_limit() {
+fn test_default_zero_timing_for_unused_systems() {
-//     let timings = SystemTimings::default();
+    let timings = SystemTimings::default();
 
-//     // Add more than 90 timings to test window size limit
+    // Add timing data for only one system
-//     for i in 0..100 {
+    timings.add_timing(SystemId::PlayerControls, Duration::from_millis(5), 1);
-//         timings.add_timing("test_system", Duration::from_millis(i));
-//     }
 
-//     let stats = timings.get_stats();
+    let stats = timings.get_stats(1);
-//     let (avg, _) = stats.get("test_system").unwrap();
 
-//     // Should only keep the last 90 values, so average should be around 55ms
+    // Verify all SystemId variants are present in the stats
-//     // (average of 10-99)
+    let expected_count = SystemId::iter().count();
-//     assert!((avg.as_millis() as f64 - 55.0).abs() < 5.0);
+    assert_eq!(stats.len(), expected_count, "All SystemId variants should be in stats");
-// }
+
+    // Verify that the system with data has non-zero timing
+    let (avg, std_dev) = stats.get(&SystemId::PlayerControls).unwrap();
+    assert_close!(*avg, Duration::from_millis(5), "System with data should have correct timing");
+    assert_close!(*std_dev, Duration::ZERO, "Single measurement should have zero std dev");
+
+    // Verify that all other systems have zero timing (excluding Total which is special)
+    for id in SystemId::iter() {
+        if id != SystemId::PlayerControls && id != SystemId::Total {
+            let (avg, std_dev) = stats.get(&id).unwrap();
+            assert_close!(
+                *avg,
+                Duration::ZERO,
+                format!("Unused system {:?} should have zero avg timing", id)
+            );
+            assert_close!(
+                *std_dev,
+                Duration::ZERO,
+                format!("Unused system {:?} should have zero std dev", id)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_pre_populated_timing_entries() {
+    let timings = SystemTimings::default();
+
+    // Verify that we can add timing to any SystemId without panicking
+    // (this would fail with the old implementation if the entry didn't exist)
+    // Use the same tick for all systems to avoid zero-padding
+    for id in SystemId::iter() {
+        timings.add_timing(id, Duration::from_nanos(1), 1);
+    }
+
+    // Verify all systems now have non-zero timing
+    let stats = timings.get_stats(1);
+    for id in SystemId::iter() {
+        let (avg, _) = stats.get(&id).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            *avg > Duration::ZERO,
+            "System {:?} should have non-zero timing after add_timing",
+            id
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_total_system_timing() {
+    let timings = SystemTimings::default();
+
+    // Add some timing data to the Total system
+    timings.add_total_timing(Duration::from_millis(16), 1);
+    timings.add_total_timing(Duration::from_millis(18), 2);
+    timings.add_total_timing(Duration::from_millis(14), 3);
+
+    let stats = timings.get_stats(3);
+    let (avg, std_dev) = stats.get(&SystemId::Total).unwrap();
+
+    // Should have 16ms average (16+18+14)/3 = 16ms
+    assert_close!(*avg, Duration::from_millis(16), "Total system average timing");
+    // Should have some standard deviation
+    assert!(
+        *std_dev > Duration::ZERO,
+        "Total system should have non-zero std dev with multiple measurements"
+    );
+}

tests/sprite.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 use glam::U16Vec2;
-use pacman::texture::sprite::{AtlasMapper, AtlasTile, MapperFrame, SpriteAtlas};
+use pacman::texture::sprite::{AtlasMapper, AtlasTile, MapperFrame};
 use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-fn mock_texture() -> sdl2::render::Texture {
+mod common;
-    unsafe { std::mem::transmute(0usize) }
-}
 
 #[test]
-fn test_sprite_atlas_basic() {
+fn test_atlas_mapper_frame_lookup() {
     let mut frames = HashMap::new();
     frames.insert(
         "test".to_string(),
@@ -19,19 +17,17 @@ fn test_sprite_atlas_basic() {
     );
 
     let mapper = AtlasMapper { frames };
-    let texture = mock_texture();
-    let atlas = SpriteAtlas::new(texture, mapper);
 
-    let tile = atlas.get_tile("test");
+    // Test direct frame lookup
-    assert!(tile.is_some());
+    let frame = mapper.frames.get("test");
-    let tile = tile.unwrap();
+    assert!(frame.is_some());
-    assert_eq!(tile.pos, glam::U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
+    let frame = frame.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(tile.size, glam::U16Vec2::new(32, 64));
+    assert_eq!(frame.pos, U16Vec2::new(10, 20));
-    assert_eq!(tile.color, None);
+    assert_eq!(frame.size, U16Vec2::new(32, 64));
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_sprite_atlas_multiple_tiles() {
+fn test_atlas_mapper_multiple_frames() {
     let mut frames = HashMap::new();
     frames.insert(
         "tile1".to_string(),
@@ -49,27 +45,12 @@ fn test_sprite_atlas_multiple_tiles() {
     );
 
     let mapper = AtlasMapper { frames };
-    let texture = mock_texture();
-    let atlas = SpriteAtlas::new(texture, mapper);
 
-    assert_eq!(atlas.tiles_count(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(mapper.frames.len(), 2);
-    assert!(atlas.has_tile("tile1"));
+    assert!(mapper.frames.contains_key("tile1"));
-    assert!(atlas.has_tile("tile2"));
+    assert!(mapper.frames.contains_key("tile2"));
-    assert!(!atlas.has_tile("tile3"));
+    assert!(!mapper.frames.contains_key("tile3"));
-    assert!(atlas.get_tile("nonexistent").is_none());
+    assert!(!mapper.frames.contains_key("nonexistent"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_sprite_atlas_color() {
-    let mapper = AtlasMapper { frames: HashMap::new() };
-    let texture = mock_texture();
-    let mut atlas = SpriteAtlas::new(texture, mapper);
-
-    assert_eq!(atlas.default_color(), None);
-
-    let color = Color::RGB(255, 0, 0);
-    atlas.set_color(color);
-    assert_eq!(atlas.default_color(), Some(color));
 }
 
 #[test]

tests/text.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use pacman::texture::{sprite::SpriteAtlas, text::TextTexture};
 
-use crate::common::create_atlas;
-
 mod common;
 
+use common::create_atlas;
+
 /// Helper function to get all characters that should be in the atlas
 fn get_all_chars() -> String {
     let mut chars = Vec::new();

tests/tracing_buffer.rs

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-use pacman::platform::tracing_buffer::SwitchableWriter;
-use std::io::Write;
-
-#[test]
-fn test_switchable_writer_buffering() {
-    let mut writer = SwitchableWriter::default();
-
-    // Write some data while in buffered mode
-    writer.write_all(b"Hello, ").unwrap();
-    writer.write_all(b"world!").unwrap();
-    writer.write_all(b"This is buffered content.\n").unwrap();
-
-    // Switch to direct mode (this should flush to stdout and show buffer size)
-    // In a real test we can't easily capture stdout, so we'll just verify it doesn't panic
-    writer.switch_to_direct_mode().unwrap();
-
-    // Write more data in direct mode
-    writer.write_all(b"Direct output after flush\n").unwrap();
-}

web.build.ts

@@ -501,7 +501,6 @@ async function activateEmsdk(
 
   return { vars };
 }
-
 async function main() {
   // Print the OS detected
   logger.debug(
@@ -515,7 +514,19 @@ async function main() {
         .exhaustive()
   );
 
-  const release = process.env.RELEASE !== "0";
+  // Parse command line args for build mode
+  const args = process.argv.slice(2);
+  let release = true; // Default to release mode
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+    const arg = args[i];
+    if (arg === "-d" || arg === "--debug") {
+      release = false;
+    } else if (arg === "-r" || arg === "--release") {
+      release = true;
+    }
+  }
+
   const emsdkDir = resolve("./emsdk");
 
   // Activate the Emscripten SDK (returns null if already activated)