fix: force dirty render using resource_change conditions, hide ghosts & player on initial spawn

src/game.rs

@@ -2,44 +2,34 @@
 
 include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/atlas_data.rs"));
 
-use crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE;
+use crate::constants::{MapTile, CANVAS_SIZE};
 use crate::error::{GameError, GameResult, TextureError};
 use crate::events::GameEvent;
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
 use crate::map::direction::Direction;
-use crate::systems;
 use crate::systems::blinking::Blinking;
+use crate::systems::{self, ghost_collision_system, present_system, Hidden, MovementModifiers};
 
 use crate::systems::movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity};
 use crate::systems::profiling::SystemId;
 use crate::systems::render::RenderDirty;
 use crate::systems::{
-    audio::{audio_system, AudioEvent, AudioResource},
+    audio_system, blinking_system, collision_system, debug_render_system, directional_render_system, dirty_render_system,
-    blinking::blinking_system,
+    ghost_movement_system, hud_render_system, item_system, profile, render_system, AudioEvent, AudioResource, AudioState,
-    collision::collision_system,
+    BackbufferResource, Collider, DebugFontResource, DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated,
-    components::{
+    EntityType, Frozen, Ghost, GhostBundle, GhostCollider, GlobalState, ItemBundle, ItemCollider, MapTextureResource,
-        AudioState, Collider, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, EntityType, Frozen, Ghost, GhostBundle, GhostCollider, GlobalState,
+    PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled, Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence, SystemTimings,
-        ItemBundle, ItemCollider, LevelTiming, PacmanCollider, PlayerBundle, PlayerControlled, PlayerStateBundle, Renderable,
-        ScoreResource, StartupSequence,
-    },
-    debug::{debug_render_system, DebugFontResource, DebugState, DebugTextureResource},
-    ghost::{ghost_collision_system, ghost_movement_system},
-    item::item_system,
-    profiling::{profile, SystemTimings},
-    render::{
-        directional_render_system, dirty_render_system, hud_render_system, ready_visibility_system, render_system,
-        BackbufferResource, MapTextureResource,
-    },
 };
 use crate::texture::animated::AnimatedTexture;
+use crate::texture::sprite::AtlasTile;
 use bevy_ecs::event::EventRegistry;
 use bevy_ecs::observer::Trigger;
-use bevy_ecs::prelude::SystemSet;
+use bevy_ecs::schedule::common_conditions::resource_changed;
-use bevy_ecs::schedule::{IntoScheduleConfigs, Schedule};
+use bevy_ecs::schedule::{Condition, IntoScheduleConfigs, Schedule, SystemSet};
-use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Res, ResMut};
+use bevy_ecs::system::ResMut;
 use bevy_ecs::world::World;
 use sdl2::image::LoadTexture;
-use sdl2::render::{Canvas, ScaleMode, TextureCreator};
+use sdl2::render::{BlendMode, Canvas, ScaleMode, TextureCreator};
 use sdl2::rwops::RWops;
 use sdl2::video::{Window, WindowContext};
 use sdl2::EventPump;
@@ -93,14 +83,7 @@ impl Game {
         texture_creator: &'static mut TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
         event_pump: &'static mut EventPump,
     ) -> GameResult<Game> {
-        let mut world = World::default();
-        let mut schedule = Schedule::default();
         let ttf_context = Box::leak(Box::new(sdl2::ttf::init().map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?));
-
-        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameError>(&mut world);
-        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameEvent>(&mut world);
-        EventRegistry::register_event::<AudioEvent>(&mut world);
-
         let mut backbuffer = texture_creator
             .create_texture_target(None, CANVAS_SIZE.x, CANVAS_SIZE.y)
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
@@ -116,6 +99,9 @@ impl Game {
         let mut debug_texture = texture_creator
             .create_texture_target(None, output_size.0, output_size.1)
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
+
+        // Debug texture is copied over the backbuffer, it requires transparency abilities
+        debug_texture.set_blend_mode(BlendMode::Blend);
         debug_texture.set_scale_mode(ScaleMode::Nearest);
 
         let font_data = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Font)?;
@@ -161,11 +147,10 @@ impl Game {
             .map_err(|e| GameError::Sdl(e.to_string()))?;
 
         let map = Map::new(constants::RAW_BOARD)?;
-        let pacman_start_node = map.start_positions.pacman;
 
+        // Create directional animated textures for Pac-Man
         let mut textures = [None, None, None, None];
         let mut stopped_textures = [None, None, None, None];
-
         for direction in Direction::DIRECTIONS {
             let moving_prefix = match direction {
                 Direction::Up => "pacman/up",
@@ -191,17 +176,19 @@ impl Game {
 
         let player = PlayerBundle {
             player: PlayerControlled,
-            position: Position::Stopped { node: pacman_start_node },
+            position: Position::Stopped {
+                node: map.start_positions.pacman,
+            },
             velocity: Velocity {
                 speed: 1.15,
                 direction: Direction::Left,
             },
+            movement_modifiers: MovementModifiers::default(),
             buffered_direction: BufferedDirection::None,
             sprite: Renderable {
                 sprite: SpriteAtlas::get_tile(&atlas, "pacman/full.png")
                     .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("pacman/full.png".to_string())))?,
                 layer: 0,
-                visible: true,
             },
             directional_animated: DirectionalAnimated {
                 textures,
@@ -214,10 +201,12 @@ impl Game {
             pacman_collider: PacmanCollider,
         };
 
-        // Spawn player and attach initial state bundle
+        let mut world = World::default();
-        let player_entity = world.spawn(player).id();
+        let mut schedule = Schedule::default();
-        world.entity_mut(player_entity).insert(PlayerStateBundle::default());
+
-        world.entity_mut(player_entity).insert(Frozen);
+        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameError>(&mut world);
+        EventRegistry::register_event::<GameEvent>(&mut world);
+        EventRegistry::register_event::<AudioEvent>(&mut world);
 
         world.insert_non_send_resource(atlas);
         world.insert_non_send_resource(event_pump);
@@ -238,7 +227,7 @@ impl Game {
         world.insert_resource(DebugState::default());
         world.insert_resource(AudioState::default());
         world.insert_resource(CursorPosition::default());
-        world.insert_resource(LevelTiming::for_level(1));
+        world.insert_resource(StartupSequence::new(60 * 3, 60));
 
         world.add_observer(
             |event: Trigger<GameEvent>, mut state: ResMut<GlobalState>, _score: ResMut<ScoreResource>| {
@@ -249,37 +238,30 @@ impl Game {
         );
 
         let input_system = profile(SystemId::Input, systems::input::input_system);
-        let player_control_system = profile(SystemId::PlayerControls, systems::player::player_control_system);
+        let player_control_system = profile(SystemId::PlayerControls, systems::player_control_system);
-        let player_movement_system = profile(SystemId::PlayerMovement, systems::player::player_movement_system);
+        let player_movement_system = profile(SystemId::PlayerMovement, systems::player_movement_system);
-        let startup_stage_system = profile(SystemId::Stage, systems::stage::startup_stage_system);
+        let startup_stage_system = profile(SystemId::Stage, systems::startup_stage_system);
         let player_tunnel_slowdown_system = profile(SystemId::PlayerMovement, systems::player::player_tunnel_slowdown_system);
         let ghost_movement_system = profile(SystemId::Ghost, ghost_movement_system);
         let collision_system = profile(SystemId::Collision, collision_system);
         let ghost_collision_system = profile(SystemId::GhostCollision, ghost_collision_system);
+        let vulnerable_tick_system = profile(SystemId::Ghost, systems::vulnerable_tick_system);
         let item_system = profile(SystemId::Item, item_system);
         let audio_system = profile(SystemId::Audio, audio_system);
         let blinking_system = profile(SystemId::Blinking, blinking_system);
         let directional_render_system = profile(SystemId::DirectionalRender, directional_render_system);
         let dirty_render_system = profile(SystemId::DirtyRender, dirty_render_system);
-        let hud_render_system = profile(SystemId::HudRender, hud_render_system);
         let render_system = profile(SystemId::Render, render_system);
+        let hud_render_system = profile(SystemId::HudRender, hud_render_system);
         let debug_render_system = profile(SystemId::DebugRender, debug_render_system);
+        let present_system = profile(SystemId::Present, present_system);
 
-        let present_system = profile(
+        let forced_dirty_system = |mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>| {
-            SystemId::Present,
+            dirty.0 = true;
-            |mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>, debug_state: Res<DebugState>, mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>| {
+        };
-                if dirty.0 || debug_state.enabled {
-                    // Only copy backbuffer to main canvas if debug rendering is off
-                    // (debug rendering draws directly to main canvas)
-                    if !debug_state.enabled {
-                        canvas.present();
-                    }
-                    dirty.0 = false;
-                }
-            },
-        );
 
         schedule.add_systems((
+            forced_dirty_system.run_if(resource_changed::<ScoreResource>.or(resource_changed::<StartupSequence>)),
             (
                 input_system,
                 player_control_system,
@@ -289,10 +271,10 @@ impl Game {
                 .chain(),
             player_tunnel_slowdown_system,
             ghost_movement_system,
+            vulnerable_tick_system,
             (collision_system, ghost_collision_system, item_system).chain(),
             audio_system,
             blinking_system,
-            ready_visibility_system,
             (
                 directional_render_system,
                 dirty_render_system,
@@ -304,53 +286,46 @@ impl Game {
                 .chain(),
         ));
 
-        // Initialize StartupSequence as a global resource
+        // Spawn player and attach initial state bundle
-        let ready_duration_ticks = {
+        world.spawn(player).insert((Frozen, Hidden));
-            let duration = world
-                .get_resource::<LevelTiming>()
-                .map(|t| t.spawn_freeze_duration)
-                .unwrap_or(1.5);
-            (duration * 60.0) as u32 // Convert to ticks at 60 FPS
-        };
-        world.insert_resource(StartupSequence::new(ready_duration_ticks, 60));
 
         // Spawn ghosts
         Self::spawn_ghosts(&mut world)?;
 
-        // Spawn items
         let pellet_sprite = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>(), "maze/pellet.png")
             .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("maze/pellet.png".to_string())))?;
         let energizer_sprite = SpriteAtlas::get_tile(world.non_send_resource::<SpriteAtlas>(), "maze/energizer.png")
             .ok_or_else(|| GameError::Texture(TextureError::AtlasTileNotFound("maze/energizer.png".to_string())))?;
 
-        let nodes: Vec<_> = world.resource::<Map>().iter_nodes().map(|(id, tile)| (*id, *tile)).collect();
+        // Build a list of item entities to spawn from the map
-
+        let nodes: Vec<(usize, EntityType, AtlasTile, f32)> = world
-        for (node_id, tile) in nodes {
+            .resource::<Map>()
-            let (item_type, sprite, size) = match tile {
+            .iter_nodes()
-                crate::constants::MapTile::Pellet => (EntityType::Pellet, pellet_sprite, constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.4),
+            .filter_map(|(id, tile)| match tile {
-                crate::constants::MapTile::PowerPellet => {
+                MapTile::Pellet => Some((*id, EntityType::Pellet, pellet_sprite, constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.4)),
-                    (EntityType::PowerPellet, energizer_sprite, constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.95)
+                MapTile::PowerPellet => Some((
-                }
+                    *id,
-                _ => continue,
+                    EntityType::PowerPellet,
-            };
+                    energizer_sprite,
+                    constants::CELL_SIZE as f32 * 0.95,
+                )),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
 
+        // Construct and spawn the item entities
+        for (id, item_type, sprite, size) in nodes {
             let mut item = world.spawn(ItemBundle {
-                position: Position::Stopped { node: node_id },
+                position: Position::Stopped { node: id },
-                sprite: Renderable {
+                sprite: Renderable { sprite, layer: 1 },
-                    sprite,
-                    layer: 1,
-                    visible: true,
-                },
                 entity_type: item_type,
                 collider: Collider { size },
                 item_collider: ItemCollider,
             });
 
+            // Make power pellets blink
             if item_type == EntityType::PowerPellet {
-                item.insert(Blinking {
+                item.insert((Frozen, Blinking::new(0.2)));
-                    timer: 0.0,
-                    interval: 0.2,
-                });
             }
         }
 
@@ -447,7 +422,6 @@ impl Game {
                             },
                         )?,
                         layer: 0,
-                        visible: true,
                     },
                     directional_animated: DirectionalAnimated {
                         textures,
@@ -461,7 +435,7 @@ impl Game {
                 }
             };
 
-            world.spawn(ghost).insert(Frozen);
+            world.spawn(ghost).insert((Frozen, Hidden));
         }
 
         Ok(())

src/systems/audio.rs

@@ -6,10 +6,20 @@
 
 use bevy_ecs::{
     event::{Event, EventReader, EventWriter},
+    resource::Resource,
     system::{NonSendMut, ResMut},
 };
 
-use crate::{audio::Audio, error::GameError, systems::components::AudioState};
+use crate::{audio::Audio, error::GameError};
+
+/// Resource for tracking audio state
+#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct AudioState {
+    /// Whether audio is currently muted
+    pub muted: bool,
+    /// Current sound index for cycling through eat sounds
+    pub sound_index: usize,
+}
 
 /// Events for triggering audio playback
 #[derive(Event, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]

src/systems/blinking.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,63 @@
 use bevy_ecs::{
     component::Component,
-    system::{Query, Res},
+    entity::Entity,
+    query::{Has, With},
+    system::{Commands, Query, Res},
 };
 
-use crate::systems::components::{DeltaTime, Renderable};
+use crate::systems::{
+    components::{DeltaTime, Renderable},
+    Frozen, Hidden,
+};
 
-#[derive(Component)]
+#[derive(Component, Debug)]
 pub struct Blinking {
     pub timer: f32,
     pub interval: f32,
 }
 
+impl Blinking {
+    pub fn new(interval: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { timer: 0.0, interval }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Updates blinking entities by toggling their visibility at regular intervals.
 ///
 /// This system manages entities that have both `Blinking` and `Renderable` components,
 /// accumulating time and toggling visibility when the specified interval is reached.
-pub fn blinking_system(time: Res<DeltaTime>, mut query: Query<(&mut Blinking, &mut Renderable)>) {
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    for (mut blinking, mut renderable) in query.iter_mut() {
+pub fn blinking_system(
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    time: Res<DeltaTime>,
+    mut query: Query<(Entity, &mut Blinking, Has<Hidden>, Has<Frozen>), With<Renderable>>,
+) {
+    for (entity, mut blinking, hidden, frozen) in query.iter_mut() {
+        // If the entity is frozen, blinking is disabled and the entity is unhidden (if it was hidden)
+        if frozen {
+            if hidden {
+                commands.entity(entity).remove::<Hidden>();
+            }
+
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Increase the timer by the delta time
         blinking.timer += time.0;
 
-        if blinking.timer >= blinking.interval {
+        // If the timer is less than the interval, there's nothing to do yet
-            blinking.timer = 0.0;
+        if blinking.timer < blinking.interval {
-            renderable.visible = !renderable.visible;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Subtract the interval (allows for the timer to retain partial interval progress)
+        blinking.timer -= blinking.interval;
+
+        // Toggle the Hidden component
+        if hidden {
+            commands.entity(entity).remove::<Hidden>();
+        } else {
+            commands.entity(entity).insert(Hidden);
         }
     }
 }

src/systems/collision.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,37 @@
+use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
 use bevy_ecs::entity::Entity;
-use bevy_ecs::event::EventWriter;
+use bevy_ecs::event::{EventReader, EventWriter};
 use bevy_ecs::query::With;
-use bevy_ecs::system::{Query, Res};
+use bevy_ecs::system::{Commands, Query, Res, ResMut};
 
 use crate::error::GameError;
 use crate::events::GameEvent;
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
-use crate::systems::components::{Collider, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider};
 use crate::systems::movement::Position;
+use crate::systems::{AudioEvent, Ghost, PlayerControlled, ScoreResource, Vulnerable};
+
+#[derive(Component)]
+pub struct Collider {
+    pub size: f32,
+}
+
+impl Collider {
+    /// Checks if this collider collides with another collider at the given distance.
+    pub fn collides_with(&self, other_size: f32, distance: f32) -> bool {
+        let collision_distance = (self.size + other_size) / 2.0;
+        distance < collision_distance
+    }
+}
+
+/// Marker components for collision filtering optimization
+#[derive(Component)]
+pub struct PacmanCollider;
+
+#[derive(Component)]
+pub struct GhostCollider;
+
+#[derive(Component)]
+pub struct ItemCollider;
 
 /// Helper function to check collision between two entities with colliders.
 pub fn check_collision(
@@ -82,3 +106,46 @@ pub fn collision_system(
         }
     }
 }
+
+pub fn ghost_collision_system(
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    mut collision_events: EventReader<GameEvent>,
+    mut score: ResMut<ScoreResource>,
+    pacman_query: Query<(), With<PlayerControlled>>,
+    ghost_query: Query<(Entity, &Ghost), With<GhostCollider>>,
+    vulnerable_query: Query<Entity, With<Vulnerable>>,
+    mut events: EventWriter<AudioEvent>,
+) {
+    for event in collision_events.read() {
+        if let GameEvent::Collision(entity1, entity2) = event {
+            // Check if one is Pacman and the other is a ghost
+            let (_pacman_entity, ghost_entity) = if pacman_query.get(*entity1).is_ok() && ghost_query.get(*entity2).is_ok() {
+                (*entity1, *entity2)
+            } else if pacman_query.get(*entity2).is_ok() && ghost_query.get(*entity1).is_ok() {
+                (*entity2, *entity1)
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            // Check if the ghost is vulnerable
+            if let Ok((ghost_ent, _ghost_type)) = ghost_query.get(ghost_entity) {
+                // Check if ghost has Vulnerable component
+                if vulnerable_query.get(ghost_ent).is_ok() {
+                    // Pac-Man eats the ghost
+                    // Add score (200 points per ghost eaten)
+                    score.0 += 200;
+
+                    // Remove the ghost
+                    commands.entity(ghost_ent).despawn();
+
+                    // Play eat sound
+                    events.write(AudioEvent::PlayEat);
+                } else {
+                    // Pac-Man dies (this would need a death system)
+                    // For now, just log it
+                    tracing::warn!("Pac-Man collided with ghost while not vulnerable!");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/systems/components.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 use crate::{
     map::graph::TraversalFlags,
-    systems::movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity},
+    systems::{
+        movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity},
+        Collider, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider,
+    },
     texture::{animated::AnimatedTexture, sprite::AtlasTile},
 };
 
@@ -90,7 +93,6 @@ impl EntityType {
 pub struct Renderable {
     pub sprite: AtlasTile,
     pub layer: u8,
-    pub visible: bool,
 }
 
 /// A component for entities that have a directional animated texture.
@@ -109,28 +111,44 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Component)]
+#[derive(Resource)]
-pub struct Collider {
+pub struct GlobalState {
-    pub size: f32,
+    pub exit: bool,
 }
 
-impl Collider {
+#[derive(Resource)]
-    /// Checks if this collider collides with another collider at the given distance.
+pub struct ScoreResource(pub u32);
-    pub fn collides_with(&self, other_size: f32, distance: f32) -> bool {
+
-        let collision_distance = (self.size + other_size) / 2.0;
+#[derive(Resource)]
-        distance < collision_distance
+pub struct DeltaTime(pub f32);
+
+/// Movement modifiers that can affect Pac-Man's speed or handling.
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct MovementModifiers {
+    /// Multiplier applied to base speed (e.g., tunnels)
+    pub speed_multiplier: f32,
+    /// True when currently in a tunnel slowdown region
+    pub tunnel_slowdown_active: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for MovementModifiers {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            speed_multiplier: 1.0,
+            tunnel_slowdown_active: false,
+        }
     }
 }
 
-/// Marker components for collision filtering optimization
+/// Tag component for entities that should be frozen during startup
-#[derive(Component)]
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct PacmanCollider;
+pub struct Frozen;
 
-#[derive(Component)]
+/// Component for ghosts that are vulnerable to Pac-Man
-pub struct GhostCollider;
+#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-
+pub struct Vulnerable {
-#[derive(Component)]
+    pub remaining_ticks: u32,
-pub struct ItemCollider;
+}
 
 #[derive(Bundle)]
 pub struct PlayerBundle {
@@ -142,6 +160,7 @@ pub struct PlayerBundle {
     pub directional_animated: DirectionalAnimated,
     pub entity_type: EntityType,
     pub collider: Collider,
+    pub movement_modifiers: MovementModifiers,
     pub pacman_collider: PacmanCollider,
 }
 
@@ -165,248 +184,3 @@ pub struct GhostBundle {
     pub collider: Collider,
     pub ghost_collider: GhostCollider,
 }
-
-#[derive(Resource)]
-pub struct GlobalState {
-    pub exit: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Resource)]
-pub struct ScoreResource(pub u32);
-
-#[derive(Resource)]
-pub struct DeltaTime(pub f32);
-
-/// Resource for tracking audio state
-#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub struct AudioState {
-    /// Whether audio is currently muted
-    pub muted: bool,
-    /// Current sound index for cycling through eat sounds
-    pub sound_index: usize,
-}
-
-/// Lifecycle state for the player entity.
-#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum PlayerLifecycle {
-    Spawning,
-    Alive,
-    Dying,
-    Respawning,
-}
-
-impl PlayerLifecycle {
-    /// Returns true when gameplay input and movement should be active
-    pub fn is_interactive(self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, PlayerLifecycle::Alive)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for PlayerLifecycle {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        PlayerLifecycle::Spawning
-    }
-}
-
-/// Whether player input should be processed.
-#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum ControlState {
-    InputEnabled,
-    InputLocked,
-}
-
-impl Default for ControlState {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::InputLocked
-    }
-}
-
-/// Combat-related state for Pac-Man. Tick-based energizer logic.
-#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum CombatState {
-    Normal,
-    Energized {
-        /// Remaining energizer duration in ticks (frames)
-        remaining_ticks: u32,
-        /// Ticks until flashing begins (counts down to 0, then flashing is active)
-        flash_countdown_ticks: u32,
-    },
-}
-
-impl Default for CombatState {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        CombatState::Normal
-    }
-}
-
-impl CombatState {
-    pub fn is_energized(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, CombatState::Energized { .. })
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_flashing(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, CombatState::Energized { flash_countdown_ticks, .. } if *flash_countdown_ticks == 0)
-    }
-
-    pub fn deactivate_energizer(&mut self) {
-        *self = CombatState::Normal;
-    }
-
-    /// Activate energizer using tick-based durations.
-    pub fn activate_energizer_ticks(&mut self, total_ticks: u32, flash_lead_ticks: u32) {
-        let flash_countdown_ticks = total_ticks.saturating_sub(flash_lead_ticks);
-        *self = CombatState::Energized {
-            remaining_ticks: total_ticks,
-            flash_countdown_ticks,
-        };
-    }
-
-    /// Advance one frame. When ticks reach zero, returns to Normal.
-    pub fn tick_frame(&mut self) {
-        if let CombatState::Energized {
-            remaining_ticks,
-            flash_countdown_ticks,
-        } = self
-        {
-            if *remaining_ticks > 0 {
-                *remaining_ticks -= 1;
-                if *flash_countdown_ticks > 0 {
-                    *flash_countdown_ticks -= 1;
-                }
-            }
-            if *remaining_ticks == 0 {
-                *self = CombatState::Normal;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Movement modifiers that can affect Pac-Man's speed or handling.
-#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct MovementModifiers {
-    /// Multiplier applied to base speed (e.g., tunnels)
-    pub speed_multiplier: f32,
-    /// True when currently in a tunnel slowdown region
-    pub tunnel_slowdown_active: bool,
-}
-
-impl Default for MovementModifiers {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            speed_multiplier: 1.0,
-            tunnel_slowdown_active: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Level-dependent timing configuration
-#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct LevelTiming {
-    /// Duration of energizer effect in seconds
-    pub energizer_duration: f32,
-    /// Freeze duration at spawn/ready in seconds
-    pub spawn_freeze_duration: f32,
-    /// When to start flashing relative to energizer end (seconds)
-    pub energizer_flash_threshold: f32,
-}
-
-impl Default for LevelTiming {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            energizer_duration: 6.0,
-            spawn_freeze_duration: 1.5,
-            energizer_flash_threshold: 2.0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl LevelTiming {
-    /// Returns timing configuration for a given level.
-    pub fn for_level(_level: u32) -> Self {
-        // Placeholder: tune per the Pac-Man Dossier tables
-        Self::default()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Tag component for entities that should be frozen during startup
-#[derive(Component, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Frozen;
-
-/// Convenience bundle for attaching the hybrid FSM to the player entity
-#[derive(Bundle, Default)]
-pub struct PlayerStateBundle {
-    pub lifecycle: PlayerLifecycle,
-    pub control: ControlState,
-    pub combat: CombatState,
-    pub movement_modifiers: MovementModifiers,
-}
-
-#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum StartupSequence {
-    /// Stage 1: Text-only stage
-    /// - Player & ghosts are hidden
-    /// - READY! and PLAYER ONE text are shown
-    /// - Energizers do not blink
-    TextOnly {
-        /// Remaining ticks in this stage
-        remaining_ticks: u32,
-    },
-    /// Stage 2: Characters visible stage
-    /// - PLAYER ONE text is hidden, READY! text remains
-    /// - Ghosts and Pac-Man are now shown
-    CharactersVisible {
-        /// Remaining ticks in this stage
-        remaining_ticks: u32,
-    },
-    /// Stage 3: Game begins
-    /// - Final state, game is fully active
-    GameActive,
-}
-
-impl StartupSequence {
-    /// Creates a new StartupSequence with the specified duration in ticks
-    pub fn new(text_only_ticks: u32, _characters_visible_ticks: u32) -> Self {
-        Self::TextOnly {
-            remaining_ticks: text_only_ticks,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true if the timer is still active (not in GameActive state)
-    pub fn is_active(&self) -> bool {
-        !matches!(self, StartupSequence::GameActive)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true if we're in the game active stage
-    pub fn is_game_active(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, StartupSequence::GameActive)
-    }
-
-    /// Ticks the timer by one frame, returning transition information if state changes
-    pub fn tick(&mut self) -> Option<(StartupSequence, StartupSequence)> {
-        match self {
-            StartupSequence::TextOnly { remaining_ticks } => {
-                if *remaining_ticks > 0 {
-                    *remaining_ticks -= 1;
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    let from = *self;
-                    *self = StartupSequence::CharactersVisible {
-                        remaining_ticks: 60, // 1 second at 60 FPS
-                    };
-                    Some((from, *self))
-                }
-            }
-            StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { remaining_ticks } => {
-                if *remaining_ticks > 0 {
-                    *remaining_ticks -= 1;
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    let from = *self;
-                    *self = StartupSequence::GameActive;
-                    Some((from, *self))
-                }
-            }
-            StartupSequence::GameActive => None,
-        }
-    }
-}

src/systems/debug.rs

@@ -3,12 +3,9 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use crate::constants::BOARD_PIXEL_OFFSET;
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
-use crate::systems::components::Collider;
+use crate::systems::{Collider, CursorPosition, Position, SystemTimings};
-use crate::systems::input::CursorPosition;
+use bevy_ecs::resource::Resource;
-use crate::systems::movement::Position;
+use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Query, Res};
-use crate::systems::profiling::SystemTimings;
-use crate::systems::render::BackbufferResource;
-use bevy_ecs::prelude::*;
 use glam::{IVec2, UVec2, Vec2};
 use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use sdl2::rect::{Point, Rect};
@@ -92,7 +89,6 @@ fn render_timing_display(
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn debug_render_system(
     mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
-    backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
     mut debug_texture: NonSendMut<DebugTextureResource>,
     debug_font: NonSendMut<DebugFontResource>,
     debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
@@ -107,18 +103,6 @@ pub fn debug_render_system(
     let scale =
         (UVec2::from(canvas.output_size().unwrap()).as_vec2() / UVec2::from(canvas.logical_size()).as_vec2()).min_element();
 
-    // Copy the current backbuffer to the debug texture
-    canvas
-        .with_texture_canvas(&mut debug_texture.0, |debug_canvas| {
-            // Clear the debug canvas
-            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::BLACK);
-            debug_canvas.clear();
-
-            // Copy the backbuffer to the debug canvas
-            debug_canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-
     // Get texture creator before entering the closure to avoid borrowing conflicts
     let mut texture_creator = canvas.texture_creator();
     let font = &debug_font.0;
@@ -131,8 +115,11 @@ pub fn debug_render_system(
     // Draw debug info on the high-resolution debug texture
     canvas
         .with_texture_canvas(&mut debug_texture.0, |debug_canvas| {
-            // Find the closest node to the cursor
+            // Clear the debug canvas
+            debug_canvas.set_draw_color(Color::RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0));
+            debug_canvas.clear();
 
+            // Find the closest node to the cursor
             let closest_node = if let Some(cursor_world_pos) = cursor_world_pos {
                 map.graph
                     .nodes()
@@ -217,8 +204,4 @@ pub fn debug_render_system(
             render_timing_display(debug_canvas, &mut texture_creator, &timings, font);
         })
         .unwrap();
-
-    // Draw the debug texture directly onto the main canvas at full resolution
-    canvas.copy(&debug_texture.0, None, None).unwrap();
-    canvas.present();
 }

src/systems/formatting.rs

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-use num_width::NumberWidth;
-use smallvec::SmallVec;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use strum::EnumCount;
-
-use crate::systems::profiling::SystemId;
-
-// Helper to split a duration into a integer, decimal, and unit
-fn get_value(duration: &Duration) -> (u64, u32, &'static str) {
-    let (int, decimal, unit) = match duration {
-        // if greater than 1 second, return as seconds
-        n if n >= &Duration::from_secs(1) => {
-            let secs = n.as_secs();
-            let decimal = n.as_millis() as u64 % 1000;
-            (secs, decimal as u32, "s")
-        }
-        // if greater than 1 millisecond, return as milliseconds
-        n if n >= &Duration::from_millis(1) => {
-            let ms = n.as_millis() as u64;
-            let decimal = n.as_micros() as u64 % 1000;
-            (ms, decimal as u32, "ms")
-        }
-        // if greater than 1 microsecond, return as microseconds
-        n if n >= &Duration::from_micros(1) => {
-            let us = n.as_micros() as u64;
-            let decimal = n.as_nanos() as u64 % 1000;
-            (us, decimal as u32, "µs")
-        }
-        // otherwise, return as nanoseconds
-        n => {
-            let ns = n.as_nanos() as u64;
-            (ns, 0, "ns")
-        }
-    };
-
-    (int, decimal, unit)
-}
-
-/// Formats timing data into a vector of strings with proper alignment
-pub fn format_timing_display(
-    timing_data: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, Duration, Duration)>,
-) -> SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]> {
-    let mut iter = timing_data.into_iter().peekable();
-    if iter.peek().is_none() {
-        return SmallVec::new();
-    }
-
-    struct Entry {
-        name: String,
-        avg_int: u64,
-        avg_decimal: u32,
-        avg_unit: &'static str,
-        std_int: u64,
-        std_decimal: u32,
-        std_unit: &'static str,
-    }
-
-    let entries = iter
-        .map(|(name, avg, std_dev)| {
-            let (avg_int, avg_decimal, avg_unit) = get_value(&avg);
-            let (std_int, std_decimal, std_unit) = get_value(&std_dev);
-
-            Entry {
-                name: name.clone(),
-                avg_int,
-                avg_decimal,
-                avg_unit,
-                std_int,
-                std_decimal,
-                std_unit,
-            }
-        })
-        .collect::<SmallVec<[Entry; 12]>>();
-
-    let (max_name_width, max_avg_int_width, max_avg_decimal_width, max_std_int_width, max_std_decimal_width) = entries
-        .iter()
-        .fold((0, 0, 3, 0, 3), |(name_w, avg_int_w, avg_dec_w, std_int_w, std_dec_w), e| {
-            (
-                name_w.max(e.name.len()),
-                avg_int_w.max(e.avg_int.width() as usize),
-                avg_dec_w.max(e.avg_decimal.width() as usize),
-                std_int_w.max(e.std_int.width() as usize),
-                std_dec_w.max(e.std_decimal.width() as usize),
-            )
-        });
-
-    entries.iter().map(|e| {
-            format!(
-                "{name:max_name_width$} : {avg_int:max_avg_int_width$}.{avg_decimal:<max_avg_decimal_width$}{avg_unit} ± {std_int:max_std_int_width$}.{std_decimal:<max_std_decimal_width$}{std_unit}",
-                // Content
-                name = e.name,
-                avg_int = e.avg_int,
-                avg_decimal = e.avg_decimal,
-                std_int = e.std_int,
-                std_decimal = e.std_decimal,
-                // Units
-                avg_unit = e.avg_unit,
-                std_unit = e.std_unit,
-                // Padding
-                max_name_width = max_name_width,
-                max_avg_int_width = max_avg_int_width,
-                max_avg_decimal_width = max_avg_decimal_width,
-                max_std_int_width = max_std_int_width,
-                max_std_decimal_width = max_std_decimal_width
-            )
-        }).collect::<SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]>>()
-}

src/systems/ghost.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,4 @@
-use bevy_ecs::entity::Entity;
+use crate::systems::components::Frozen;
-use bevy_ecs::event::{EventReader, EventWriter};
-use bevy_ecs::query::{With, Without};
-use bevy_ecs::system::{Commands, Query, Res, ResMut};
-use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
-use rand::seq::IndexedRandom;
-use rand::SeedableRng;
-use smallvec::SmallVec;
-
-use crate::events::GameEvent;
-use crate::systems::audio::AudioEvent;
-use crate::systems::components::{Frozen, GhostCollider, ScoreResource};
 use crate::{
     map::{
         builder::Map,
@@ -17,10 +6,16 @@ use crate::{
         graph::{Edge, TraversalFlags},
     },
     systems::{
-        components::{CombatState, DeltaTime, Ghost, PlayerControlled},
+        components::{DeltaTime, Ghost},
         movement::{Position, Velocity},
     },
 };
+use bevy_ecs::query::Without;
+use bevy_ecs::system::{Query, Res};
+use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
+use rand::seq::IndexedRandom;
+use rand::SeedableRng;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
 /// Autonomous ghost AI system implementing randomized movement with backtracking avoidance.
 pub fn ghost_movement_system(
@@ -73,46 +68,3 @@ pub fn ghost_movement_system(
         }
     }
 }
-
-pub fn ghost_collision_system(
-    mut commands: Commands,
-    mut collision_events: EventReader<GameEvent>,
-    mut score: ResMut<ScoreResource>,
-    pacman_query: Query<&CombatState, With<PlayerControlled>>,
-    ghost_query: Query<(Entity, &Ghost), With<GhostCollider>>,
-    mut events: EventWriter<AudioEvent>,
-) {
-    for event in collision_events.read() {
-        if let GameEvent::Collision(entity1, entity2) = event {
-            // Check if one is Pacman and the other is a ghost
-            let (pacman_entity, ghost_entity) = if pacman_query.get(*entity1).is_ok() && ghost_query.get(*entity2).is_ok() {
-                (*entity1, *entity2)
-            } else if pacman_query.get(*entity2).is_ok() && ghost_query.get(*entity1).is_ok() {
-                (*entity2, *entity1)
-            } else {
-                continue;
-            };
-
-            // Check if Pac-Man is energized
-            if let Ok(combat_state) = pacman_query.get(pacman_entity) {
-                if combat_state.is_energized() {
-                    // Pac-Man eats the ghost
-                    if let Ok((ghost_ent, _ghost_type)) = ghost_query.get(ghost_entity) {
-                        // Add score (200 points per ghost eaten)
-                        score.0 += 200;
-
-                        // Remove the ghost
-                        commands.entity(ghost_ent).despawn();
-
-                        // Play eat sound
-                        events.write(AudioEvent::PlayEat);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Pac-Man dies (this would need a death system)
-                    // For now, just log it
-                    tracing::warn!("Pac-Man collided with ghost while not energized!");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

src/systems/item.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{event::EventReader, prelude::*, query::With, system::Query};
+use bevy_ecs::{
+    entity::Entity,
+    event::{EventReader, EventWriter},
+    query::With,
+    system::{Commands, Query, ResMut},
+};
 
 use crate::{
     events::GameEvent,
-    systems::{
+    systems::{AudioEvent, EntityType, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider, ScoreResource, Vulnerable},
-        audio::AudioEvent,
-        components::{CombatState, EntityType, ItemCollider, LevelTiming, PacmanCollider, ScoreResource},
-    },
 };
 
 /// Determines if a collision between two entity types should be handled by the item system.
@@ -24,10 +26,9 @@ pub fn item_system(
     mut collision_events: EventReader<GameEvent>,
     mut score: ResMut<ScoreResource>,
     pacman_query: Query<Entity, With<PacmanCollider>>,
-    mut combat_q: Query<&mut CombatState, With<PacmanCollider>>,
     item_query: Query<(Entity, &EntityType), With<ItemCollider>>,
+    ghost_query: Query<Entity, With<GhostCollider>>,
     mut events: EventWriter<AudioEvent>,
-    level_timing: Res<LevelTiming>,
 ) {
     for event in collision_events.read() {
         if let GameEvent::Collision(entity1, entity2) = event {
@@ -53,16 +54,16 @@ pub fn item_system(
                         events.write(AudioEvent::PlayEat);
                     }
 
-                    // Activate energizer on power pellet using tick-based durations
+                    // Make ghosts vulnerable when power pellet is collected
                     if *entity_type == EntityType::PowerPellet {
-                        if let Ok(mut combat) = combat_q.single_mut() {
+                        // Convert seconds to frames (assumes 60 FPS)
-                            // Convert seconds to frames (assumes 60 FPS)
+                        let total_ticks = 60 * 5;
-                            let total_ticks = (level_timing.energizer_duration * 60.0).round().clamp(0.0, u32::MAX as f32) as u32;
+
-                            // Flash lead: e.g., 3 seconds (180 ticks) before end; ensure it doesn't underflow
+                        // Add Vulnerable component to all ghosts
-                            let flash_lead_ticks = (level_timing.energizer_flash_threshold * 60.0)
+                        for ghost_entity in ghost_query.iter() {
-                                .round()
+                            commands.entity(ghost_entity).insert(Vulnerable {
-                                .clamp(0.0, u32::MAX as f32) as u32;
+                                remaining_ticks: total_ticks,
-                            combat.activate_energizer_ticks(total_ticks, flash_lead_ticks);
+                            });
                         }
                     }
                 }

src/systems/mod.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ pub mod blinking;
 pub mod collision;
 pub mod components;
 pub mod debug;
-pub mod formatting;
 pub mod ghost;
 pub mod input;
 pub mod item;
@@ -17,3 +16,19 @@ pub mod player;
 pub mod profiling;
 pub mod render;
 pub mod stage;
+pub mod vulnerable;
+
+pub use self::audio::*;
+pub use self::blinking::*;
+pub use self::collision::*;
+pub use self::components::*;
+pub use self::debug::*;
+pub use self::ghost::*;
+pub use self::input::*;
+pub use self::item::*;
+pub use self::movement::*;
+pub use self::player::*;
+pub use self::profiling::*;
+pub use self::render::*;
+pub use self::stage::*;
+pub use self::vulnerable::*;

src/systems/player.rs

@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 use bevy_ecs::{
-    entity::Entity,
     event::{EventReader, EventWriter},
-    prelude::{Commands, ResMut},
+    query::{With, Without},
-    query::With,
+    system::{Query, Res, ResMut},
-    system::{Query, Res},
 };
 
 use crate::{
     error::GameError,
     events::{GameCommand, GameEvent},
-    map::builder::Map,
+    map::{builder::Map, graph::Edge},
-    map::graph::Edge,
     systems::{
-        components::{
+        components::{DeltaTime, EntityType, Frozen, GlobalState, MovementModifiers, PlayerControlled},
-            AudioState, ControlState, DeltaTime, EntityType, Frozen, GhostCollider, GlobalState, MovementModifiers,
-            PlayerControlled, PlayerLifecycle, StartupSequence,
-        },
         debug::DebugState,
         movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity},
+        AudioState,
     },
 };
 
+pub fn can_traverse(entity_type: EntityType, edge: Edge) -> bool {
+    let entity_flags = entity_type.traversal_flags();
+    edge.traversal_flags.contains(entity_flags)
+}
+
 /// Processes player input commands and updates game state accordingly.
 ///
 /// Handles keyboard-driven commands like movement direction changes, debug mode
@@ -32,35 +32,30 @@ pub fn player_control_system(
     mut state: ResMut<GlobalState>,
     mut debug_state: ResMut<DebugState>,
     mut audio_state: ResMut<AudioState>,
-    mut players: Query<(&PlayerLifecycle, &ControlState, &mut BufferedDirection), With<PlayerControlled>>,
+    mut players: Query<&mut BufferedDirection, (With<PlayerControlled>, Without<Frozen>)>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
-    // Get the player's movable component (ensuring there is only one player)
-    let (lifecycle, control, mut buffered_direction) = match players.single_mut() {
-        Ok(tuple) => tuple,
-        Err(e) => {
-            errors.write(GameError::InvalidState(format!(
-                "No/multiple entities queried for player system: {}",
-                e
-            )));
-            return;
-        }
-    };
-
-    // If the player is not interactive or input is locked, ignore movement commands
-    let allow_input = lifecycle.is_interactive() && matches!(control, ControlState::InputEnabled);
-
     // Handle events
     for event in events.read() {
         if let GameEvent::Command(command) = event {
             match command {
                 GameCommand::MovePlayer(direction) => {
-                    if allow_input {
+                    // Get the player's movable component (ensuring there is only one player)
-                        *buffered_direction = BufferedDirection::Some {
+                    let mut buffered_direction = match players.single_mut() {
-                            direction: *direction,
+                        Ok(tuple) => tuple,
-                            remaining_time: 0.25,
+                        Err(e) => {
-                        };
+                            errors.write(GameError::InvalidState(format!(
-                    }
+                                "No/multiple entities queried for player system: {}",
+                                e
+                            )));
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    *buffered_direction = BufferedDirection::Some {
+                        direction: *direction,
+                        remaining_time: 0.25,
+                    };
                 }
                 GameCommand::Exit => {
                     state.exit = true;
@@ -78,37 +73,21 @@ pub fn player_control_system(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn can_traverse(entity_type: EntityType, edge: Edge) -> bool {
-    let entity_flags = entity_type.traversal_flags();
-    edge.traversal_flags.contains(entity_flags)
-}
-
 /// Executes frame-by-frame movement for Pac-Man.
 ///
 /// Handles movement logic including buffered direction changes, edge traversal validation, and continuous movement between nodes.
 /// When stopped, prioritizes buffered directions for responsive controls, falling back to current direction.
 /// Supports movement chaining within a single frame when traveling at high speeds.
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub fn player_movement_system(
     map: Res<Map>,
     delta_time: Res<DeltaTime>,
     mut entities: Query<
-        (
+        (&MovementModifiers, &mut Position, &mut Velocity, &mut BufferedDirection),
-            &PlayerLifecycle,
+        (With<PlayerControlled>, Without<Frozen>),
-            &ControlState,
-            &MovementModifiers,
-            &mut Position,
-            &mut Velocity,
-            &mut BufferedDirection,
-        ),
-        With<PlayerControlled>,
     >,
-    // mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
-    for (lifecycle, control, modifiers, mut position, mut velocity, mut buffered_direction) in entities.iter_mut() {
+    for (modifiers, mut position, mut velocity, mut buffered_direction) in entities.iter_mut() {
-        if !lifecycle.is_interactive() || !matches!(control, ControlState::InputEnabled) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
         // Decrement the buffered direction remaining time
         if let BufferedDirection::Some {
             direction,

src/systems/profiling.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use bevy_ecs::prelude::Resource;
+use bevy_ecs::system::IntoSystem;
-use bevy_ecs::system::{IntoSystem, System};
+use bevy_ecs::{resource::Resource, system::System};
 use circular_buffer::CircularBuffer;
 use micromap::Map;
+use num_width::NumberWidth;
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use std::fmt::Display;
@@ -10,8 +11,6 @@ use strum::EnumCount;
 use strum_macros::{EnumCount, IntoStaticStr};
 use thousands::Separable;
 
-use crate::systems::formatting;
-
 /// The maximum number of systems that can be profiled. Must not be exceeded, or it will panic.
 const MAX_SYSTEMS: usize = SystemId::COUNT;
 /// The number of durations to keep in the circular buffer.
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ impl SystemTimings {
         }
 
         // Use the formatting module to format the data
-        formatting::format_timing_display(timing_data)
+        format_timing_display(timing_data)
     }
 }
 
@@ -184,3 +183,104 @@ where
         }
     }
 }
+
+// Helper to split a duration into a integer, decimal, and unit
+fn get_value(duration: &Duration) -> (u64, u32, &'static str) {
+    let (int, decimal, unit) = match duration {
+        // if greater than 1 second, return as seconds
+        n if n >= &Duration::from_secs(1) => {
+            let secs = n.as_secs();
+            let decimal = n.as_millis() as u64 % 1000;
+            (secs, decimal as u32, "s")
+        }
+        // if greater than 1 millisecond, return as milliseconds
+        n if n >= &Duration::from_millis(1) => {
+            let ms = n.as_millis() as u64;
+            let decimal = n.as_micros() as u64 % 1000;
+            (ms, decimal as u32, "ms")
+        }
+        // if greater than 1 microsecond, return as microseconds
+        n if n >= &Duration::from_micros(1) => {
+            let us = n.as_micros() as u64;
+            let decimal = n.as_nanos() as u64 % 1000;
+            (us, decimal as u32, "µs")
+        }
+        // otherwise, return as nanoseconds
+        n => {
+            let ns = n.as_nanos() as u64;
+            (ns, 0, "ns")
+        }
+    };
+
+    (int, decimal, unit)
+}
+
+/// Formats timing data into a vector of strings with proper alignment
+pub fn format_timing_display(
+    timing_data: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, Duration, Duration)>,
+) -> SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]> {
+    let mut iter = timing_data.into_iter().peekable();
+    if iter.peek().is_none() {
+        return SmallVec::new();
+    }
+
+    struct Entry {
+        name: String,
+        avg_int: u64,
+        avg_decimal: u32,
+        avg_unit: &'static str,
+        std_int: u64,
+        std_decimal: u32,
+        std_unit: &'static str,
+    }
+
+    let entries = iter
+        .map(|(name, avg, std_dev)| {
+            let (avg_int, avg_decimal, avg_unit) = get_value(&avg);
+            let (std_int, std_decimal, std_unit) = get_value(&std_dev);
+
+            Entry {
+                name: name.clone(),
+                avg_int,
+                avg_decimal,
+                avg_unit,
+                std_int,
+                std_decimal,
+                std_unit,
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<SmallVec<[Entry; 12]>>();
+
+    let (max_name_width, max_avg_int_width, max_avg_decimal_width, max_std_int_width, max_std_decimal_width) = entries
+        .iter()
+        .fold((0, 0, 3, 0, 3), |(name_w, avg_int_w, avg_dec_w, std_int_w, std_dec_w), e| {
+            (
+                name_w.max(e.name.len()),
+                avg_int_w.max(e.avg_int.width() as usize),
+                avg_dec_w.max(e.avg_decimal.width() as usize),
+                std_int_w.max(e.std_int.width() as usize),
+                std_dec_w.max(e.std_decimal.width() as usize),
+            )
+        });
+
+    entries.iter().map(|e| {
+            format!(
+                "{name:max_name_width$} : {avg_int:max_avg_int_width$}.{avg_decimal:<max_avg_decimal_width$}{avg_unit} ± {std_int:max_std_int_width$}.{std_decimal:<max_std_decimal_width$}{std_unit}",
+                // Content
+                name = e.name,
+                avg_int = e.avg_int,
+                avg_decimal = e.avg_decimal,
+                std_int = e.std_int,
+                std_decimal = e.std_decimal,
+                // Units
+                avg_unit = e.avg_unit,
+                std_unit = e.std_unit,
+                // Padding
+                max_name_width = max_name_width,
+                max_avg_int_width = max_avg_int_width,
+                max_avg_decimal_width = max_avg_decimal_width,
+                max_std_int_width = max_std_int_width,
+                max_std_decimal_width = max_std_decimal_width
+            )
+        }).collect::<SmallVec<[String; SystemId::COUNT]>>()
+}

src/systems/render.rs

@@ -1,33 +1,38 @@
 use crate::constants::CANVAS_SIZE;
 use crate::error::{GameError, TextureError};
 use crate::map::builder::Map;
-use crate::systems::blinking::Blinking;
+use crate::systems::{
-use crate::systems::components::{
+    DebugState, DebugTextureResource, DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, Position, Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence,
-    DeltaTime, DirectionalAnimated, EntityType, GhostCollider, PlayerControlled, Renderable, ScoreResource, StartupSequence,
+    Velocity,
 };
-use crate::systems::movement::{Position, Velocity};
 use crate::texture::sprite::SpriteAtlas;
 use crate::texture::text::TextTexture;
+use bevy_ecs::component::Component;
 use bevy_ecs::entity::Entity;
 use bevy_ecs::event::EventWriter;
-use bevy_ecs::prelude::{Changed, Or, RemovedComponents, With, Without};
+use bevy_ecs::query::{Changed, Or, Without};
+use bevy_ecs::removal_detection::RemovedComponents;
 use bevy_ecs::resource::Resource;
 use bevy_ecs::system::{NonSendMut, Query, Res, ResMut};
 use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use sdl2::rect::{Point, Rect};
-use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture};
+use sdl2::render::{BlendMode, Canvas, Texture};
 use sdl2::video::Window;
 
 #[derive(Resource, Default)]
 pub struct RenderDirty(pub bool);
 
+#[derive(Component)]
+pub struct Hidden;
+
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub fn dirty_render_system(
     mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>,
-    changed_renderables: Query<(), Or<(Changed<Renderable>, Changed<Position>)>>,
+    changed: Query<(), Or<(Changed<Renderable>, Changed<Position>)>>,
+    removed_hidden: RemovedComponents<Hidden>,
     removed_renderables: RemovedComponents<Renderable>,
 ) {
-    if !changed_renderables.is_empty() || !removed_renderables.is_empty() {
+    if !changed.is_empty() || !removed_hidden.is_empty() || !removed_renderables.is_empty() {
         dirty.0 = true;
     }
 }
@@ -71,108 +76,61 @@ pub struct MapTextureResource(pub Texture<'static>);
 /// A non-send resource for the backbuffer texture. This just wraps the texture with a type so it can be differentiated when exposed as a resource.
 pub struct BackbufferResource(pub Texture<'static>);
 
-/// Updates entity visibility based on StartupSequence stages
-pub fn ready_visibility_system(
-    startup: Res<StartupSequence>,
-    mut player_query: Query<&mut Renderable, (With<PlayerControlled>, Without<GhostCollider>)>,
-    mut ghost_query: Query<&mut Renderable, (With<GhostCollider>, Without<PlayerControlled>)>,
-    mut energizer_query: Query<(&mut Blinking, &EntityType)>,
-) {
-    match *startup {
-        StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. } => {
-            // Hide player and ghosts, disable energizer blinking
-            if let Ok(mut renderable) = player_query.single_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = false;
-            }
-
-            for mut renderable in ghost_query.iter_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = false;
-            }
-
-            // Disable energizer blinking in text-only stage
-            for (mut blinking, entity_type) in energizer_query.iter_mut() {
-                if matches!(entity_type, EntityType::PowerPellet) {
-                    blinking.timer = 0.0; // Reset timer to prevent blinking
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. } => {
-            // Show player and ghosts, enable energizer blinking
-            if let Ok(mut renderable) = player_query.single_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-
-            for mut renderable in ghost_query.iter_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-
-            // Energizer blinking is handled by the blinking system
-        }
-        StartupSequence::GameActive => {
-            // All entities are visible and blinking is normal
-            if let Ok(mut renderable) = player_query.single_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-
-            for mut renderable in ghost_query.iter_mut() {
-                renderable.visible = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Renders the HUD (score, lives, etc.) on top of the game.
 pub fn hud_render_system(
+    mut backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
     mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
     mut atlas: NonSendMut<SpriteAtlas>,
     score: Res<ScoreResource>,
     startup: Res<StartupSequence>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
-    let mut text_renderer = TextTexture::new(1.0);
+    let _ = canvas.with_texture_canvas(&mut backbuffer.0, |canvas| {
+        let mut text_renderer = TextTexture::new(1.0);
 
-    // Render lives and high score text in white
+        // Render lives and high score text in white
-    let lives = 3; // TODO: Get from actual lives resource
+        let lives = 3; // TODO: Get from actual lives resource
-    let lives_text = format!("{lives}UP   HIGH SCORE   ");
+        let lives_text = format!("{lives}UP   HIGH SCORE   ");
-    let lives_position = glam::UVec2::new(4 + 8 * 3, 2); // x_offset + lives_offset * 8, y_offset
+        let lives_position = glam::UVec2::new(4 + 8 * 3, 2); // x_offset + lives_offset * 8, y_offset
 
-    if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, &lives_text, lives_position) {
+        if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(canvas, &mut atlas, &lives_text, lives_position) {
-        errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render lives text: {}", e)).into());
+            errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render lives text: {}", e)).into());
-    }
-
-    // Render score text in yellow (Pac-Man's color)
-    let score_text = format!("{:02}", score.0);
-    let score_offset = 7 - (score_text.len() as i32);
-    let score_position = glam::UVec2::new(4 + 8 * score_offset as u32, 10); // x_offset + score_offset * 8, 8 + y_offset
-
-    if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, &score_text, score_position) {
-        errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render score text: {}", e)).into());
-    }
-
-    // Render text based on StartupSequence stage
-    if matches!(
-        *startup,
-        StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. } | StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }
-    ) {
-        let ready_text = "READY!";
-        let ready_width = text_renderer.text_width(ready_text);
-        let ready_position = glam::UVec2::new((CANVAS_SIZE.x - ready_width) / 2, 160);
-        if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render_with_color(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, ready_text, ready_position, Color::YELLOW) {
-            errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render READY text: {}", e)).into());
         }
 
-        if matches!(*startup, StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. }) {
+        // Render score text in yellow (Pac-Man's color)
-            let player_one_text = "PLAYER ONE";
+        let score_text = format!("{:02}", score.0);
-            let player_one_width = text_renderer.text_width(player_one_text);
+        let score_offset = 7 - (score_text.len() as i32);
-            let player_one_position = glam::UVec2::new((CANVAS_SIZE.x - player_one_width) / 2, 113);
+        let score_position = glam::UVec2::new(4 + 8 * score_offset as u32, 10); // x_offset + score_offset * 8, 8 + y_offset
 
-            if let Err(e) =
+        if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render(canvas, &mut atlas, &score_text, score_position) {
-                text_renderer.render_with_color(&mut canvas, &mut atlas, player_one_text, player_one_position, Color::CYAN)
+            errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render score text: {}", e)).into());
-            {
+        }
-                errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render PLAYER ONE text: {}", e)).into());
+
+        // Render text based on StartupSequence stage
+        if matches!(
+            *startup,
+            StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. } | StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }
+        ) {
+            let ready_text = "READY!";
+            let ready_width = text_renderer.text_width(ready_text);
+            let ready_position = glam::UVec2::new((CANVAS_SIZE.x - ready_width) / 2, 160);
+            if let Err(e) = text_renderer.render_with_color(canvas, &mut atlas, ready_text, ready_position, Color::YELLOW) {
+                errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render READY text: {}", e)).into());
+            }
+
+            if matches!(*startup, StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. }) {
+                let player_one_text = "PLAYER ONE";
+                let player_one_width = text_renderer.text_width(player_one_text);
+                let player_one_position = glam::UVec2::new((CANVAS_SIZE.x - player_one_width) / 2, 113);
+
+                if let Err(e) =
+                    text_renderer.render_with_color(canvas, &mut atlas, player_one_text, player_one_position, Color::CYAN)
+                {
+                    errors.write(TextureError::RenderFailed(format!("Failed to render PLAYER ONE text: {}", e)).into());
+                }
             }
         }
-    }
+    });
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
@@ -183,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn render_system(
     mut atlas: NonSendMut<SpriteAtlas>,
     map: Res<Map>,
     dirty: Res<RenderDirty>,
-    renderables: Query<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position)>,
+    renderables: Query<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), Without<Hidden>>,
     mut errors: EventWriter<GameError>,
 ) {
     if !dirty.0 {
@@ -207,10 +165,6 @@ pub fn render_system(
                 .sort_by_key::<(Entity, &Renderable, &Position), _>(|(_, renderable, _)| renderable.layer)
                 .rev()
             {
-                if !renderable.visible {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
                 let pos = position.get_pixel_position(&map.graph);
                 match pos {
                     Ok(pos) => {
@@ -237,3 +191,25 @@ pub fn render_system(
 
     canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
 }
+
+pub fn present_system(
+    mut canvas: NonSendMut<&mut Canvas<Window>>,
+    mut dirty: ResMut<RenderDirty>,
+    backbuffer: NonSendMut<BackbufferResource>,
+    debug_texture: NonSendMut<DebugTextureResource>,
+    debug_state: Res<DebugState>,
+) {
+    if dirty.0 {
+        // Copy the backbuffer to the main canvas
+        canvas.copy(&backbuffer.0, None, None).unwrap();
+
+        // Copy the debug texture to the canvas
+        if debug_state.enabled {
+            canvas.set_blend_mode(BlendMode::Blend);
+            canvas.copy(&debug_texture.0, None, None).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        canvas.present();
+        dirty.0 = false;
+    }
+}

src/systems/stage.rs

@@ -1,31 +1,95 @@
 use bevy_ecs::{
-    prelude::{Commands, Entity, Query, With},
+    entity::Entity,
-    system::ResMut,
+    query::With,
+    resource::Resource,
+    system::{Commands, Query, ResMut},
 };
+use tracing::debug;
 
-use crate::systems::components::{Frozen, GhostCollider, PlayerControlled, StartupSequence};
+use crate::systems::{Blinking, Frozen, GhostCollider, Hidden, PlayerControlled};
+
+#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum StartupSequence {
+    /// Stage 1: Text-only stage
+    /// - Player & ghosts are hidden
+    /// - READY! and PLAYER ONE text are shown
+    /// - Energizers do not blink
+    TextOnly {
+        /// Remaining ticks in this stage
+        remaining_ticks: u32,
+    },
+    /// Stage 2: Characters visible stage
+    /// - PLAYER ONE text is hidden, READY! text remains
+    /// - Ghosts and Pac-Man are now shown
+    CharactersVisible {
+        /// Remaining ticks in this stage
+        remaining_ticks: u32,
+    },
+    /// Stage 3: Game begins
+    /// - Final state, game is fully active
+    GameActive,
+}
+
+impl StartupSequence {
+    /// Creates a new StartupSequence with the specified duration in ticks
+    pub fn new(text_only_ticks: u32, _characters_visible_ticks: u32) -> Self {
+        Self::TextOnly {
+            remaining_ticks: text_only_ticks,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ticks the timer by one frame, returning transition information if state changes
+    pub fn tick(&mut self) -> Option<(StartupSequence, StartupSequence)> {
+        match self {
+            StartupSequence::TextOnly { remaining_ticks } => {
+                if *remaining_ticks > 0 {
+                    *remaining_ticks -= 1;
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    let from = *self;
+                    *self = StartupSequence::CharactersVisible {
+                        remaining_ticks: 60, // 1 second at 60 FPS
+                    };
+                    Some((from, *self))
+                }
+            }
+            StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { remaining_ticks } => {
+                if *remaining_ticks > 0 {
+                    *remaining_ticks -= 1;
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    let from = *self;
+                    *self = StartupSequence::GameActive;
+                    Some((from, *self))
+                }
+            }
+            StartupSequence::GameActive => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /// Handles startup sequence transitions and component management
 pub fn startup_stage_system(
     mut startup: ResMut<StartupSequence>,
     mut commands: Commands,
+    mut blinking_query: Query<Entity, With<Blinking>>,
     mut player_query: Query<Entity, With<PlayerControlled>>,
     mut ghost_query: Query<Entity, With<GhostCollider>>,
 ) {
     if let Some((from, to)) = startup.tick() {
+        debug!("StartupSequence transition from {from:?} to {to:?}");
         match (from, to) {
-            (StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. }, StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }) => {
+            // (StartupSequence::TextOnly { .. }, StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }) => {}
-                // TODO: Add TextOnly tag component to hide entities
-                // TODO: Add CharactersVisible tag component to show entities
-                // TODO: Remove TextOnly tag component
-            }
             (StartupSequence::CharactersVisible { .. }, StartupSequence::GameActive) => {
-                // Remove Frozen tag from all entities
+                // Unfreeze and unhide the player & ghosts
                 for entity in player_query.iter_mut().chain(ghost_query.iter_mut()) {
+                    commands.entity(entity).remove::<(Frozen, Hidden)>();
+                }
+
+                // Unfreeze pellet blinking
+                for entity in blinking_query.iter_mut() {
                     commands.entity(entity).remove::<Frozen>();
                 }
-                // TODO: Add GameActive tag component
-                // TODO: Remove CharactersVisible tag component
             }
             _ => {}
         }

src/systems/vulnerable.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use bevy_ecs::query::With;
+use bevy_ecs::system::{Commands, Query};
+
+use crate::systems::{GhostCollider, Vulnerable};
+
+/// System that decrements the remaining_ticks on Vulnerable components and removes them when they reach zero
+pub fn vulnerable_tick_system(
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    mut vulnerable_query: Query<(bevy_ecs::entity::Entity, &mut Vulnerable), With<GhostCollider>>,
+) {
+    for (entity, mut vulnerable) in vulnerable_query.iter_mut() {
+        if vulnerable.remaining_ticks > 0 {
+            vulnerable.remaining_ticks -= 1;
+        }
+
+        if vulnerable.remaining_ticks == 0 {
+            commands.entity(entity).remove::<Vulnerable>();
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/collision.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{event::Events, prelude::*, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
+use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, event::Events, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
 
 use pacman::{
     error::GameError,
     events::GameEvent,
     map::builder::Map,
     systems::{
-        collision::{check_collision, collision_system},
+        check_collision, collision_system, Collider, EntityType, Ghost, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider, Position,
-        components::{Collider, EntityType, Ghost, GhostCollider, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider},
-        movement::Position,
     },
 };
 

tests/formatting.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use pacman::systems::formatting::format_timing_display;
+use pacman::systems::profiling::format_timing_display;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;

tests/item.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{event::Events, prelude::*, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
+use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, event::Events, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
 
 use pacman::{
     events::GameEvent,
     map::builder::Map,
     systems::{
-        audio::AudioEvent,
+        is_valid_item_collision, item_system, AudioEvent, AudioState, EntityType, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider, Position,
-        components::{AudioState, EntityType, ItemCollider, PacmanCollider, ScoreResource},
+        ScoreResource,
-        item::{is_valid_item_collision, item_system},
-        movement::Position,
     },
 };
 

tests/player.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use bevy_ecs::{event::Events, prelude::*, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
+use bevy_ecs::{entity::Entity, event::Events, system::RunSystemOnce, world::World};
 
 use pacman::{
     events::{GameCommand, GameEvent},
@@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ use pacman::{
         graph::{Edge, TraversalFlags},
     },
     systems::{
-        components::{AudioState, DeltaTime, EntityType, GlobalState, PlayerControlled},
+        can_traverse, player_control_system, player_movement_system, AudioState, BufferedDirection, DebugState, DeltaTime,
-        debug::DebugState,
+        EntityType, GlobalState, MovementModifiers, PlayerControlled, Position, Velocity,
-        movement::{BufferedDirection, Position, Velocity},
-        player::{can_traverse, player_control_system, player_movement_system},
     },
 };
 
@@ -51,6 +49,7 @@ fn spawn_test_player(world: &mut World) -> Entity {
             },
             BufferedDirection::None,
             EntityType::Player,
+            MovementModifiers::default(),
         ))
         .id()
 }