feat: use backbuffer fully, proper 'present' system, debug texture draws with transparency

src/game.rs

@@ -8,27 +8,26 @@ use crate::events::GameEvent;
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
 use crate::map::direction::Direction;
 use crate::systems::blinking::Blinking;
-use crate::systems::{self, ghost_collision_system};
+use crate::systems::{self, ghost_collision_system, present_system, MovementModifiers};
 
 use crate::systems::movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity};
 use crate::systems::profiling::SystemId;
 use crate::systems::render::RenderDirty;
 use crate::systems::{
     audio_system, blinking_system, collision_system, debug_render_system, directional_render_system, dirty_render_system,
-    ghost_movement_system, hud_render_system, item_system, profile, ready_visibility_system, render_system, AudioEvent,
-    AudioResource, AudioState, BackbufferResource, Collider, DebugFontResource, DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime,
-    DirectionalAnimated, EntityType, Frozen, Ghost, GhostBundle, GhostCollider, GlobalState, ItemBundle, ItemCollider,
-    LevelTiming, MapTextureResource, PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled, PlayerStateBundle, Renderable,
-    ScoreResource, StartupSequence, SystemTimings,
+    ghost_movement_system, hud_render_system, item_system, profile, render_system, AudioEvent, AudioResource, AudioState,
+    BackbufferResource, Collider, DebugFontResource, DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated,
+    EntityType, Frozen, Ghost, GhostBundle, GhostCollider, GlobalState, ItemBundle, ItemCollider, MapTextureResource,
+    PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled, Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence, SystemTimings,
 };
 use crate::texture::animated::AnimatedTexture;
 use bevy_ecs::event::EventRegistry;
 use bevy_ecs::observer::Trigger;
 use bevy_ecs::schedule::{IntoScheduleConfigs, Schedule, SystemSet};
-use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Res, ResMut};
+use bevy_ecs::system::ResMut;
 use bevy_ecs::world::World;
 use sdl2::image::LoadTexture;
-use sdl2::render::{Canvas, ScaleMode, TextureCreator};
+use sdl2::render::{BlendMode, Canvas, ScaleMode, TextureCreator};
 use sdl2::rwops::RWops;
 use sdl2::video::{Window, WindowContext};
 use sdl2::EventPump;
@@ -105,6 +104,8 @@ impl Game {
         let mut debug_texture = texture_creator
             .create_texture_target(None, output_size.0, output_size.1)
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+
+        debug_texture.set_blend_mode(BlendMode::Blend);
         debug_texture.set_scale_mode(ScaleMode::Nearest);
 
         let font_data = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Font)?;
@@ -185,12 +186,12 @@ impl Game {
                 speed: 1.15,
                 direction: Direction::Left,
             },
+            movement_modifiers: MovementModifiers::default(),
             buffered_direction: BufferedDirection::None,
             sprite: Renderable {
                 sprite: SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/full.png")
                     .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/full.png".to_string())))?,
                 layer: 0,
-                visible: true,
             },
             directional_animated: DirectionalAnimated {
                 textures,
@@ -205,7 +206,6 @@ impl Game {
 
         // Spawn player and attach initial state bundle
         let player_entity = world.spawn(player).id();
-        world.entity_mut(player_entity).insert(PlayerStateBundle::default());
         world.entity_mut(player_entity).insert(Frozen);
 
         world.insert_non_send_resource(atlas);
@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ impl Game {
         world.insert_resource(DebugState::default());
         world.insert_resource(AudioState::default());
         world.insert_resource(CursorPosition::default());
-        world.insert_resource(LevelTiming::for_level(1));
 
         world.add_observer(
             |event: Trigger<GameEvent>, mut state: ResMut<GlobalState>, _score: ResMut<ScoreResource>| {
@@ -251,23 +250,10 @@ impl Game {
         let blinking_system = profile(SystemId::Blinking, blinking_system);
         let directional_render_system = profile(SystemId::DirectionalRender, directional_render_system);
         let dirty_render_system = profile(SystemId::DirtyRender, dirty_render_system);
-        let hud_render_system = profile(SystemId::HudRender, hud_render_system);
         let render_system = profile(SystemId::Render, render_system);
+        let hud_render_system = profile(SystemId::HudRender, hud_render_system);
         let debug_render_system = profile(SystemId::DebugRender, debug_render_system);
-
-        let present_system = profile(
-            SystemId::Present,
-            |mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>, debug_state: Res<DebugState>, mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>| {
-                if dirty.0 || debug_state.enabled {
-                    // Only copy backbuffer to main canvas if debug rendering is off
-                    // (debug rendering draws directly to main canvas)
-                    if !debug_state.enabled {
-                        canvas.present();
-                    }
-                    dirty.0 = false;
-                }
-            },
-        );
+        let present_system = profile(SystemId::Present, present_system);
 
         schedule.add_systems((
             (
@@ -283,7 +269,6 @@ impl Game {
             (collision_system, ghost_collision_system, item_system).chain(),
             audio_system,
             blinking_system,
-            ready_visibility_system,
             (
                 directional_render_system,
                 dirty_render_system,
@@ -295,15 +280,7 @@ impl Game {
                 .chain(),
         ));
 
-        // Initialize StartupSequence as a global resource
-        let ready_duration_ticks = {
-            let duration = world
-                .get_resource::<LevelTiming>()
-                .map(|t| t.spawn_freeze_duration)
-                .unwrap_or(1.5);
-            (duration * 60.0) as u32 // Convert to ticks at 60 FPS
-        };
-        world.insert_resource(StartupSequence::new(ready_duration_ticks, 60));
+        world.insert_resource(StartupSequence::new(60 * 3, 60));
 
         // Spawn ghosts
         Self::spawn_ghosts(&mut world)?;
@@ -327,11 +304,7 @@ impl Game {
 
             let mut item = world.spawn(ItemBundle {
                 position: Position::Stopped { node: node_id },
-                sprite: Renderable {
-                    sprite,
-                    layer: 1,
-                    visible: true,
-                },
+                sprite: Renderable { sprite, layer: 1 },
                 entity_type: item_type,
                 collider: Collider { size },
                 item_collider: ItemCollider,
@@ -438,7 +411,6 @@ impl Game {
                             },
                         )?,
                         layer: 0,
-                        visible: true,
                     },
                     directional_animated: DirectionalAnimated {
                         textures,

src/systems/blinking.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 use bevy_ecs::{
     component::Component,
-    system::{Query, Res},
+    entity::Entity,
+    query::{Has, With},
+    system::{Commands, Query, Res},
 };
 
-use crate::systems::components::{DeltaTime, Renderable};
+use crate::systems::{
+    components::{DeltaTime, Renderable},
+    Hidden,
+};
 
 #[derive(Component)]
 pub struct Blinking {
@@ -15,13 +20,23 @@ pub struct Blinking {
 ///
 /// This system manages entities that have both `Blinking` and `Renderable` components,
 /// accumulating time and toggling visibility when the specified interval is reached.
-pub fn blinking_system(time: Res<DeltaTime>, mut query: Query<(&mut Blinking, &mut Renderable)>) {
-    for (mut blinking, mut renderable) in query.iter_mut() {
+pub fn blinking_system(
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    time: Res<DeltaTime>,
+    mut query: Query<(Entity, &mut Blinking, Has<Hidden>), With<Renderable>>,
+) {
+    for (entity, mut blinking, hidden) in query.iter_mut() {
         blinking.timer += time.0;
 
         if blinking.timer >= blinking.interval {
             blinking.timer = 0.0;
-            renderable.visible = !renderable.visible;
+
+            // Add or remove the Visible component based on whether it is currently in the query
+            if hidden {
+                commands.entity(entity).remove::<Hidden>();
+            } else {
+                commands.entity(entity).insert(Hidden);
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/systems/components.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     map::graph::TraversalFlags,
     systems::{
         movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity},
-        Collider, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider, PlayerLifecycle,
+        Collider, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider,
     },
     texture::{animated::AnimatedTexture, sprite::AtlasTile},
 };
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ impl EntityType {
 pub struct Renderable {
     pub sprite: AtlasTile,
     pub layer: u8,
-    pub visible: bool,
 }
 
 /// A component for entities that have a directional animated texture.
@@ -141,35 +140,6 @@ impl Default for MovementModifiers {
     }
 }
 
-/// Level-dependent timing configuration
-#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct LevelTiming {
-    /// Duration of energizer effect in seconds
-    pub energizer_duration: f32,
-    /// Freeze duration at spawn/ready in seconds
-    pub spawn_freeze_duration: f32,
-    /// When to start flashing relative to energizer end (seconds)
-    pub energizer_flash_threshold: f32,
-}
-
-impl Default for LevelTiming {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            energizer_duration: 6.0,
-            spawn_freeze_duration: 1.5,
-            energizer_flash_threshold: 2.0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl LevelTiming {
-    /// Returns timing configuration for a given level.
-    pub fn for_level(_level: u32) -> Self {
-        // Placeholder: tune per the Pac-Man Dossier tables
-        Self::default()
-    }
-}
-
 /// Tag component for entities that should be frozen during startup
 #[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Frozen;
@@ -190,14 +160,8 @@ pub struct PlayerBundle {
     pub directional_animated: DirectionalAnimated,
     pub entity_type: EntityType,
     pub collider: Collider,
-    pub pacman_collider: PacmanCollider,
-}
-
-/// Convenience bundle for attaching the hybrid FSM to the player entity
-#[derive(Bundle, Default)]
-pub struct PlayerStateBundle {
-    pub lifecycle: PlayerLifecycle,
     pub movement_modifiers: MovementModifiers,
+    pub pacman_collider: PacmanCollider,
 }
 
 #[derive(Bundle)]

src/systems/debug.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use crate::constants::BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET;
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
-use crate::systems::{BackbufferResource, Collider, CursorPosition, Position, SystemTimings};
+use crate::systems::{Collider, CursorPosition, Position, SystemTimings};
 use bevy_ecs::resource::Resource;
 use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Query, Res};
 use glam::{IVec2, UVec2, Vec2};
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ fn render_timing_display(
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn debug_render_system(
     mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
-    backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
     mut debug_texture: NonSendMut<DebugTextureResource>,
     debug_font: NonSendMut<DebugFontResource>,
     debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
@@ -104,18 +103,6 @@ pub fn debug_render_system(
     let scale =
         (UVec2::from(canvas.output_size().unwrap()).as_vec2() / UVec2::from(canvas.logical_size()).as_vec2()).min_element();
 
-    // Copy the current backbuffer to the debug texture
-    canvas
-        .with_texture_canvas(&mut debug_texture.0, |debug_canvas| {
-            // Clear the debug canvas
-            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::BLACK);
-            debug_canvas.clear();
-
-            // Copy the backbuffer to the debug canvas
-            debug_canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-
     // Get texture creator before entering the closure to avoid borrowing conflicts
     let mut texture_creator = canvas.texture_creator();
     let font = &debug_font.0;
@@ -128,8 +115,11 @@ pub fn debug_render_system(
     // Draw debug info on the high-resolution debug texture
     canvas
         .with_texture_canvas(&mut debug_texture.0, |debug_canvas| {
-            // Find the closest node to the cursor
+            // Clear the debug canvas
+            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0));
+            debug_canvas.clear();
 
+            // Find the closest node to the cursor
             let closest_node = if let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos {
                 map.graph
                     .nodes()
@@ -214,8 +204,4 @@ pub fn debug_render_system(
             render_timing_display(debug_canvas, &mut texture_creator, &timings, font);
         })
         .unwrap();
-
-    // Draw the debug texture directly onto the main canvas at full resolution
-    canvas.copy(&debug_texture.0, None, None).unwrap();
-    canvas.present();
 }

src/systems/formatting.rs

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-use num_width::NumberWidth;
-use smallvec::SmallVec;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use strum::EnumCount;
-
-use crate::systems::profiling::SystemId;
-
-// Helper to split a duration into a integer, decimal, and unit
-fn get_value(duration: &Duration) -> (u64, u32, &'static str) {
-    let (int, decimal, unit) = match duration {
-        // if greater than 1 second, return as seconds
-        n if n >= &Duration::from_secs(1) => {
-            let secs = n.as_secs();
-            let decimal = n.as_millis() as u64 % 1000;
-            (secs, decimal as u32, "s")
-        }
-        // if greater than 1 millisecond, return as milliseconds
-        n if n >= &Duration::from_millis(1) => {
-            let ms = n.as_millis() as u64;
-            let decimal = n.as_micros() as u64 % 1000;
-            (ms, decimal as u32, "ms")
-        }
-        // if greater than 1 microsecond, return as microseconds
-        n if n >= &Duration::from_micros(1) => {
-            let us = n.as_micros() as u64;
-            let decimal = n.as_nanos() as u64 % 1000;
-            (us, decimal as u32, "µs")
-        }
-        // otherwise, return as nanoseconds
-        n => {
-            let ns = n.as_nanos() as u64;
-            (ns, 0, "ns")
-        }
-    };
-
-    (int, decimal, unit)
-}
-
-/// Formats timing data into a vector of strings with proper alignment
-pub fn format_timing_display(
-    timing_data: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, Duration, Duration)>,
-) -> SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]> {
-    let mut iter = timing_data.into_iter().peekable();
-    if iter.peek().is_none() {
-        return SmallVec::new();
-    }
-
-    struct Entry {
-        name: String,
-        avg_int: u64,
-        avg_decimal: u32,
-        avg_unit: &'static str,
-        std_int: u64,
-        std_decimal: u32,
-        std_unit: &'static str,
-    }
-
-    let entries = iter
-        .map(|(name, avg, std_dev)| {
-            let (avg_int, avg_decimal, avg_unit) = get_value(&avg);
-            let (std_int, std_decimal, std_unit) = get_value(&std_dev);
-
-            Entry {
-                name: name.clone(),
-                avg_int,
-                avg_decimal,
-                avg_unit,
-                std_int,
-                std_decimal,
-                std_unit,
-            }
-        })
-        .collect::<SmallVec<[Entry; 12]>>();
-
-    let (max_name_width, max_avg_int_width, max_avg_decimal_width, max_std_int_width, max_std_decimal_width) = entries
-        .iter()
-        .fold((0, 0, 3, 0, 3), |(name_w, avg_int_w, avg_dec_w, std_int_w, std_dec_w), e| {
-            (
-                name_w.max(e.name.len()),
-                avg_int_w.max(e.avg_int.width() as usize),
-                avg_dec_w.max(e.avg_decimal.width() as usize),
-                std_int_w.max(e.std_int.width() as usize),
-                std_dec_w.max(e.std_decimal.width() as usize),
-            )
-        });
-
-    entries.iter().map(|e| {
-            format!(
-                "{name:max_name_width$} : {avg_int:max_avg_int_width$}.{avg_decimal:<max_avg_decimal_width$}{avg_unit} ± {std_int:max_std_int_width$}.{std_decimal:<max_std_decimal_width$}{std_unit}",
-                // Content
-                name = e.name,
-                avg_int = e.avg_int,
-                avg_decimal = e.avg_decimal,
-                std_int = e.std_int,
-                std_decimal = e.std_decimal,
-                // Units
-                avg_unit = e.avg_unit,
-                std_unit = e.std_unit,
-                // Padding
-                max_name_width = max_name_width,
-                max_avg_int_width = max_avg_int_width,
-                max_avg_decimal_width = max_avg_decimal_width,
-                max_std_int_width = max_std_int_width,
-                max_std_decimal_width = max_std_decimal_width
-            )
-        }).collect::<SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]>>()
-}

src/systems/item.rs

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use bevy_ecs::{
     entity::Entity,
     event::{EventReader, EventWriter},
     query::With,
-    system::{Commands, Query, Res, ResMut},
+    system::{Commands, Query, ResMut},
 };
 
 use crate::{
     events::GameEvent,
-    systems::{AudioEvent, EntityType, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, LevelTiming, PacmanCollider, ScoreResource, Vulnerable},
+    systems::{AudioEvent, EntityType, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider, ScoreResource, Vulnerable},
 };
 
 /// Determines if a collision between two entity types should be handled by the item system.
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ pub fn item_system(
     item_query: Query<(Entity, &EntityType), With<ItemCollider>>,
     ghost_query: Query<Entity, With<GhostCollider>>,
     mut events: EventWriter<AudioEvent>,
-    level_timing: Res<LevelTiming>,
 ) {
     for event in collision_events.read() {
         if let GameEvent::Collision(entity1, entity2) = event {
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn item_system(
                     // Make ghosts vulnerable when power pellet is collected
                     if *entity_type == EntityType::PowerPellet {
                         // Convert seconds to frames (assumes 60 FPS)
-                        let total_ticks = (level_timing.energizer_duration * 60.0).round().clamp(0.0, u32::MAX as f32) as u32;
+                        let total_ticks = 60 * 5;
 
                         // Add Vulnerable component to all ghosts
                         for ghost_entity in ghost_query.iter() {

src/systems/mod.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ pub mod blinking;
 pub mod collision;
 pub mod components;
 pub mod debug;
-pub mod formatting;
 pub mod ghost;
 pub mod input;
 pub mod item;

src/systems/player.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use bevy_ecs::{
-    component::Component,
     event::{EventReader, EventWriter},
     query::{With, Without},
     system::{Query, Res, ResMut},
@@ -17,26 +16,9 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 
-/// Lifecycle state for the player entity.
-#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum PlayerLifecycle {
-    Spawning,
-    Alive,
-    Dying,
-    Respawning,
-}
-
-impl PlayerLifecycle {
-    /// Returns true when gameplay input and movement should be active
-    pub fn is_interactive(self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, PlayerLifecycle::Alive)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for PlayerLifecycle {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        PlayerLifecycle::Spawning
-    }
+pub fn can_traverse(entity_type: EntityType, edge: Edge) -> bool {
+    let entity_flags = entity_type.traversal_flags();
+    edge.traversal_flags.contains(entity_flags)
 }
 
 /// Processes player input commands and updates game state accordingly.
@@ -50,11 +32,16 @@ pub fn player_control_system(
     mut state: ResMut<GlobalState>,
     mut debug_state: ResMut<DebugState>,
     mut audio_state: ResMut<AudioState>,
-    mut players: Query<(&PlayerLifecycle, &mut BufferedDirection), (With<PlayerControlled>, Without<Frozen>)>,
+    mut players: Query<&mut BufferedDirection, (With<PlayerControlled>, Without<Frozen>)>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
+    // Handle events
+    for event in events.read() {
+        if let GameEvent::Command(command) = event {
+            match command {
+                GameCommand::MovePlayer(direction) => {
                     // Get the player's movable component (ensuring there is only one player)
-    let (lifecycle, mut buffered_direction) = match players.single_mut() {
+                    let mut buffered_direction = match players.single_mut() {
                         Ok(tuple) => tuple,
                         Err(e) => {
                             errors.write(GameError::InvalidState(format!(
@@ -65,14 +52,6 @@ pub fn player_control_system(
                         }
                     };
 
-    // If the player is not interactive or input is locked, ignore movement commands
-    // let allow_input = lifecycle.is_interactive();
-
-    // Handle events
-    for event in events.read() {
-        if let GameEvent::Command(command) = event {
-            match command {
-                GameCommand::MovePlayer(direction) => {
                     *buffered_direction = BufferedDirection::Some {
                         direction: *direction,
                         remaining_time: 0.25,
@@ -94,32 +73,21 @@ pub fn player_control_system(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn can_traverse(entity_type: EntityType, edge: Edge) -> bool {
-    let entity_flags = entity_type.traversal_flags();
-    edge.traversal_flags.contains(entity_flags)
-}
-
 /// Executes frame-by-frame movement for Pac-Man.
 ///
 /// Handles movement logic including buffered direction changes, edge traversal validation, and continuous movement between nodes.
 /// When stopped, prioritizes buffered directions for responsive controls, falling back to current direction.
 /// Supports movement chaining within a single frame when traveling at high speeds.
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub fn player_movement_system(
     map: Res<Map>,
     delta_time: Res<DeltaTime>,
     mut entities: Query<
-        (
-            &PlayerLifecycle,
-            &MovementModifiers,
-            &mut Position,
-            &mut Velocity,
-            &mut BufferedDirection,
-        ),
+        (&MovementModifiers, &mut Position, &mut Velocity, &mut BufferedDirection),
         (With<PlayerControlled>, Without<Frozen>),
     >,
-    // mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
-    for (lifecycle, modifiers, mut position, mut velocity, mut buffered_direction) in entities.iter_mut() {
+    for (modifiers, mut position, mut velocity, mut buffered_direction) in entities.iter_mut() {
         // Decrement the buffered direction remaining time
         if let BufferedDirection::Some {
             direction,

src/systems/profiling.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use bevy_ecs::system::IntoSystem;
 use bevy_ecs::{resource::Resource, system::System};
 use circular_buffer::CircularBuffer;
 use micromap::Map;
+use num_width::NumberWidth;
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use std::fmt::Display;
@@ -10,8 +11,6 @@ use strum::EnumCount;
 use strum_macros::{EnumCount, IntoStaticStr};
 use thousands::Separable;
 
-use crate::systems::formatting;
-
 /// The maximum number of systems that can be profiled. Must not be exceeded, or it will panic.
 const MAX_SYSTEMS: usize = SystemId::COUNT;
 /// The number of durations to keep in the circular buffer.
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ impl SystemTimings {
         }
 
         // Use the formatting module to format the data
-        formatting::format_timing_display(timing_data)
+        format_timing_display(timing_data)
     }
 }
 
@@ -184,3 +183,104 @@ where
         }
     }
 }
+
+// Helper to split a duration into a integer, decimal, and unit
+fn get_value(duration: &Duration) -> (u64, u32, &'static str) {
+    let (int, decimal, unit) = match duration {
+        // if greater than 1 second, return as seconds
+        n if n >= &Duration::from_secs(1) => {
+            let secs = n.as_secs();
+            let decimal = n.as_millis() as u64 % 1000;
+            (secs, decimal as u32, "s")
+        }
+        // if greater than 1 millisecond, return as milliseconds
+        n if n >= &Duration::from_millis(1) => {
+            let ms = n.as_millis() as u64;
+            let decimal = n.as_micros() as u64 % 1000;
+            (ms, decimal as u32, "ms")
+        }
+        // if greater than 1 microsecond, return as microseconds
+        n if n >= &Duration::from_micros(1) => {
+            let us = n.as_micros() as u64;
+            let decimal = n.as_nanos() as u64 % 1000;
+            (us, decimal as u32, "µs")
+        }
+        // otherwise, return as nanoseconds
+        n => {
+            let ns = n.as_nanos() as u64;
+            (ns, 0, "ns")
+        }
+    };
+
+    (int, decimal, unit)
+}
+
+/// Formats timing data into a vector of strings with proper alignment
+pub fn format_timing_display(
+    timing_data: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, Duration, Duration)>,
+) -> SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]> {
+    let mut iter = timing_data.into_iter().peekable();
+    if iter.peek().is_none() {
+        return SmallVec::new();
+    }
+
+    struct Entry {
+        name: String,
+        avg_int: u64,
+        avg_decimal: u32,
+        avg_unit: &'static str,
+        std_int: u64,
+        std_decimal: u32,
+        std_unit: &'static str,
+    }
+
+    let entries = iter
+        .map(|(name, avg, std_dev)| {
+            let (avg_int, avg_decimal, avg_unit) = get_value(&avg);
+            let (std_int, std_decimal, std_unit) = get_value(&std_dev);
+
+            Entry {
+                name: name.clone(),
+                avg_int,
+                avg_decimal,
+                avg_unit,
+                std_int,
+                std_decimal,
+                std_unit,
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<SmallVec<[Entry; 12]>>();
+
+    let (max_name_width, max_avg_int_width, max_avg_decimal_width, max_std_int_width, max_std_decimal_width) = entries
+        .iter()
+        .fold((0, 0, 3, 0, 3), |(name_w, avg_int_w, avg_dec_w, std_int_w, std_dec_w), e| {
+            (
+                name_w.max(e.name.len()),
+                avg_int_w.max(e.avg_int.width() as usize),
+                avg_dec_w.max(e.avg_decimal.width() as usize),
+                std_int_w.max(e.std_int.width() as usize),
+                std_dec_w.max(e.std_decimal.width() as usize),
+            )
+        });
+
+    entries.iter().map(|e| {
+            format!(
+                "{name:max_name_width$} : {avg_int:max_avg_int_width$}.{avg_decimal:<max_avg_decimal_width$}{avg_unit} ± {std_int:max_std_int_width$}.{std_decimal:<max_std_decimal_width$}{std_unit}",
+                // Content
+                name = e.name,
+                avg_int = e.avg_int,
+                avg_decimal = e.avg_decimal,
+                std_int = e.std_int,
+                std_decimal = e.std_decimal,
+                // Units
+                avg_unit = e.avg_unit,
+                std_unit = e.std_unit,
+                // Padding
+                max_name_width = max_name_width,
+                max_avg_int_width = max_avg_int_width,
+                max_avg_decimal_width = max_avg_decimal_width,
+                max_std_int_width = max_std_int_width,
+                max_std_decimal_width = max_std_decimal_width
+            )
+        }).collect::<SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]>>()
+}

src/systems/render.rs

@@ -2,32 +2,37 @@ use crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE;
 use crate::error::{GameError, TextureError};
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
 use crate::systems::{
-    Blinking, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, EntityType, GhostCollider, PlayerControlled, Position, Renderable, ScoreResource,
-    StartupSequence, Velocity,
+    DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, Position, Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence,
+    Velocity,
 };
 use crate::texture::sprite::SpriteAtlas;
 use crate::texture::text::TextTexture;
+use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
 use bevy_ecs::entity::Entity;
 use bevy_ecs::event::EventWriter;
-use bevy_ecs::query::{Changed, Or, With, Without};
+use bevy_ecs::query::{Changed, Or, Without};
 use bevy_ecs::removal_detection::RemovedComponents;
 use bevy_ecs::resource::Resource;
 use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Query, Res, ResMut};
 use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use sdl2::rect::{Point, Rect};
-use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture};
+use sdl2::render::{BlendMode, Canvas, Texture};
 use sdl2::video::Window;
 
 #[derive(Resource, Default)]
 pub struct RenderDirty(pub bool);
 
+#[derive(Component)]
+pub struct Hidden;
+
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub fn dirty_render_system(
     mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>,
-    changed_renderables: Query<(), Or<(Changed<Renderable>, Changed<Position>)>>,
+    changed: Query<(), Or<(Changed<Renderable>, Changed<Position>)>>,
+    removed_hidden: RemovedComponents<Hidden>,
     removed_renderables: RemovedComponents<Renderable>,
 ) {
-    if !changed_renderables.is_empty() || !removed_renderables.is_empty() {
+    if !changed.is_empty() || !removed_hidden.is_empty() || !removed_renderables.is_empty() {
         dirty.0 = true;
     }
 }
@@ -71,64 +76,16 @@ pub struct MapTextureResource(pub Texture<'static>);
 /// A non-send resource for the backbuffer texture. This just wraps the texture with a type so it can be differentiated when exposed as a resource.
 pub struct BackbufferResource(pub Texture<'static>);
 
-/// Updates entity visibility based on StartupSequence stages
-pub fn ready_visibility_system(
-    startup: Res<StartupSequence>,
-    mut player_query: Query<&mut Renderable, (With<PlayerControlled>, Without<GhostCollider>)>,
-    mut ghost_query: Query<&mut Renderable, (With<GhostCollider>, Without<PlayerControlled>)>,
-    mut energizer_query: Query<(&mut Blinking, &EntityType)>,
-) {
-    match *startup {
-        StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. } => {
-            // Hide player and ghosts, disable energizer blinking
-            if let Ok(mut renderable) = player_query.single_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = false;
-            }
-
-            for mut renderable in ghost_query.iter_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = false;
-            }
-
-            // Disable energizer blinking in text-only stage
-            for (mut blinking, entity_type) in energizer_query.iter_mut() {
-                if matches!(entity_type, EntityType::PowerPellet) {
-                    blinking.timer = 0.0; // Reset timer to prevent blinking
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. } => {
-            // Show player and ghosts, enable energizer blinking
-            if let Ok(mut renderable) = player_query.single_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-
-            for mut renderable in ghost_query.iter_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-
-            // Energizer blinking is handled by the blinking system
-        }
-        StartupSequence::GameActive => {
-            // All entities are visible and blinking is normal
-            if let Ok(mut renderable) = player_query.single_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-
-            for mut renderable in ghost_query.iter_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Renders the HUD (score, lives, etc.) on top of the game.
 pub fn hud_render_system(
+    mut backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
     mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
     mut atlas: NonSendMut<SpriteAtlas>,
     score: Res<ScoreResource>,
     startup: Res<StartupSequence>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
+    let _ = canvas.with_texture_canvas(&mut backbuffer.0, |canvas| {
         let mut text_renderer = TextTexture::new(1.0);
 
         // Render lives and high score text in white
@@ -136,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn hud_render_system(
         let lives_text = format!("{lives}UP   HIGH SCORE   ");
         let lives_position = glam::UVec2::new(4 + 8 * 3, 2); // x_offset + lives_offset * 8, y_offset
 
-    if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, &lives_text, lives_position) {
+        if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(canvas, &mut atlas, &lives_text, lives_position) {
             errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render lives text: {}", e)).into());
         }
 
@@ -145,7 +102,7 @@ pub fn hud_render_system(
         let score_offset = 7 - (score_text.len() as i32);
         let score_position = glam::UVec2::new(4 + 8 * score_offset as u32, 10); // x_offset + score_offset * 8, 8 + y_offset
 
-    if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, &score_text, score_position) {
+        if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(canvas, &mut atlas, &score_text, score_position) {
             errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render score text: {}", e)).into());
         }
 
@@ -157,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn hud_render_system(
             let ready_text = "READY!";
             let ready_width = text_renderer.text_width(ready_text);
             let ready_position = glam::UVec2::new((CANVAS_SIZE.x - ready_width) / 2, 160);
-        if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render_with_color(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, ready_text, ready_position, Color::YELLOW) {
+            if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render_with_color(canvas, &mut atlas, ready_text, ready_position, Color::YELLOW) {
                 errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render READY text: {}", e)).into());
             }
 
@@ -167,12 +124,13 @@ pub fn hud_render_system(
                 let player_one_position = glam::UVec2::new((CANVAS_SIZE.x - player_one_width) / 2, 113);
 
                 if let Err(e) =
-                text_renderer.render_with_color(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, player_one_text, player_one_position, Color::CYAN)
+                    text_renderer.render_with_color(canvas, &mut atlas, player_one_text, player_one_position, Color::CYAN)
                 {
                     errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render PLAYER ONE text: {}", e)).into());
                 }
             }
         }
+    });
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
@@ -183,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn render_system(
     mut atlas: NonSendMut<SpriteAtlas>,
     map: Res<Map>,
     dirty: Res<RenderDirty>,
-    renderables: Query<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position)>,
+    renderables: Query<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), Without<Hidden>>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
     if !dirty.0 {
@@ -207,10 +165,6 @@ pub fn render_system(
                 .sort_by_key::<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), _>(|(_, renderable, _)| renderable.layer)
                 .rev()
             {
-                if !renderable.visible {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
                 let pos = position.get_pixel_position(&map.graph);
                 match pos {
                     Ok(pos) => {
@@ -237,3 +191,25 @@ pub fn render_system(
 
     canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
 }
+
+pub fn present_system(
+    mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
+    mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>,
+    backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
+    debug_texture: NonSendMut<DebugTextureResource>,
+    debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
+) {
+    if dirty.0 {
+        // Copy the backbuffer to the main canvas
+        canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
+
+        // Copy the debug texture to the canvas
+        if debug_state.enabled {
+            canvas.set_blend_mode(BlendMode::Blend);
+            canvas.copy(&debug_texture.0, None, None).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        canvas.present();
+        dirty.0 = false;
+    }
+}

src/systems/stage.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ use bevy_ecs::{
     resource::Resource,
     system::{Commands, Query, ResMut},
 };
+use tracing::debug;
 
-use crate::systems::{Frozen, GhostCollider, PlayerControlled};
+use crate::systems::{Frozen, GhostCollider, Hidden, PlayerControlled};
 
 #[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum StartupSequence {
@@ -75,21 +76,14 @@ pub fn startup_stage_system(
     mut ghost_query: Query<Entity, With<GhostCollider>>,
 ) {
     if let Some((from, to)) = startup.tick() {
+        debug!("StartupSequence transition from {from:?} to {to:?}");
         match (from, to) {
-            (StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. }, StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }) => {
-                // TODO: Add TextOnly tag component to hide entities
-                // TODO: Add CharactersVisible tag component to show entities
-                // TODO: Remove TextOnly tag component
-            }
+            // (StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. }, StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }) => {}
             (StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }, StartupSequence::GameActive) => {
-                // Remove Frozen tag from all entities and enable player input
+                // Remove Frozen/Hidden tags from all entities and enable player input
                 for entity in player_query.iter_mut().chain(ghost_query.iter_mut()) {
-                    tracing::info!("Removing Frozen component from entity {}", entity);
-                    commands.entity(entity).remove::<Frozen>();
+                    commands.entity(entity).remove::<(Frozen, Hidden)>();
                 }
-
-                // TODO: Add GameActive tag component
-                // TODO: Remove CharactersVisible tag component
             }
             _ => {}
         }

tests/formatting.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use pacman::systems::formatting::format_timing_display;
+use pacman::systems::profiling::format_timing_display;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;

tests/player.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use pacman::{
     },
     systems::{
         can_traverse, player_control_system, player_movement_system, AudioState, BufferedDirection, DebugState, DeltaTime,
-        EntityType, GlobalState, PlayerControlled, Position, Velocity,
+        EntityType, GlobalState, MovementModifiers, PlayerControlled, Position, Velocity,
     },
 };
 
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ fn spawn_test_player(world: &mut World) -> Entity {
             },
             BufferedDirection::None,
             EntityType::Player,
+            MovementModifiers::default(),
         ))
         .id()
 }