fix: continue removing lifetime annotations

.github/workflows/build.yaml

@@ -44,18 +44,16 @@ jobs:
       - name: Cache vcpkg
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
-          save-always: true # deprecated
           path: target/vcpkg
-          key: vcpkg-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.toml', 'Cargo.lock') }}
+          key: A-vcpkg-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.toml', 'Cargo.lock') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg
+            A-vcpkg-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
-            vcpkg-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Vcpkg Linux Dependencies
         if: runner.os == 'Linux'
         run: |
           sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install -y build-essential gettext libltdl-dev zlib1g-dev
+          sudo apt-get install -y libltdl-dev
 
       - name: Vcpkg
         run: |

Cargo.lock

@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ checksum = "b15813163c1d831bf4a13c3610c05c0d03b39feb07f7e09fa234dac9b15aaf39"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pacman"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "glam",

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "pacman"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ thiserror = "1.0"
 anyhow = "1.0"
 glam = "0.30.4"
 
+[profile.release]
+lto = true
+panic = "abort"
+panic-strategy = "abort"
+opt-level = "z"
+
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies.winapi]
 version = "0.3"
 features = ["consoleapi", "fileapi", "handleapi", "processenv", "winbase", "wincon", "winnt", "winuser", "windef", "minwindef"]

src/animation.rs

@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-//! This module provides a simple animation and atlas system for textures.
-use sdl2::{
-    rect::Rect,
-    render::{Canvas, Texture},
-    video::Window,
-};
-
-use crate::direction::Direction;
-
-/// Trait for drawable atlas-based textures
-pub trait FrameDrawn {
-    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, position: (i32, i32), direction: Direction, frame: Option<u32>);
-}
-
-/// A texture atlas abstraction for static (non-animated) rendering.
-pub struct AtlasTexture<'a> {
-    pub raw_texture: Texture<'a>,
-    pub offset: (i32, i32),
-    pub frame_count: u32,
-    pub frame_width: u32,
-    pub frame_height: u32,
-}
-
-impl<'a> AtlasTexture<'a> {
-    pub fn new(texture: Texture<'a>, frame_count: u32, frame_width: u32, frame_height: u32, offset: Option<(i32, i32)>) -> Self {
-        AtlasTexture {
-            raw_texture: texture,
-            frame_count,
-            frame_width,
-            frame_height,
-            offset: offset.unwrap_or((0, 0)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_frame_rect(&self, frame: u32) -> Option<Rect> {
-        if frame >= self.frame_count {
-            return None;
-        }
-        Some(Rect::new(
-            frame as i32 * self.frame_width as i32,
-            0,
-            self.frame_width,
-            self.frame_height,
-        ))
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_color_modulation(&mut self, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) {
-        self.raw_texture.set_color_mod(r, g, b);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FrameDrawn for AtlasTexture<'a> {
-    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, position: (i32, i32), direction: Direction, frame: Option<u32>) {
-        let texture_source_frame_rect = self.get_frame_rect(frame.unwrap_or(0));
-        let canvas_destination_rect = Rect::new(
-            position.0 + self.offset.0,
-            position.1 + self.offset.1,
-            self.frame_width,
-            self.frame_height,
-        );
-        canvas
-            .copy_ex(
-                &self.raw_texture,
-                texture_source_frame_rect,
-                Some(canvas_destination_rect),
-                direction.angle(),
-                None,
-                false,
-                false,
-            )
-            .expect("Could not render texture on canvas");
-    }
-}
-
-/// An animated texture using a texture atlas.
-pub struct AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a> {
-    pub atlas: AtlasTexture<'a>,
-    pub ticks_per_frame: u32,
-    pub ticker: u32,
-    pub reversed: bool,
-    pub paused: bool,
-}
-
-impl<'a> AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a> {
-    pub fn new(
-        texture: Texture<'a>,
-        ticks_per_frame: u32,
-        frame_count: u32,
-        width: u32,
-        height: u32,
-        offset: Option<(i32, i32)>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        AnimatedAtlasTexture {
-            atlas: AtlasTexture::new(texture, frame_count, width, height, offset),
-            ticks_per_frame,
-            ticker: 0,
-            reversed: false,
-            paused: false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn current_frame(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.ticker / self.ticks_per_frame
-    }
-
-    /// Advances the animation by one tick, unless paused.
-    pub fn tick(&mut self) {
-        if self.paused {
-            return;
-        }
-        if self.reversed {
-            if self.ticker > 0 {
-                self.ticker -= 1;
-            }
-            if self.ticker == 0 {
-                self.reversed = !self.reversed;
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.ticker += 1;
-            if self.ticker + 1 == self.ticks_per_frame * self.atlas.frame_count {
-                self.reversed = !self.reversed;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_color_modulation(&mut self, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) {
-        self.atlas.set_color_modulation(r, g, b);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FrameDrawn for AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a> {
-    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, position: (i32, i32), direction: Direction, frame: Option<u32>) {
-        let frame = frame.unwrap_or_else(|| self.current_frame());
-        self.atlas.render(canvas, position, direction, Some(frame));
-    }
-}

src/debug.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Debug rendering utilities for Pac-Man.
 use crate::{
     constants::{MapTile, BOARD_HEIGHT, BOARD_WIDTH},
-    ghosts::blinky::Blinky,
+    entity::blinky::Blinky,
     map::Map,
 };
 use glam::{IVec2, UVec2};

src/entity/blinky.rs

@@ -4,32 +4,32 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use sdl2::render::{Canvas, Texture};
 use sdl2::video::Window;
 
-use crate::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::ghost::{Ghost, GhostMode, GhostType};
+use crate::entity::pacman::Pacman;
 use crate::entity::{Entity, Moving, Renderable, StaticEntity};
-use crate::ghost::{Ghost, GhostMode, GhostType};
 use crate::map::Map;
-use crate::pacman::Pacman;
 use glam::{IVec2, UVec2};
 
-pub struct Blinky<'a> {
+pub struct Blinky {
-    ghost: Ghost<'a>,
+    ghost: Ghost,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Blinky<'a> {
+impl Blinky {
     pub fn new(
         starting_position: UVec2,
-        body_texture: Texture<'a>,
+        body_texture: Texture<'_>,
-        eyes_texture: Texture<'a>,
+        eyes_texture: Texture<'_>,
         map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
-        pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
+        pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman>>,
-    ) -> Blinky<'a> {
+    ) -> Blinky {
         Blinky {
             ghost: Ghost::new(GhostType::Blinky, starting_position, body_texture, eyes_texture, map, pacman),
         }
     }
 
     /// Gets Blinky's chase target - directly targets Pac-Man's current position
-    fn get_chase_target(&self) -> IVec2 {
+    pub fn get_chase_target(&self) -> IVec2 {
         let pacman = self.ghost.pacman.borrow();
         let cell = pacman.base().cell_position;
         IVec2::new(cell.x as i32, cell.y as i32)
@@ -44,19 +44,19 @@ impl<'a> Blinky<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Entity for Blinky<'a> {
+impl Entity for Blinky {
     fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
         self.ghost.base.base()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Renderable for Blinky<'a> {
+impl Renderable for Blinky {
     fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
         self.ghost.render(canvas);
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Moving for Blinky<'a> {
+impl Moving for Blinky {
     fn move_forward(&mut self) {
         self.ghost.move_forward();
     }
@@ -81,15 +81,15 @@ impl<'a> Moving for Blinky<'a> {
 }
 
 // Allow direct access to ghost fields
-impl<'a> std::ops::Deref for Blinky<'a> {
+impl std::ops::Deref for Blinky {
-    type Target = Ghost<'a>;
+    type Target = Ghost;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.ghost
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> std::ops::DerefMut for Blinky<'a> {
+impl std::ops::DerefMut for Blinky {
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
         &mut self.ghost
     }

src/entity/direction.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! This module defines the `Direction` enum, which is used to represent the
 //! direction of an entity.
+use glam::IVec2;
 use sdl2::keyboard::Keycode;
 
 /// An enum representing the direction of an entity.
@@ -23,12 +24,12 @@ impl Direction {
     }
 
     /// Returns the offset of the direction as a tuple of (x, y).
-    pub fn offset(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
+    pub fn offset(&self) -> IVec2 {
         match self {
-            Direction::Right => (1, 0),
+            Direction::Right => IVec2::new(1, 0),
-            Direction::Down => (0, 1),
+            Direction::Down => IVec2::new(0, 1),
-            Direction::Left => (-1, 0),
+            Direction::Left => IVec2::new(-1, 0),
-            Direction::Up => (0, -1),
+            Direction::Up => IVec2::new(0, -1),
         }
     }
 

src/entity/edible.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 //! Edible entity for Pac-Man: pellets, power pellets, and fruits.
-use crate::animation::{AtlasTexture, FrameDrawn};
 use crate::constants::{FruitType, MapTile, BOARD_HEIGHT, BOARD_WIDTH};
-use crate::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::direction::Direction;
 use crate::entity::{Entity, Renderable, StaticEntity};
 use crate::map::Map;
+use crate::texture::atlas::AtlasTexture;
+use crate::texture::FrameDrawn;
 use glam::{IVec2, UVec2};
 use sdl2::{render::Canvas, video::Window};
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -16,14 +17,14 @@ pub enum EdibleKind {
     Fruit(FruitType),
 }
 
-pub struct Edible<'a> {
+pub struct Edible {
     pub base: StaticEntity,
     pub kind: EdibleKind,
-    pub sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    pub sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Edible<'a> {
+impl Edible {
-    pub fn new(kind: EdibleKind, cell_position: UVec2, sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(kind: EdibleKind, cell_position: UVec2, sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture>) -> Self {
         let pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel(cell_position);
         Edible {
             base: StaticEntity::new(pixel_position, cell_position),
@@ -38,26 +39,26 @@ impl<'a> Edible<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Entity for Edible<'a> {
+impl Entity for Edible {
     fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
         &self.base
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Renderable for Edible<'a> {
+impl Renderable for Edible {
     fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
         let pos = self.base.pixel_position;
-        self.sprite.render(canvas, (pos.x, pos.y), Direction::Right, Some(0));
+        self.sprite.render(canvas, pos, Direction::Right, Some(0));
     }
 }
 
 /// Reconstruct all edibles from the original map layout
-pub fn reconstruct_edibles<'a>(
+pub fn reconstruct_edibles(
     map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
-    pellet_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    pellet_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture>,
-    power_pellet_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    power_pellet_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture>,
-    _fruit_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    _fruit_sprite: Rc<AtlasTexture>,
-) -> Vec<Edible<'a>> {
+) -> Vec<Edible> {
     let mut edibles = Vec::new();
     for x in 0..BOARD_WIDTH {
         for y in 0..BOARD_HEIGHT {

src/entity/ghost.rs

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@ use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
 use rand::Rng;
 use rand::SeedableRng;
 
-use crate::animation::{AnimatedAtlasTexture, FrameDrawn};
 use crate::constants::{MapTile, BOARD_WIDTH};
-use crate::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::pacman::Pacman;
 use crate::entity::{Entity, MovableEntity, Moving, Renderable};
 use crate::map::Map;
 use crate::modulation::{SimpleTickModulator, TickModulator};
-use crate::pacman::Pacman;
+use crate::texture::animated::AnimatedAtlasTexture;
+use crate::texture::atlas::{texture_to_static, AtlasTexture};
+use crate::texture::FrameDrawn;
 use glam::{IVec2, UVec2};
 use sdl2::pixels::Color;
 use sdl2::render::Texture;
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ impl GhostType {
 }
 
 /// Base ghost struct that contains common functionality
-pub struct Ghost<'a> {
+pub struct Ghost {
     /// Shared movement and position fields.
     pub base: MovableEntity,
     /// The current mode of the ghost
@@ -60,23 +62,30 @@ pub struct Ghost<'a> {
     /// The type/personality of this ghost
     pub ghost_type: GhostType,
     /// Reference to Pac-Man for targeting
-    pub pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
+    pub pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman>>,
-    pub body_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
+    pub body_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture,
-    pub eyes_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
+    pub eyes_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture,
 }
 
-impl Ghost<'_> {
+impl Ghost {
     /// Creates a new ghost instance
-    pub fn new<'a>(
+    pub fn new(
         ghost_type: GhostType,
         starting_position: UVec2,
-        body_texture: Texture<'a>,
+        body_texture: Texture<'_>,
-        eyes_texture: Texture<'a>,
+        eyes_texture: Texture<'_>,
         map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
-        pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
+        pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman>>,
-    ) -> Ghost<'a> {
+    ) -> Ghost {
         let color = ghost_type.color();
-        let mut body_sprite = AnimatedAtlasTexture::new(body_texture, 8, 2, 32, 32, Some((-4, -4)));
+        let mut body_sprite = AnimatedAtlasTexture::new(
+            unsafe { texture_to_static(body_texture) },
+            8,
+            2,
+            32,
+            32,
+            Some(IVec2::new(-4, -4)),
+        );
         body_sprite.set_color_modulation(color.r, color.g, color.b);
         let pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel(starting_position);
         Ghost {
@@ -92,7 +101,14 @@ impl Ghost<'_> {
             ghost_type,
             pacman,
             body_sprite,
-            eyes_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture::new(eyes_texture, 1, 4, 32, 32, Some((-4, -4))),
+            eyes_sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture::new(
+                unsafe { texture_to_static(eyes_texture) },
+                1,
+                4,
+                32,
+                32,
+                Some((-4, -4).into()),
+            ),
         }
     }
 
@@ -180,8 +196,8 @@ impl Ghost<'_> {
                     }
                 }
                 for dir in &[Direction::Up, Direction::Down, Direction::Left, Direction::Right] {
-                    let (dx, dy) = dir.offset();
+                    let offset = dir.offset();
-                    let next_p = IVec2::new(p.x as i32 + dx, p.y as i32 + dy);
+                    let next_p = IVec2::new(p.x as i32 + offset.x, p.y as i32 + offset.y);
                     if let Some(tile) = map.get_tile(next_p) {
                         if tile == MapTile::Wall {
                             continue;
@@ -266,7 +282,7 @@ impl Ghost<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Moving for Ghost<'a> {
+impl Moving for Ghost {
     fn move_forward(&mut self) {
         self.base.move_forward();
     }
@@ -290,10 +306,10 @@ impl<'a> Moving for Ghost<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Renderable for Ghost<'a> {
+impl Renderable for Ghost {
     fn render(&self, canvas: &mut sdl2::render::Canvas<sdl2::video::Window>) {
         let pos = self.base.base.pixel_position;
-        self.body_sprite.render(canvas, (pos.x, pos.y), Direction::Right, None);
+        self.body_sprite.render(canvas, pos, Direction::Right, None);
         // Inline the eye_frame logic here
         let eye_frame = if self.mode == GhostMode::Frightened {
             4 // Frightened frame
@@ -305,7 +321,6 @@ impl<'a> Renderable for Ghost<'a> {
                 Direction::Down => 3,
             }
         };
-        self.eyes_sprite
+        self.eyes_sprite.render(canvas, pos, Direction::Right, Some(eye_frame));
-            .render(canvas, (pos.x, pos.y), Direction::Right, Some(eye_frame));
     }
 }

src/entity/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
+pub mod blinky;
+pub mod direction;
+pub mod edible;
+pub mod ghost;
+pub mod pacman;
+
 use crate::{
     constants::{MapTile, BOARD_OFFSET, BOARD_WIDTH, CELL_SIZE},
-    direction::Direction,
+    entity::direction::Direction,
     map::Map,
     modulation::SimpleTickModulator,
 };
@@ -108,7 +114,7 @@ impl Moving for MovableEntity {
         );
     }
     fn next_cell(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> IVec2 {
-        let (x, y) = direction.unwrap_or(self.direction).offset();
+        let IVec2 { x, y } = direction.unwrap_or(self.direction).offset();
         IVec2::new(self.base.cell_position.x as i32 + x, self.base.cell_position.y as i32 + y)
     }
     fn is_wall_ahead(&self, direction: Option<Direction>) -> bool {

src/entity/pacman.rs

@@ -8,33 +8,33 @@ use sdl2::{
 };
 
 use crate::{
-    animation::{AnimatedAtlasTexture, FrameDrawn},
+    entity::{direction::Direction, Entity, MovableEntity, Moving, Renderable, StaticEntity},
-    direction::Direction,
-    entity::{Entity, MovableEntity, Moving, Renderable, StaticEntity},
     map::Map,
     modulation::{SimpleTickModulator, TickModulator},
+    texture::animated::AnimatedAtlasTexture,
+    texture::FrameDrawn,
 };
 
 use glam::{IVec2, UVec2};
 
 /// The Pac-Man entity.
-pub struct Pacman<'a> {
+pub struct Pacman {
     /// Shared movement and position fields.
     pub base: MovableEntity,
     /// The next direction of Pac-Man, which will be applied when Pac-Man is next aligned with the grid.
     pub next_direction: Option<Direction>,
     /// Whether Pac-Man is currently stopped.
     pub stopped: bool,
-    pub sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture<'a>,
+    pub sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Entity for Pacman<'a> {
+impl Entity for Pacman {
     fn base(&self) -> &StaticEntity {
         &self.base.base
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Moving for Pacman<'a> {
+impl Moving for Pacman {
     fn move_forward(&mut self) {
         self.base.move_forward();
     }
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ impl<'a> Moving for Pacman<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Pacman<'_> {
+impl Pacman {
     /// Creates a new `Pacman` instance.
-    pub fn new<'a>(starting_position: UVec2, atlas: Texture<'a>, map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>) -> Pacman<'a> {
+    pub fn new(starting_position: UVec2, atlas: Texture<'_>, map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>) -> Pacman {
         let pixel_position = Map::cell_to_pixel(starting_position);
         Pacman {
             base: MovableEntity::new(
@@ -73,7 +73,14 @@ impl Pacman<'_> {
             ),
             next_direction: None,
             stopped: false,
-            sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture::new(atlas, 2, 3, 32, 32, Some((-4, -4))),
+            sprite: AnimatedAtlasTexture::new(
+                unsafe { crate::texture::atlas::texture_to_static(atlas) },
+                2,
+                3,
+                32,
+                32,
+                Some(IVec2::new(-4, -4)),
+            ),
         }
     }
 
@@ -119,14 +126,14 @@ impl Pacman<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Renderable for Pacman<'_> {
+impl Renderable for Pacman {
     fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>) {
         let pos = self.base.base.pixel_position;
         let dir = self.base.direction;
         if self.stopped {
-            self.sprite.render(canvas, (pos.x, pos.y), dir, Some(2));
+            self.sprite.render(canvas, pos, dir, Some(2));
         } else {
-            self.sprite.render(canvas, (pos.x, pos.y), dir, None);
+            self.sprite.render(canvas, pos, dir, None);
         }
     }
 }

src/game.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::ops::Not;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use glam::UVec2;
+use glam::{IVec2, UVec2};
 use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
 use rand::seq::IteratorRandom;
 use rand::SeedableRng;
@@ -15,38 +15,38 @@ use sdl2::ttf::Font;
 use sdl2::video::WindowContext;
 use sdl2::{pixels::Color, render::Canvas, video::Window};
 
-use crate::animation::AtlasTexture;
 use crate::asset::{get_asset_bytes, Asset};
 use crate::audio::Audio;
 use crate::constants::RAW_BOARD;
 use crate::debug::{DebugMode, DebugRenderer};
-use crate::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::blinky::Blinky;
-use crate::edible::{reconstruct_edibles, Edible, EdibleKind};
+use crate::entity::direction::Direction;
+use crate::entity::edible::{reconstruct_edibles, Edible, EdibleKind};
+use crate::entity::pacman::Pacman;
 use crate::entity::Renderable;
-use crate::ghosts::blinky::Blinky;
 use crate::map::Map;
-use crate::pacman::Pacman;
+use crate::texture::atlas::{texture_to_static, AtlasTexture};
 
 /// The main game state.
 ///
 /// This struct contains all the information necessary to run the game, including
 /// the canvas, textures, fonts, game objects, and the current score.
-pub struct Game<'a> {
+pub struct Game {
-    canvas: &'a mut Canvas<Window>,
+    canvas: &'static mut Canvas<Window>,
-    map_texture: Texture<'a>,
+    map_texture: Texture<'static>,
-    pellet_texture: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    pellet_texture: Rc<AtlasTexture>,
-    power_pellet_texture: Rc<AtlasTexture<'a>>,
+    power_pellet_texture: Rc<AtlasTexture>,
-    font: Font<'a, 'static>,
+    font: Font<'static, 'static>,
-    pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman<'a>>>,
+    pacman: Rc<RefCell<Pacman>>,
     map: Rc<RefCell<Map>>,
     debug_mode: DebugMode,
     score: u32,
     pub audio: Audio,
-    blinky: Blinky<'a>,
+    blinky: Blinky,
-    edibles: Vec<Edible<'a>>,
+    edibles: Vec<Edible>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Game<'a> {
+impl Game {
     /// Creates a new `Game` instance.
     ///
     /// # Arguments
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
     /// * `ttf_context` - The SDL TTF context.
     /// * `_audio_subsystem` - The SDL audio subsystem (currently unused).
     pub fn new(
-        canvas: &'a mut Canvas<Window>,
+        canvas: &'static mut Canvas<Window>,
-        texture_creator: &'a TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
+        texture_creator: &TextureCreator<WindowContext>,
-        ttf_context: &'a sdl2::ttf::Sdl2TtfContext,
+        ttf_context: &sdl2::ttf::Sdl2TtfContext,
-        _audio_subsystem: &'a sdl2::AudioSubsystem,
+        _audio_subsystem: &sdl2::AudioSubsystem,
-    ) -> Game<'a> {
+    ) -> Game {
         let map = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Map::new(RAW_BOARD)));
 
         // Load Pacman texture from asset API
@@ -91,20 +91,28 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
 
         // Load pellet texture from asset API
         let pellet_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Pellet).expect("Failed to load asset");
+        let power_pellet_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Energizer).expect("Failed to load asset");
         let pellet_texture = Rc::new(AtlasTexture::new(
-            texture_creator
+            unsafe {
-                .load_texture_bytes(&pellet_bytes)
+                texture_to_static(
-                .expect("Could not load pellet texture from asset API"),
+                    texture_creator
+                        .load_texture_bytes(&pellet_bytes)
+                        .expect("Could not load pellet texture from asset API"),
+                )
+            },
             1,
             24,
             24,
             None,
         ));
-        let power_pellet_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::Energizer).expect("Failed to load asset");
         let power_pellet_texture = Rc::new(AtlasTexture::new(
-            texture_creator
+            unsafe {
-                .load_texture_bytes(&power_pellet_bytes)
+                texture_to_static(
-                .expect("Could not load power pellet texture from asset API"),
+                    texture_creator
+                        .load_texture_bytes(&power_pellet_bytes)
+                        .expect("Could not load power pellet texture from asset API"),
+                )
+            },
             1,
             24,
             24,
@@ -117,6 +125,7 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
             .load_texture_bytes(&map_bytes)
             .expect("Could not load map texture from asset API");
         map_texture.set_color_mod(0, 0, 255);
+        let map_texture = unsafe { texture_to_static(map_texture) };
 
         let edibles = reconstruct_edibles(
             Rc::clone(&map),
@@ -130,7 +139,9 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
             let font_bytes = get_asset_bytes(Asset::FontKonami).expect("Failed to load asset").into_owned();
             let font_bytes_static: &'static [u8] = Box::leak(font_bytes.into_boxed_slice());
             let font_rwops = RWops::from_bytes(font_bytes_static).expect("Failed to create RWops for font");
-            ttf_context
+            // Leak the ttf_context to get a 'static lifetime
+            let ttf_context_static: &'static sdl2::ttf::Sdl2TtfContext = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(ttf_context) };
+            ttf_context_static
                 .load_font_from_rwops(font_rwops, 24)
                 .expect("Could not load font from asset API")
         };
@@ -232,7 +243,7 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
                 self.blinky.base.base.cell_position = *pos;
                 self.blinky.base.in_tunnel = false;
                 self.blinky.base.direction = Direction::Left;
-                self.blinky.mode = crate::ghost::GhostMode::Chase;
+                self.blinky.mode = crate::entity::ghost::GhostMode::Chase;
             }
         }
 
@@ -340,18 +351,18 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
         // Render the score and high score
         self.render_text(
             &format!("{lives}UP   HIGH SCORE   "),
-            (24 * lives_offset + x_offset, y_offset),
+            IVec2::new(24 * lives_offset + x_offset, y_offset),
             Color::WHITE,
         );
         self.render_text(
             &score_text,
-            (24 * score_offset + x_offset, 24 + y_offset + gap_offset),
+            IVec2::new(24 * score_offset + x_offset, 24 + y_offset + gap_offset),
             Color::WHITE,
         );
     }
 
     /// Renders text to the screen at the given position.
-    fn render_text(&mut self, text: &str, position: (i32, i32), color: Color) {
+    fn render_text(&mut self, text: &str, position: IVec2, color: Color) {
         let surface = self.font.render(text).blended(color).expect("Could not render text surface");
 
         let texture_creator = self.canvas.texture_creator();
@@ -360,7 +371,7 @@ impl<'a> Game<'a> {
             .expect("Could not create texture from surface");
         let query = texture.query();
 
-        let dst_rect = sdl2::rect::Rect::new(position.0, position.1, query.width, query.height);
+        let dst_rect = sdl2::rect::Rect::new(position.x, position.y, query.width, query.height);
 
         self.canvas
             .copy(&texture, None, Some(dst_rect))

src/ghosts/mod.rs

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod blinky;

src/main.rs

@@ -52,23 +52,18 @@ unsafe fn attach_console() {
     // Do NOT call AllocConsole here - we don't want a console when launched from Explorer
 }
 
-mod animation;
 mod asset;
 mod audio;
 mod constants;
 mod debug;
-mod direction;
-mod edible;
 #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
 mod emscripten;
 mod entity;
 mod game;
-mod ghost;
-mod ghosts;
 mod helper;
 mod map;
 mod modulation;
-mod pacman;
+mod texture;
 
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
 fn sleep(value: Duration) {
@@ -128,7 +123,8 @@ pub fn main() {
         .expect("Could not set logical size");
 
     let texture_creator = canvas.texture_creator();
-    let mut game = Game::new(&mut canvas, &texture_creator, &ttf_context, &audio_subsystem);
+    let canvas_static: &'static mut sdl2::render::Canvas<sdl2::video::Window> = Box::leak(Box::new(canvas));
+    let mut game = Game::new(canvas_static, &texture_creator, &ttf_context, &audio_subsystem);
     game.audio.set_mute(cfg!(debug_assertions));
 
     let mut event_pump = sdl_context.event_pump().expect("Could not get SDL EventPump");

src/texture/animated.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//! This module provides a simple animation and atlas system for textures.
+use glam::IVec2;
+use sdl2::{
+    render::{Canvas, Texture},
+    video::Window,
+};
+
+use crate::entity::direction::Direction;
+use crate::texture::atlas::AtlasTexture;
+use crate::texture::FrameDrawn;
+
+/// An animated texture using a texture atlas.
+pub struct AnimatedAtlasTexture {
+    pub atlas: AtlasTexture,
+    pub ticks_per_frame: u32,
+    pub ticker: u32,
+    pub reversed: bool,
+    pub paused: bool,
+}
+
+impl AnimatedAtlasTexture {
+    pub fn new(
+        texture: Texture<'static>,
+        ticks_per_frame: u32,
+        frame_count: u32,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+        offset: Option<IVec2>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        AnimatedAtlasTexture {
+            atlas: AtlasTexture::new(texture, frame_count, width, height, offset),
+            ticks_per_frame,
+            ticker: 0,
+            reversed: false,
+            paused: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn current_frame(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.ticker / self.ticks_per_frame
+    }
+
+    /// Advances the animation by one tick, unless paused.
+    pub fn tick(&mut self) {
+        if self.paused {
+            return;
+        }
+        if self.reversed {
+            if self.ticker > 0 {
+                self.ticker -= 1;
+            }
+            if self.ticker == 0 {
+                self.reversed = !self.reversed;
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.ticker += 1;
+            if self.ticker + 1 == self.ticks_per_frame * self.atlas.frame_count {
+                self.reversed = !self.reversed;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_color_modulation(&mut self, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) {
+        self.atlas.set_color_modulation(r, g, b);
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameDrawn for AnimatedAtlasTexture {
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, position: IVec2, direction: Direction, frame: Option<u32>) {
+        let frame = frame.unwrap_or_else(|| self.current_frame());
+        self.atlas.render(canvas, position, direction, Some(frame));
+    }
+}

src/texture/atlas.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+use glam::IVec2;
+use sdl2::{
+    rect::Rect,
+    render::{Canvas, Texture},
+    video::Window,
+};
+
+use crate::{entity::direction::Direction, texture::FrameDrawn};
+
+/// Unsafely converts a Texture with any lifetime to a 'static lifetime.
+/// Only use this if you guarantee the renderer/context will never be dropped!
+pub unsafe fn texture_to_static<'a>(texture: Texture<'a>) -> Texture<'static> {
+    std::mem::transmute::<Texture<'a>, Texture<'static>>(texture)
+}
+
+/// A texture atlas abstraction for static (non-animated) rendering.
+pub struct AtlasTexture {
+    pub raw_texture: Texture<'static>,
+    pub offset: IVec2,
+    pub frame_count: u32,
+    pub frame_width: u32,
+    pub frame_height: u32,
+}
+
+impl AtlasTexture {
+    pub fn new(texture: Texture<'static>, frame_count: u32, frame_width: u32, frame_height: u32, offset: Option<IVec2>) -> Self {
+        AtlasTexture {
+            raw_texture: texture,
+            frame_count,
+            frame_width,
+            frame_height,
+            offset: offset.unwrap_or(IVec2::new(0, 0)).into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_frame_rect(&self, frame: u32) -> Option<Rect> {
+        if frame >= self.frame_count {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(Rect::new(
+            frame as i32 * self.frame_width as i32,
+            0,
+            self.frame_width,
+            self.frame_height,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_color_modulation(&mut self, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) {
+        self.raw_texture.set_color_mod(r, g, b);
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameDrawn for AtlasTexture {
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, position: IVec2, direction: Direction, frame: Option<u32>) {
+        let texture_source_frame_rect = self.get_frame_rect(frame.unwrap_or(0));
+        let canvas_destination_rect = Rect::new(
+            position.x + self.offset.x,
+            position.y + self.offset.y,
+            self.frame_width,
+            self.frame_height,
+        );
+        canvas
+            .copy_ex(
+                &self.raw_texture,
+                texture_source_frame_rect,
+                Some(canvas_destination_rect),
+                direction.angle(),
+                None,
+                false,
+                false,
+            )
+            .expect("Could not render texture on canvas");
+    }
+}

src/texture/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use glam::IVec2;
+use sdl2::{render::Canvas, video::Window};
+
+use crate::entity::direction::Direction;
+
+/// Trait for drawable atlas-based textures
+pub trait FrameDrawn {
+    fn render(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas<Window>, position: IVec2, direction: Direction, frame: Option<u32>);
+}
+
+pub mod animated;
+pub mod atlas;